## **PART 1 – MULTIPLE CHOICE (40 items)**

Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which research design aims to establish cause-and-effect relationships?

A. Correlational

B. Experimental

C. Descriptive

D. Comparative

2. Which characteristic of quantitative research ensures results can be repeated by other researchers?

A. Objectivity

B. Replicability

C. Controllability

D. Generalizability

3. A variable that can be manipulated in an experiment is called:

A. Dependent variable

B. Independent variable

C. Moderating variable

D. Extraneous variable

4. Which type of quantitative research uses a questionnaire as the main tool?

A. Comparative research

B. Survey research

C. Experimental research

D. Quasi-experimental

5. The “effect” in a cause-effect relationship refers to the:

 A. Independent variable

B. Dependent variable

C. Control variable

D. Extraneous variable

6. Which of the following is a strength of quantitative research?

A. It requires minimal resources.

B. It allows deep understanding of emotions.

C. It can analyze large-scale data statistically.

D. It avoids the use of instruments.

7. Which is an example of an ordinal variable?

A. Hair color

B. Year level

C. Weight

D. Age

8. Which variable intervenes between the independent and dependent variables?

A. Moderating variable

B. Mediating variable

C. Extraneous variable

D. Control variable

9. A survey conducted at one point in time is called:

A. Longitudinal survey

B. Cross-sectional survey

C. Comparative survey

D. Quasi-survey
10. Which is a limitation of quantitative research?

A. Too much reliance on numbers

B. Large samples require time and effort

C. Requires minimal statistics

D. Results cannot be generalized

11. Which refers to the group receiving the treatment in experimental research?

A. Control group

B. Experimental group

C. Random group

D. Assigned group

12. The variable that is the outcome or effect:

A. Independent variable

B. Dependent variable

C. Moderating variable

D. Extraneous variable

13. A variable with no true zero is:

A. Ratio

B. Interval

C. Ordinal

D. Nominal

14. The first stage in an experimental procedure is:

A. Pretest

B. Posttest

C. Intervention

D. Randomization
15. A hypothesis that states “There is no significant relationship” is:

A. Null hypothesis

B. Alternative hypothesis

C. Directional hypothesis

D. Nondirectional hypothesis

16. Type I error occurs when:

A. Rejecting a true null hypothesis

B. Accepting a false null hypothesis

C. Accepting a true null hypothesis

D. Rejecting a false null hypothesis

17. Which refers to the subgroup of a population chosen to participate in research?

A. Sample

B. Population

C. Respondents

D. Variables

18. Which of the following is NOT a type of non-experimental research?

A. Descriptive

B. Comparative

C. Correlational

D. True experimental

19. A concise summary of the study is found in the:

A. Research Title

B. Scope and Delimitation

C. Research Statement
 D. Significance of the Study

20. The main aim of research is to:

A. Test textbooks

B. Help society through innovations

C. Collect numbers only

D. Avoid literature reading

21. Which type of research question asks “What is the profile of students in terms of GPA?”

A. Descriptive

B. Comparative

C. Evaluative

D. Explanatory

22. Which citation style is most used in humanities?

A. APA

B. MLA

C. CMOS

D. Harvard

23. Which refers to a limitation beyond the control of the researcher?

A. Delimitation

B. Limitation

C. Scope

D. Significance

24. Which ethical issue refers to copying another’s work without acknowledgment?

A. Paraphrasing

B. Citation
 C. Plagiarism

D. Replicability

25. Which is a primary source of data?

A. Encyclopedia summary

B. Textbook commentary

C. Government census

D. Literature review

26. A hypothesis that specifies direction is:

A. Null hypothesis

B. Directional hypothesis

C. Nondirectional hypothesis

D. Complex hypothesis

27. What variable is affected by the independent variable?

A. Dependent variable

B. Moderating variable

C. Extraneous variable

D. Mediating variable

28. Which type of hypothesis states “If students study longer, their grades will improve”?

A. Null

B. Alternative directional

C. Alternative nondirectional

D. Descriptive

29. Which citation style uses “Works Cited”?

A. APA
 B. MLA

C. CMOS

D. Chicago author-date

30. Which is the correct order in developing a research title?

A. Revise → Keywords → Segments → Draft

B. Segments → Keywords → Draft → Revise

C. Draft → Segments → Revise → Keywords

D. Keywords → Revise → Draft → Segments

31. The claim that one variable causes change in another:

A. Correlation

B. Causation

C. Association

D. Relationship

32. Which term means data can be counted, ranked, and has meaningful zero?

A. Ratio

B. Interval

C. Nominal

D. Ordinal

33. A sample chosen by chance is:

A. Random

B. Purposive

C. Stratified

D. Assigned

34. Which research question type asks “Does stress affect exam performance?”
