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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For other uses, see Cigarette

(disambiguation) and Cigarettes (disambiguation).
"Cig" redirects here. For other uses, see Cig
(disambiguation).

A filtered cigarette

A cigarette is a thin cylinder of tobacco rolled

in thin paper for smoking. The cigarette is ignited
at one end, causing it to smolder, and the resulting
smoke is orally inhaled via the opposite end.
Cigarette smoking is the most common method of
tobacco consumption. The term cigarette, refers to
a tobacco cigarette, but the word is sometimes
used to refer to other substances, such as
a cannabis cigarette or a herbal cigarette. A
cigarette is distinguished from a cigar by its usually
smaller size, use of processed leaf, different
smoking method, and paper wrapping, which is
typically white.

There are significant negative health effects from

smoking cigarettes such as cancer, chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), heart
disease, birth defects, and other health
problems relating to nearly every organ of the
body. Most modern cigarettes are filtered, although
this does not make the smoke inhaled from them
contain fewer carcinogens and harmful
chemicals. Nicotine, the psychoactive drug in
tobacco, makes cigarettes highly addictive. About
half of cigarette smokers die of tobacco-related
disease and lose on average 14 years of life. Every
year, cigarette smoking causes more than 8 million
deaths worldwide; more than 1.3 million of these
are non-smokers dying as the result of exposure
to secondhand smoke.[1] These harmful effects
have led to legislation that has prohibited smoking
in many workplaces and public areas, regulated
marketing and purchasing age of tobacco, and
levied taxes to discourage cigarette use.

An electronic cigarette
In the 21st century electronic cigarettes (also
called e-cigarettes or vapes) were developed,
whereby a substance contained within (typically a
liquid solution containing nicotine) is vaporized by
a battery-powered heating element as opposed to
being burned. Such devices are commonly
promoted by their manufacturers as safer
alternatives to conventional cigarettes. Since e-
cigarettes are a relatively new product, scientists
do not have data on their possible long-term health
effects, but there are significant health risks
associated with their use.

History
Global

See also: History of tobacco

A reproduction of a carving from

the temple at Palenque, Mexico, depicting a Maya
deity using a smoking tube

The earliest forms of cigarettes were similar to

their predecessor, the cigar. Cigarettes appear to
have had antecedents in Mexico and Central
America around the 9th century in the form of
reeds and smoking tubes. The Maya, and later
the Aztecs, smoked tobacco and other
psychoactive drugs in religious rituals and
frequently depicted priests and deities smoking on
pottery and temple engravings. The cigarette and
the cigar were the most common methods of
smoking in the Caribbean, Mexico, and Central and
South America until recent times.[2]

The North American, Central American, and South

American cigarette used various plant wrappers;
when it was brought back to Spain, maize
wrappers were introduced, and by the 17th
century, fine paper. The resulting product was
called papelate and is documented in Goya's
paintings La Cometa, La Merienda en el
Manzanares, and El juego de la pelota a pala (18th
century).[3]

By 1830 the cigarette had become known in

France, where it received the name cigarette, and
in 1845 the French state tobacco monopoly began
manufacturing them.[3] The French word made its
way into English in the 1840s.[4] Some American
reformers promoted the spelling cigaret,[5][6] but
this was never widespread and is now largely
abandoned.[7]

The first patented cigarette-making machine was

invented by Juan Nepomuceno Adorno of Mexico in
1847.[8] In the 1850s, Turkish cigarette leaves had
become popular.[9] However, production climbed
markedly when another cigarette-making machine
was developed in the 1880s by James Albert
Bonsack, which vastly increased the productivity of
cigarette companies, which went from making
about 40,000 hand-rolled cigarettes daily to around
4 million.[10] At the time, these imported cigarettes
from the United States had significant sales among
British smokers.[9]

In the English-speaking world, the use of tobacco in

cigarette form became increasingly widespread
during and after the Crimean War, when British
soldiers began emulating their Ottoman
Turkish comrades and Russian enemies, who had
begun rolling and smoking tobacco in strips of old
newspaper for lack of proper cigar-rolling leaf.
[3] This was helped by the development of
tobaccos suitable for cigarette use, and by the
development of the Egyptian cigarette export
industry.

Francisco Goya's La
Cometa, depicting a (foreground left) man smoking
an early quasicigarette

Initially, not all cigarette smokers inhale the smoke

produced by cigarette due to the high alkalinity
levels. Starting in the 1930s, an advertising
campaign was done by the tobacco industry to
encourage inhaling.[11] However, Helmuth von
Moltke noticed in the 1830s that Ottomans (and he
himself) inhaled the Turkish
tobacco and Latakia from their pipes[12] (which are
both initially sun-cured, acidic leaf varieties).

