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PRACTICE 2

Part 1

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You will hear some sentences. Choose the best reply to each sentence.
A. No, but you can upgrade.
1 B. A bank account number.

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C. The last week of every month.

A. Why don’t I drive?

2 B. Take the highway.

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C. Slow down.

A. By using better materials.

3 B. I can prove him wrong.
C. Production costs.
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A. I think it’s April 24.
4 B. Please reserve a room.
C. Mary is responsible for that.

A. The recent documentary.

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5 B. Yes, right here.

C. I can’t read them.

A. Yes, they are for sale.

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6 B. Please put them in the closet.

C. He came in first place.

A. I think at least five.

7
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B. He stayed overnight.
C. At the beginning of March.

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Part 2

For each question, write the correct answer in the gap. Write ONE or TWO WORDS or a

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NUMBER or a DATE or a TIME. You will hear a teacher giving some information about a
school photography competition.

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School photography competition

The subject of this year’s competition is (8) .

Photos must show some (9) .

A local (10)

First prize is a photography (11)

Send your entries in by (12)

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will judge the competition.

School secretary’s email address is (13) k. _

.

at the latest.

@school.com
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Part 3
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You will hear five different men talking about visits they have made to a hospital. For
questions 14-18, choose from the list A-H the reasons why each attended the hospital on
the occasion described. Use the letters only once. There are three extra letters which you
do not need to use.
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A. collect some surgical knives

14. Speaker 1 B. collect somebody
C. deliver supplies
15. Speaker 2
D. visit a relative
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16. Speaker 3
E. have an operation
17. Speaker 4
18. Speaker 5
F. do maintenance work
G. check a mental problem
H. have a medical check-up

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Part 4

Label the map below. Write the correct letter, A-I, next to Questions 19-22

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sh
am
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he
ac

19. Campsite
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20.Business Centre
21.Museum
22.Cafe

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Part 5
You will hear three different extracts. For questions 23-28, choose the answer (A, В or C)
which fits best according to what you hear. There are two questions for each extract.

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Extract One
You overhear a man and a woman discussing changes in Oxford English Dictionary.
23. What is the new information about the dictionary?

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A. They have discontinued work on the new edition.
B. The digital version has much higher sales figures.
C. The printed version might not get released.
24. What is woman’s opinion of the change?

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A. it indicates that people lose interest in the language.
B. it is nothing to worry about.
C. it means that the books are getting less popular.
Extract Two
You hear two people talking about a car journey.
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25. What distressed the man most?
A. looking for a parking spot
B. backing up down a narrow street
C. finding the right address
26. What is woman’s reaction to man’s story?
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A. She is angry because he didn’t listen to her.

B. She is sorry she couldn’t help him.
C. She is impressed with the way he managed to deal with the problem.
Extract Three
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You hear two people discussing a report.

27. How are the speakers related?
A. They are two colleagues
B. They are a client and a freelancer
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C. They are a boss and a subordinate

28. According to the woman, what is the problem with the paper?
A. different kind of work has to be done.
B. it has been done too quickly.
C. it has not been proof-read.

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Part 6

Questions 29-35

Complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

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Penguins in Africa

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Appearance and lifestyle
They are also called Jackass Penguins for the sound they make.
The 29 of their body remains constant.
They restrict their 30 on land from dusk till dawn.

They eat tree 33

Predators
• seals
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They cannot fly because they have heavy 31
They nest under 32
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• 34
• seagulls (eat the penguin 35 )
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ac
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READING TEST

PART 1

id
Read the text. Fill in each gap with ONE word. You must use a word which is somewhere
in the rest of the text.

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COLOUR ME HEALTHY

Different Colours can affect us in many different ways; that’s according to Verity Allen. In
her new series ‘Colour me Healthy’, Verity looks at the ways that 1 can
influence how hard we work and the choices we make. They can even change our emotions

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and even influence how healthy we are.

‘Have you ever noticed how people always use the same colours for the same things?’ says
Verity. ‘Our toothpaste is always white or blue or maybe red. It’s never green. Why not? For
some reason we think that blue and white is clean, while we think of green products as
being a bit disgusting. It’s the 2 for businesses. We respect a company which
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writes its name in blue or black, but we don’t respect one that uses pink or orange. People
who design new 3 can use these ideas to influence what we buy.’