 A. Descriptive

B. Explanatory

C. Evaluative

D. Comparative

35. The bibliography in APA format is labeled as:

A. References

B. Works Cited

C. Bibliography

D. Sources

36. Which is the correct description of “Generalizability”?

A. Ensuring objectivity

B. Extending results to a population

C. Repeating studies

D. Manipulating variables

37. Which variable must be excluded to prevent interference?

A. Extraneous variable

B. Independent variable

C. Dependent variable

D. Control variable

38. The “if–then” format is commonly used in writing:

A. Statement of the Problem

B. Scope and Delimitation

C. Research Hypothesis

D. Research Background
39. A survey that follows the same respondents over years is:

A. Cross-sectional

B. Longitudinal

C. Comparative

D. Causal

40. What law in the Philippines protects intellectual works from plagiarism?

A. R.A. 7742

B. R.A. 8293

C. R.A. 1425

D. R.A. 10066

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## **PART 2 – IDENTIFICATION (20 items)**

Write the correct answer.

41. The variable manipulated in an experiment.

42. The variable that represents the outcome or effect.

43. Variables that interfere with research results.

44. A research title should not exceed usually \_\_\_ essential words.

45. Research design aimed at description of phenomena.

46. Type of hypothesis stating no relationship.

47. The group in experimental research that does NOT receive intervention.

48. A variable that shows connection between independent and dependent variables.

49. Research question type that focuses on patterns and single variables.

50. A statistical measure of association between two variables.

51. A sample that is a subgroup of the population.

52. A variable that has categories without intrinsic order.

53. The section of the paper that lists all used sources.

54. The section that outlines weaknesses beyond the researcher’s control.

55. A style of reasoning that goes from general to specific.

56. The act of copying works without acknowledgment.

57. A survey conducted at a single point in time.

58. A hypothesis that indicates difference in a specific direction.

59. A single individual is the participant in this experimental design.

60. The law in the Philippines protecting intellectual property.

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## **PART 3 – MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE (20 items)**

Write **TRUE** if the statement is correct. If false, change the wrong word(s) to make it correct.

61. Quantitative research focuses on words and meanings instead of numbers.

62. Replicability means the results can be repeated by other researchers.

63. Descriptive research is an experimental design.

64. A dependent variable is the one manipulated in an experiment.

65. Longitudinal surveys gather data at a single point in time.

66. APA stands for American Psychological Association.

67. MLA is commonly used in social sciences.

68. The experimental group receives no treatment.

69. Extraneous variables should be included in the experiment.

70. Comparative research is also called causal-comparative research.

71. A ratio variable has no true zero point.

72. A null hypothesis claims there is no significant relationship.

73. Quasi-experimental research uses random assignment of samples.

74. Causation refers to changes that happen by chance only.

75. Generalizability means results can represent a larger population.

76. Bibliography is the label used in APA formatting.

77. Survey research aims at causation.

78. Mediating variables intervene between independent and dependent variables.

79. A hypothesis must always be based on existing knowledge.

80. The Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines is R.A. 8293.

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## **PART 4 – SHORT ANSWERS (20 items)**

Answer briefly but substantially.

81. Give two strengths of quantitative research.

82. Give two weaknesses of quantitative research.

83. Differentiate independent from dependent variables.

84. Explain the importance of identifying extraneous variables.

85. Give an example of a nominal variable.

86. Give an example of an ordinal variable.

87. Differentiate between interval and ratio variables.

88. Why is generalizability important in quantitative research?

89. Define correlational research in one sentence.

90. Define causal research in one sentence.

91. Differentiate cross-sectional and longitudinal surveys.

92. What is the role of a control group in experimental research?

93. What is the difference between limitation and delimitation?

94. State one purpose of writing a research background.

95. Why should a research title be brief but substantial?

96. Why must plagiarism be avoided in research writing?

97. State one characteristic of a good hypothesis.

98. Give one type of alternative hypothesis.

99. Why are citations important in a research paper?

100. Give one example of a stakeholder in a school-based research study.