A 1942 ad encourages
women to smoke Camel brand cigarettes.

The widespread smoking of cigarettes in the

Western world is largely a 20th-century
phenomenon. By the late 19th century cigarettes
were known as coffin nails[13] but the link
between lung cancer and smoking was not
established until the 20th century.[14] German
doctors were the first to make the link, and it led to
the first antitobacco movement in Nazi Germany.
[15][16][17]
 Cigarette brands,
including Craven "A", advertised in Shaftesbury
Avenue, London in 1949

During World War I and World War II, cigarettes

were rationed to soldiers. During the Vietnam War,
cigarettes were included with C-ration meals. In
1975, the U.S. government stopped putting
cigarettes in military rations. During the second
half of the 20th century, the adverse health effects
of tobacco smoking started to become widely
known and printed health warnings became
common on cigarette packets.

Graphical cigarette warning labels are a more

effective method to communicate to the public the
dangers of cigarette smoking.[18] Canada, Mexico,
Belgium, Denmark, Sweden, Thailand, Malaysia,
India, Pakistan, Australia, Argentina, Brazil, Chile,
Peru,[19] Greece, the Netherlands,[20] New Zealand,
Norway, Hungary, the United Kingdom, France,
Romania, Singapore, Egypt, Jordan, Nepal and
Turkey all have both textual warnings and graphic
visual images displaying, among other things, the
damaging effects tobacco use has on the human
body. The United States has implemented textual
but not graphical warnings.
The cigarette has evolved much since its
conception; for example, the thin bands that travel
transverse to the "axis of smoking" (thus forming
circles along the length of the cigarette) are
alternate sections of thin and thick paper to
facilitate effective burning when being drawn, and
retard burning when at rest. Synthetic particulate
filters may remove some of the tar before it
reaches the smoker.

The "holy grail" for cigarette companies has been a

cancer-free cigarette. On record, the closest
historical attempt was produced by scientist James
Mold. Under the name project TAME, he produced
the XA cigarette. However, in 1978, his project was
terminated.[21][22][23]

Since 1950, the average nicotine and tar content of

cigarettes has steadily fallen. Research has shown
that the fall in overall nicotine content has led to
smokers inhaling larger volumes per puff.[24]

United States

One entrepreneur who was quick to spot the

advantages of machine-made cigarettes was James
Buchanan Duke. Previously a producer of smoking
tobacco only, his firm, W. Duke & Sons & Co.,
entered the cigarette industry in the early 1880s.
After installing two Bonsack machines, Duke spent
heavily on advertising and sales promotion with
the result that by 1889 his was the largest
cigarette manufacturer in the country. The new
Bonsack machines were of decisive importance in
rapid, cheap manufacture of all tobacco products
but one. Cigars needed slow, laborious hand rolling
and were produced in hundreds of small
workshops, especially in New York City. In 1890
Duke and the other four major cigarette companies
combined to form the American Tobacco Company,
a firm that dominated the market and used
aggressive tactics on hundreds of small
competitors until they sold out. It was called the
"Tobacco Trust." The trust soon expanded its
operations to include cigars, smoking, chewing
tobacco and snuff. Among the companies drawn
into this organization were plug
manufacturers, Liggett & Myers and R. J. Reynolds
Tobacco Company, which at the time produced
twist and flat plug, and P. Lorillard, an old-line
manufacturer of snuff. By 1910 the trust produced
86% of all cigarettes produced in the United
States, and 75% to 95% of other forms, but only
14% of the cigars.[25]

At the start of the 20th century, the per

capita annual consumption in the U.S. was 54
cigarettes (with fewer than 0.5% of the population
smoking more than 100 cigarettes per year), and
consumption there peaked at 4,259 per capita in
1965. At that time, about 50% of men and 33% of
women smoked (defined as smoking more than
100 cigarettes per year).[26] By 2000, consumption
had fallen to 2,092 per capita, corresponding to
about 30% of men and 22% of women smoking
more than 100 cigarettes per year, and by 2006
per capita consumption had declined to 1,691;
[27] implying that about 21% of the population
smoked 100 cigarettes or more per year.