During this four-part 4 , Verity studies eight different colours, two colours in
each programme. She meets people who work in all aspects of the colour industry, from
people who 5 food packets, to people who name the colours of lipsticks.
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Some of the people she meets clearly have very little scientific knowledge to support their
6 , such as the American ‘Colour Doctor’ who believes that serious diseases
can be cured by the use of coloured lights. However, she also interviews real scientists who
are studying the effects of green and red lights on mice, with some surprising results.
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Overall, it’s an interesting show, and anyone who watches it will probably find out
something new. But because Verity is goes out of her way to be polite to everyone she
meets on the series, it’s up to the viewers to make their own decisions about how much
they should believe.
Te

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Part 2

There are descriptions of eleven holidays. Decide which holiday (letters A to K) would be
the most suitable for you described below (8 – 12).

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7. You are a very busy investment banker who wants a week off work. You like scenery and
fresh air. You are very fit and you enjoy walking. For this holiday you want to leave the
beach and try something different.
8. You are a student. You will go to university next year, and your parents want to give you

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a holiday as a present before you go. You like reading and dancing, and want
somewhere romantic and relaxing
9. You want to give your husband a holiday to celebrate his 60th birthday. You like all sorts
of sport, but because your heart is rather weak, you cannot do anything too energetic.

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You would like to stay in a good hotel.
10. You own your own business. You have had a successful year, and you want a holiday.
You want somewhere with very good food and accommodation, and you want to enjoy
yourself without doing very much.
11. The Hamble family are looking for something that will interest Mark aged 7 and Tammy,
aged 13. They all like animals and sport. Mr and Mrs Hamble would also like something
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that lets them do some exploring on their own.
12. Sammie wants to visit a market after spending the day in the city. He would like to
photograph a historic place, and buy a painting by someone unknown.
13. Alexia is looking for a really special necklace for her grandmother's birthday. She'd like
to spend the whole day at the market, and wants to avoid the cold by staying inside.
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14. Ella is looking for objects from other countries for her friends. She'd like to choose a
second-hand book to read on the journey home, and wants a snack at the market, too.
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A. Golf in America: A golfing safari across the United States in just ten days. Try eight great
courses from New England to California, with golf lessons as you go. Transport is provided
between your 5 star hotels and golf courses.

B. Climbing in Switzerland: Whether you are experienced or just beginning, Hipeak have
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the mountaineering holiday for you. Choose one of our seven, ten or fourteen day
packages, and you can enjoy wonderful alpine scenery while climbing at your particular
level of ability. No mountaineering gear is needed - we supply it all.

C. Florida and Disney world: Every kid dreams of Disney World, and after mom and dad
have seen it all, you can leave the children with one of our special guides, and try some

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scuba diving in the Florida Keys, and a shopping tour of Miami. Or you can see Florida for
yourselves with our no-problem car-hire scheme.

D. Safari in Kenya: Try seven days in Wariwaro lodge in Kenya's Serengetti park. Coach
tours through the savannah to see some of the world's most spectacular wildlife. Flights go

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every Sunday from Heathrow, London, and there is our special family option, with children
getting a one-third discount.

E. Holiday in Majorca: Two wild weeks in Majorca. Yes, if you are aged between 18 and 31,

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this package holiday is for you. Thr fun starts at Manchester airport, and in Majorca the
party moves from the beach to the disco to the swimming pool. It only stops when you
can't party any more. If you want a challenge, try this!

F. Mediterranean cruise: The ancient Mediterranean in 16 days. Take a luxury cruise on the

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RMV Perikles to Herculaneum, Caesarea, Athens and Alexandria. Enjoy our on-board
facilities, including restaurant, library, cinema and disco.

G. Carribean Beach: You've been working too hard! Forget it all on a tropical beach. Ten
days in a luxury hotel, right on the beach. You hardly have to move from your deckchair,
except to enjoy our award-winning cookery. Beach cricket and barbeques are on offer for
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the more energetic.

H. Hiking in Katmandu: Try a Katmandu adventure. See the Himalayas for yourself in this
two week hiking tour. You must be fit and an experienced hiker, as well as having your own
boots. We supply tents, the guides and the holiday of a lifetime!
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I. Rosewell Hill: Our market's in an amazing building that's hundreds of years old. Visitors
find our late-night opening hours convenient, and there are always performers entertaining
the crowds. We've recently opened more stalls specializing in pictures both from well-
known artists and also those beginning their careers.
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J. Camberwall Market: There's lots to see in this interesting indoor market, so it's open
from morning until late, in a fantastic modern setting. Find everything from rare gold and
silver jewellery to designer clothes - although the prices aren't cheap, the quality's
excellent. After shopping, enjoy a meal in a nearby restaurant.
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K. Frome Place: Stalls open during normal daytime shopping hours so, depending on the
weather, there's plenty to entertain you the whole day. Try our sandwich bar if you're
hungry, and look for an old copy of something by a favourite author. We also have gifts
from all over the world.