Construction
 Diagram of a cigarette

1. Mainstream smoke
2. Filtration material
3. Adhesives
4. Ventilation holes
5. Ink
6. Adhesive
7. Sidestream smoke
8. Filter
9. Tipping Paper
10. Tobacco and ingredients
11. Paper
12. Burning point and ashes

Manufacturers have described the cigarette as "a

drug administration system for the delivery of
nicotine in acceptable and attractive form".[28][29]
[30][31] Modern commercially manufactured
cigarettes are seemingly simple objects consisting
mainly of a tobacco blend, paper, PVA glue to bond
the outer layer of paper together, and often also
a cellulose acetate–based filter.[32] While the
assembly of cigarettes is straightforward, much
focus is given to the creation of each of the
components, in particular the tobacco blend. A key
ingredient that makes cigarettes more addictive is
the inclusion of reconstituted tobacco, which has
additives to make nicotine more volatile as the
cigarette burns.[33]

Paper
Main article: Rolling paper
See also: List of rolling papers

The paper for holding the tobacco blend may vary

in porosity to allow ventilation of the burning
ember or contain materials that control the burning
rate of the cigarette and stability of the produced
ash. The papers used in tipping the cigarette
(forming the mouthpiece) and surrounding the
filter stabilize the mouthpiece from saliva and
moderate the burning of the cigarette, as well as
the delivery of smoke with the presence of one or
two rows of small laser-drilled air holes.[34]

Tobacco blend

Leones Africanos brand

cigarettes from the mid-20th century, part of the
permanent collection of the Museo del Objeto del
Objeto

The process of blending gives the end product a

consistent taste from batches of tobacco grown in
different areas of a country that may change in
flavor profile from year to year due to different
environmental conditions.[35]

Modern cigarettes produced after the 1950s,

although composed mainly of shredded tobacco
leaf, use a significant quantity of tobacco
processing byproducts in the blend. Each
cigarette's tobacco blend is made mainly from the
leaves of flue-cured brightleaf, burley tobacco, and
oriental tobacco. These leaves are selected,
processed, and aged prior to blending and filling.
The processing of brightleaf and burley tobaccos
for tobacco leaf "strips" produces several
byproducts such as leaf stems, tobacco dust, and
tobacco leaf pieces ("small laminate").[35] To
improve the economics of producing cigarettes,
these byproducts are processed separately into
forms where they can then be added back into the
cigarette blend without an apparent or marked
change in the cigarette's quality. The most
common tobacco byproducts include:

 Blended leaf (BL) sheet: a thin, dry sheet cast

from a paste made with tobacco dust collected
from tobacco stemming, finely milled burley-leaf
stem, and pectin.[36]
 Reconstituted leaf (RL) sheet: a paper-like
material made from recycled tobacco fines,
tobacco stems and "class tobacco", which
consists of tobacco particles less than
30 mesh in size (about 0.6 mm) that are
collected at any stage of tobacco processing:
[37] RL is made by extracting the soluble
chemicals in the tobacco byproducts, processing
the leftover tobacco fibers from the extraction
into a paper, and then reapplying the extracted
materials in concentrated form onto the paper in
a fashion similar to what is done in paper sizing.
At this stage, ammonium additives are applied to
make reconstituted tobacco an effective nicotine
delivery system.[33]
 Expanded (ES) or improved stem (IS): ES is
rolled, flattened, and shredded leaf stems that
are expanded by being soaked in water and
rapidly heated. Improved stem follows the same
process, but is simply steamed after shredding.
Both products are then dried. These products
look similar in appearance, but are different in
taste.[35]

According to data from the World Health

Organization,[38] the amount of tobacco per 1000
cigarettes fell from 1.03 kg (2.28 pounds) in 1960
to 0.41 kg (0.91 pounds) in 1999, largely as a
result of reconstituting tobacco, fluffing, and
additives.

A recipe-specified combination of brightleaf,

burley-leaf, and oriental-leaf tobacco is mixed with
various additives to improve its flavors. Most
commercially available cigarettes today contain
tobacco that is treated with sugar to counter the
harshness of the smoke.

Additives

Various additives are combined into the shredded

tobacco product mixtures, with humectants such
as propylene glycol or glycerol, as well as flavoring
products and enhancers such as cocoa
solids, licorice, tobacco extracts, and various
sugars, which are known collectively as "casings".
[39] The leaf tobacco is then shredded, along with a
specified amount of small laminate, expanded
tobacco, BL, RL, ES, and IS. A perfume-like
flavor/fragrance, called the "topping" or "toppings",
which is most often formulated by flavor
companies, is then blended into the tobacco
mixture to improve the consistency in flavor and
taste of the cigarettes associated with a
certain brand name.[35] Additionally, they replace
lost flavors due to the repeated wetting and drying
used in processing the tobacco. Finally, the
tobacco mixture is filled into cigarette tubes and
packaged.

A list of 599 cigarette additives, created by five

major American cigarette companies, was
approved by the Department of Health and Human
Services in April 1994. None of these additives is
listed as an ingredient on the cigarette packs.
Chemicals are added for organoleptic purposes and
many boost the addictive properties of cigarettes,
especially when burned.[40]

One of the classes of chemicals on the

list, ammonia salts, convert bound nicotine
molecules in tobacco smoke into free nicotine
molecules.[39] This process, known as freebasing,
could potentially increase the effect of nicotine on
the smoker, but experimental data suggests that
absorption is, in practice, unaffected.[41]

Cigarette tube

Main article: Cigarette tube

Cigarette tubes are prerolled cigarette paper

usually with an acetate or paper filter at the end.
They have an appearance similar to a finished
cigarette, but are without any tobacco or smoking
material inside. The length varies from Regular
(70 mm) to King Size (84 mm) as well as 100s
(100 mm) and 120s (120 mm).[42][self-published
source?]
Filling a cigarette tube is usually done with a
cigarette injector (also known as a shooter). Cone-
shaped cigarette tubes, known as cones, can be
filled using a packing stick or straw because of
their shape. Cone smoking is popular because as
the cigarette burns, it tends to get stronger and
stronger. A cone allows more tobacco to be burned
at the beginning than the end, allowing for an even
flavor[43]

The United States Tobacco Taxation Bureau

defines a cigarette tube as "Cigarette paper made
into a hollow cylinder for use in making
cigarettes."[44]

Cigarette filter

Main article: Cigarette filter

A cigarette filter or filter tip is a component of a

cigarette. Filters are typically made from cellulose
acetate fibre. Most factory-made cigarettes are
equipped with a filter; those who roll their own can
buy them separately. Filters can reduce some
substances from smoke but do not make cigarettes
any safer to smoke.

Cigarette butt

See also: Ashtray and Cigarette pack § Features

 Discarded cigarette butts

In North America, the common name for the

remains of a cigarette after smoking is a cigarette
butt. In Britain, it is also called a dog-end.[45] The
butt is typically about 30% of the cigarette's
original length. It consists of a tissue tube which
holds a filter and some remains of tobacco mixed
with ash.

They are the most numerically frequent litter in the

world.[46] Cigarette butts accumulate outside
buildings, on parking lots, and streets where they
can be transported through storm drains to
streams, rivers, and beaches.[47] In a 2013 trial,
the city of Vancouver, British Columbia, partnered
with TerraCycle to create a system for recycling of
cigarette butts. A reward of 1¢ per collected butt
was offered to determine the effectiveness of a
deposit system similar to that of beverage
containers.[48][49]

Electronic cigarette
Main article: Electronic cigarette
Further information: Safety of electronic
cigarettes and Composition of electronic cigarette
aerosol
 Various types
of electronic cigarettes

An electronic cigarette (commonly known as

a vape) is a handheld battery-
powered vaporizer that simulates smoking by
providing some of the behavioral aspects of
smoking, including the hand-to-mouth action of
smoking, but without combusting tobacco.
[50] Using an e-cigarette is known as "vaping" and
the user is referred to as a "vaper".[51] Instead
of cigarette smoke, the user inhales an aerosol,
commonly called vapor.[52] E-cigarettes typically
have a heating element that atomizes a liquid
solution called e-liquid.[53] E-cigarettes are
automatically activated by taking a puff;[54] others
turn on manually by pressing a button.[51] Some e-
cigarettes look like traditional cigarettes,[55] but
they come in many variations.[51] Most versions
are reusable, though some are disposable.
[56] There are first-generation,[57] second-
generation,[58] third-generation,[59] and fourth-
generation devices.[60] E-liquids usually
contain propylene
glycol, glycerin, nicotine, flavorings, additives, and
differing amounts of contaminants.[61] E-liquids are
also sold without propylene glycol,[62] nicotine,
[63] or flavors.[64]

The benefits and the health risks of e-

cigarettes are uncertain.[65][66][67] There is
moderate-certainty evidence that e-cigarettes with
nicotine may help people quit smoking when
compared with e-cigarettes without nicotine and
nicotine replacement therapy.[68] However, other
studies have not supported the