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Part 3

Read the text and choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings
below.

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There are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use all of them. You cannot use
any heading more than once.

List of headings

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A. British chemists' achievement (example)
B. The creation of six-membered rings
C. Products produced by Diels-Alder reactions
D. The large receptor molecule designed by British chemists
E.
F.
G.
H.
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The drawback of the receptor
The Diels-Alder reaction
Fast reactions due to the receptor
Further efforts to be made on the receptor
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15. Paragraph I
16.Paragraph II
17.Paragraph III
18.Paragraph IV
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19.Paragraph V
20.Paragraph VI

Paragraph I
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Jeremy Sanders and his colleagues at the University of Cambridge have designed and
synthesized a large cyclic "receptor" molecule, which makes one such reaction proceed
almost 60,000 times as fast as usual. The receptor is similar to another built last year by the
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same team (New Scientist, Science, 1 February 1992). It consists of a ring of three porphyrin
molecules linked by bridging chemical groups. Each porphyrin molecule contains a zincion
at its centre. The central cavity of the new receptor is slightly smaller than before, and the
researchers have also anchored pyridine groups to two of the zincions to act as bonding
sites.

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Paragraph II

Sanders and his colleagues have used their receptor to speed up and control the products
of the so-called Diels-Alder reaction, a mainstay of chemical synthesis. The reaction occurs
between two molecules - a "diene", which has two carbon-carbon bonds separated by a

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single bond, and a diene-seeking molecule, or "dienophile". In the right conditions, these
two molecules transfer the electrons involved in their double bonds from atom to atom to
form new bonds that complete a ring of six carbon atoms with a single double bond. The

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creation of such six-membered rings is the crucial first step in making many
pharmaceuticals and agrochemical.

Paragraph III

Some Diels-Alder reactions are too slow to be useful industrially. The researchers,

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therefore, designed their receptor so that it would hold the diene and dienophile, via the
pyridine (Py) groups, in the right positions to react quickly. According to Sanders, the
receptor acts like a "molecular reaction vessel in which the effective concentration of
reactants can be increased dramatically, so allowing a fast reaction".

Paragraph IV
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Normally, Diels-Alder reactions produce a mixture of two products. But because in the
receptor the reactants are forced into a specific orientation relative to each other, only one
of the two possible products can form.

Paragraph V
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Sanders hopes to modify the receptor to bring together in the cavity two molecules that do
not normally react. This could lead to be the synthesis of compounds which everyday
synthetic chemistry cannot make.
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Paragraph VI

The receptor differs from an enzyme or other catalyst in one important respect. Only a tiny
amount of an enzyme is needed to make a reaction thousands of times faster, but large
quantities of the receptor are needed to make a significant difference to the speed of a
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reaction. However, Sanders is confident that in the future his team will be able to increase
the turnover or able to increase the turnover of reactants by designing new features into
the receptor. This would reduce the amount of receptor needed to speed up a reaction by a
given amount. The researchers report further details of their results in the latest issue of
Journal of the Chemical Society, Chemical Communications.

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Part 4

Read the following text for questions 21-29

How bacteria invented gene editing

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1. This week the UK Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority okayed a proposal
to modify human embryos through gene editing. The research, which will be carried
out at the Francis Crick Institute in London, should improve our understanding of

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human development. It will also undoubtedly attract controversy - particularly with
claims that manipulating embryonic genomes is a first step towards designer babies.
Those concerns shouldn't be ignored. After all, gene editing of the kind that will soon
be undertaken at the Francis Crick Institute doesn't occur naturally in humans or

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other animals.
2. It is, however, a lot more common in nature than you might think, and it's been going
on for a surprisingly long time - revelations that have challenged what biologists
thought they knew about the way evolution works. We're talking here about one
particular gene editing technique called CRISPR-Cas, or just CRISPR. It's relatively fast,
cheap and easy to edit genes with CRISPR - factors that explain why the technique
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has exploded in popularity in the last few years. But CRISPR wasn't dreamed up from
scratch in a laboratory. This gene editing tool actually evolved in single-celled
microbes.
3. CRISPR went unnoticed by biologists for decades. It was only at the tail end of the
1980s that researchers studying Escherichia coli noticed that there were some odd
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repetitive sequences at the end of one of the bacterial genes. Later, these sequences
would be named Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats -
CRISPRs. For several years the significance of these CRISPRs was a mystery, even
when researchers noticed that they were always separated from one another by
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equally odd 'spacer' gene sequences.

4. Then, a little over a decade ago, scientists made an important discovery. Those
'spacer' sequences look odd because they aren't bacterial in origin. Many are actually
snippets of DNA from viruses that are known to attack bacteria. In 2005, three
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research groups independently reached the same conclusion: CRISPR and its
associated genetic sequences were acting as a bacterial immune system. In simple
terms, this is how it works. A bacterial cell generates special proteins from genes
associated with the CRISPR repeats (these are called CRISPR associated - Cas -
proteins). If a virus invades the cell, these Cas proteins bind to the viral DNA and help
cut out a chunk. Then, that chunk of viral DNA gets carried back to the bacterial cell's

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genome where it is inserted - becoming a spacer. From now on, the bacterial cell can
use the spacer to recognise that particular virus and attack it more effectively.
5. These findings were a revelation. Geneticists quickly realised that the CRISPR system
effectively involves microbes deliberately editing their own genomes - suggesting the

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system could form the basis of a brand new type of genetic engineering technology.
They worked out the mechanics of the CRISPR system and got it working in their lab
experiments. It was a breakthrough that paved the way for this week's
announcement by the HFEA. Exactly who took the key steps to turn CRISPR into a

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useful genetic tool is, however, the subject of a huge controversy. Perhaps that's
inevitable - credit for developing CRISPR gene editing will probably guarantee both
scientific fame and financial wealth.
6. Beyond these very important practical applications, though, there's another CRISPR

am
story. It's the account of how the discovery of CRISPR has influenced evolutionary
biology. Sometimes overlooked is the fact that it wasn't just geneticists who were
excited by CRISPR's discovery - so too were biologists. They realised CRISPR was
evidence of a completely unexpected parallel between the way humans and bacteria
fight infections. We've known for a long time that part of our immune system
"learns" about the pathogens it has seen before so it can adapt and fight infections
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better in future. Vertebrate animals were thought to be the only organisms with such
a sophisticated adaptive immune system. In light of the discovery of CRISPR, it
seemed some bacteria had their own version. In fact, it turned out that lots of
bacteria have their own version. At the last count, the CRISPR adaptive immune
system was estimated to be present in about 40% of bacteria. Among the other
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major group of single-celled microbes - the archaea - CRISPR is even more common.
It's seen in about 90% of them. If it's that common today, CRISPR must have a history
stretching back over millions - possibly even billions - of years. "It's clearly been
around for a while," says Darren Griffin at the University of Kent.
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7. The animal adaptive immune system, then, isn't nearly as unique as we thought. And
there's one feature of CRISPR that makes it arguably even better than our adaptive
immune system: CRISPR is heritable. When we are infected by a pathogen, our
adaptive immune system learns from the experience, making our next encounter
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with that pathogen less of an ordeal. This is why vaccination is so effective: it involves
priming us with a weakened version of a pathogen to train our adaptive immune
system. Your children, though, won't benefit from the wealth of experience locked
away in your adaptive immune system. They have to experience an infection - or be
vaccinated - first hand before they can learn to deal with a given pathogen.

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Questions 21–25

Do the following statements agree with the given information?

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21. The research carried out at the Francis Crick Institute in London is likely to be
controversial.

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A) True B) False C) Not Given

22. Gene editing, like the one in the upcoming research, can happen naturally in humans
or other animals

A) True B) False C) Not Given

B) False am
23. CRISPR-Cas is a gene editing technique

A) True C) Not Given

24. CRISPR was noticed when the researchers saw some odd repetitive sequences at the
ends of all bacterial genes.
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A) True B) False C) Not Given

25. A group of American researchers made an important revelation about the CRISPR

A) True B) False C) Not Given

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Questions 26–29

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

Write the correct letter in boxes 25–28 on your answer sheet.

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26. 'Spacer' sequences look odd because:

A. they are a bacterial immune system
B. they are DNA from viruses
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C. they aren't bacterial in origin

D. all of the above
27. The ones, who were excited about the CRISPR's discovery, were:
A. biologists

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B. geneticists
C. physicists
D. A and B
28. Word "learns" in the 6th paragraph means:

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A. determines
B. gains awarness

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C. adapts
D. studies
29. What makes CRISPR better than even our adaptive immune system?
A. long history of existence
B. immortality
C. heritability
D. adaptiveness am
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Part 5

Architecture in Britain

From the Middle Ages to the 20th century, what are the influences and movements that
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have shaped the changing face of British architecture?

Romano-British culture—and that included architecture along with language, religion,

political organisation and the arts—survived long after the Roman withdrawal. And
although the Anglo-Saxons had a sophisticated building style of their own, little survives to
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bear witness to their achievements as the vast majority of Anglo-Saxon buildings were
made of wood.

Even so, the period between the Norman landing at Pevensey in 1066 and the day in 1485
when Richard III lost his horse and his head at Bosworth, ushering in the Tudors and the
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Early Modern period, marks a rare flowering of British buildings. And it is all the more
remarkable because the underlying ethos of medieval architecture was "fitness for
purpose". The great cathedrals and parish churches that lifted up their towers to heaven
were not only acts of devotion in stone; they were also fiercely functional buildings. Castles
served their particular purpose and their battlements and turrets were for use rather than

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ornament. The rambling manor houses of the later Middle Ages, however, were primarily
homes, their owners achieving respect and maintaining status by their hospitality and good
lordship rather than the grandeur of their buildings. In a sense, the buildings of the 16th
century were also governed by fitness for purpose—only now, the purpose was very

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different. In domestic architecture, in particular, buildings were used to display status and
wealth.

This stately and curious workmanship showed itself in various ways. A greater sense of

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security led to more outward-looking buildings, as opposed to the medieval arrangement
where the need for defence created houses that faced inward onto a courtyard or series of
courtyards. This allowed for much more in the way of exterior ornament. The rooms
themselves tended to be bigger and lighter—as an expensive commodity, the use of great
expanses of glass was in itself a statement of wealth. There was also a general move

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towards balanced and symmetrical exteriors with central entrances. With the exception of
Indigo Jones (1573-1652), whose confident handling of classical detail and proportion set
him apart from all other architects of the period, most early 1 7th century buildings tended
to take the innocent exuberance of late Tudor work one step further. But during the 1640s
and 50s the Civil War and its aftermath sent many gentlemen and nobles to the Continent
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either to escape the fighting or, when the war was lost, to follow Charles II into exile. There
they came into contact with French, Dutch and Italian architecture and, with Charles's
restoration in 1 660, there was a flurry of building activity as royalists reclaimed their
property and built themselves houses reflecting the latest European trends. The British
Baroque was a reassertion of authority, an expression of absolutist ideology by men who
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remembered a world turned upside down during the Civil War. The style is heavy and rich,
sometimes overblown and melodramatic. The politics which underpin it are questionable,
but its products are breathtaking.

The huge glass-and-iron Crystal Palace, designed by Joseph Paxton to house the Great
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Exhibition of 1851, shows another strand to 19th century architecture—one which

embraced new industrial processes. But it wasn't long before even this confidence in
progress came to be regarded with suspicion. Mass production resulted in buildings and
furnishings that were too perfect, as the individual craftsman no longer had a major role in
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their creation. Railing against the dehumanising effects of industrialisation, reformers like
John Ruskin and William Morris made a concerted effort to return to hand-crafted, pre-
industrial manufacturing techniques. Morris's influence grew from the production of
furniture and textiles, until by the 1880s a generation of principled young architects was
following his call for good, honest construction.

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The most important trends in early 20th century architecture simply passed Britain by.
Whilst Gropius was working on cold, hard expanses of glass, and Le Corbusier was
experimenting with the use of reinforced concrete frames, we had staid establishment
architects like Edwin Lutyens producing Neo-Georgian and Renaissance country houses for

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an outmoded landed class. In addition there were slightly batty architect-craftsmen, the
heirs of William Morris, still trying to turn the clock back to before the Industrial Revolution
by making chairs and spurning new technology. Only a handful of Modern Movement
buildings of any real merit were produced here during the 1920s and 1930s, and most of

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these were the work of foreign architects such as Serge Chermayeff, Berthold Lubetkin and
Erno Gold-finger who had settled in this country.

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Questions 30-35

Complete the sentences. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the text in each gap.

Because most Anglo-Saxon buildings were constructed from 30 , few of

them have survived.
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The owners of medieval manor houses in Britain earned their reputation through
their 31 and elegance.

The 16th-century building was designed to show evidence of 32 and

In the 16th century, the use of glass was fashionable, even though it was
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an 33 Indigo Jones was particularly skilful in designing architecture in

the 34 style.

Though William Morris designed 35 , his emphasis on hand-crafting

influenced architects.
ac
Te

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