VULNERABLE SECTION

1. Who are the Vulnerable Sections of Society in India? What Constitutional

and Legal Measures Exist for Their Protection and Welfare?

“The measure of a civilization is how it treats its weakest members.” – Mahatma Gandhi

I. Definition and Key Vulnerable Sections

Vulnerable sections are those population groups who face systemic discrimination,
exclusion, or exploitation, and have limited access to development and justice.

A. Main Vulnerable Groups in India:

1. Scheduled Castes (SCs)

– Face caste-based discrimination, untouchability, and poverty.
2. Scheduled Tribes (STs)
– Displacement, land alienation, lack of access to education and healthcare.
3. Other Backward Classes (OBCs)
– Socially and educationally backward.
4. Women and Girls
– Gender discrimination, violence, wage gap, health inequities.
5. Children
– Child labour, trafficking, malnutrition, abuse.
6. Persons with Disabilities (PwDs)
– Exclusion from education, employment, infrastructure.
7. Senior Citizens (Elderly)
– Neglect, poor health support, economic insecurity.
8. Religious and Sexual Minorities
– Communal discrimination, identity-based violence, legal invisibility.
9. Urban and Rural Poor / Migrant Workers
– Housing insecurity, wage exploitation, poor access to social schemes.

II. Constitutional Measures for Protection

A. Equality & Non-Discrimination

 Article 14 – Equality before law

 Article 15 – Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, caste, sex, etc.
 Article 17 – Abolition of untouchability
 Article 21 – Right to life and dignity

B. Social Justice and Empowerment

 Article 46 – Promotion of educational and economic interests of SCs/STs/Weaker

sections
 Article 39(e)(f) – Protection of children and workers from exploitation
 Article 41 – Right to work and public assistance

III. Legal and Policy Framework

Vulnerable
Key Laws & Schemes
Group

SCs/STs SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989; Van Bandhu Kalyan

 Vulnerable
Key Laws & Schemes
Group

Yojana

OBCs Mandal Commission; Reservation in education and jobs

Domestic Violence Act, 2005; POSH Act, 2013; Beti Bachao Beti
Women
Padhao

Children POCSO Act, 2012; Child Labour (Prohibition) Act, 1986; ICDS

PwDs RPwD Act, 2016; Accessible India Campaign

Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act,

Elderly
2007

Minorities National Commission for Minorities Act, 1992; PM VIKAS

Poor & One Nation One Ration Card, PM Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana, PM
Migrants SVANidhi

IV. Institutional Mechanisms

 National Commissions for SCs, STs, Women, Children, Minorities, PwDs

 NITI Aayog SDG India Index to track inclusive development
 National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP) for destitute, aged, and
disabled

V. Way Forward

 Strengthen targeted delivery, digital access, social audits, and inclusive

governance
 Promote community participation and local bodies’ role in implementation

2. Child Labour in India: Challenges, Safeguards, and Current Status

“Childhood is meant for learning, not for earning.”

I. Constitutional Safeguards Against Child Labour

1. Article 21A – Free and compulsory education (6–14 years)

2. Article 24 – Prohibition of child labour in hazardous industries
3. Article 39(e)(f) – Protection against abuse and economic necessity

II. Legal Framework Against Child Labour

1. Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986 (amended in 2016):

o Ban on employment of children <14 years in all occupations
o Adolescents (14–18 years) banned from hazardous processes
o Allows children to help in family-based work after school hours
2. Right to Education Act, 2009
– Mandates school education for children aged 6–14
3. POCSO Act, 2012 and Juvenile Justice Act, 2015
– Address abuse, trafficking, and child protection
 4. National Child Labour Project (NCLP)
– Provides rehabilitation and education for rescued child labourers

III. Challenges in Eliminating Child Labour

1. Poverty and Informal Economy

– Parents push children into work for survival.
2. Education Gaps
– Poor school access, quality, and dropouts, especially in rural areas.
3. Cultural Acceptance
– Family-based labour often seen as training, not exploitation.
4. Weak Enforcement
– Poor monitoring, low conviction rates, and loopholes in law (e.g., "family work"
exception).
5. Trafficking and Migration
– Children from tribal and backward areas are trafficked for bonded labour.

IV. Current Status (As of 2025)

 ILO-UNICEF (2021) estimated 10.1 million child labourers in India (aged 5–

14).
 NFHS-5 (2019–21): Rise in child work in tribal and backward districts.
 Post-COVID increase: More child labour due to school closures and job
losses.
 2023–25 efforts: Expansion of Bal Swaraj Portal, childline services, PM SHRI
Schools.

V. Way Forward

1. Strengthen NCLP & RTE Implementation

– Converge child labour law with education and nutrition programs (e.g., PM
POSHAN).
2. Social Protection
– Direct Benefit Transfers to families to keep children in school.
3. Skill & Vocational Training
– For adolescents to transition into safe employment (under Skill India).
4. Community Vigilance
– SHGs, Panchayats, and NGOs must act as local monitors.

Conclusion

India’s constitutional vision ensures justice and dignity for the weakest sections.
However, realising this in practice requires stronger laws, targeted governance,
inclusive development, and active public participation. Ending child labour and
protecting the vulnerable is not just a legal necessity—it is a moral and social
obligation aligned with SDG 1, 4, 5, 8, and 10.

1. Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012: Key

Successes and Challenges

“Every child deserves to grow up free from fear, harm and abuse.” – UNCRC

I. Overview of POCSO Act, 2012

 Enacted to address sexual abuse and exploitation of children (<18 years).

  Ensures child-friendly judicial process, speedy trial via Special Courts, and
presumption of guilt of accused under Section 29.
 Gender-neutral law (protects boys, girls, and transgender children).

II. Key Successes of POCSO Act

1. Legal Empowerment of Children

 Recognizes all forms of sexual offences – penetrative, non-penetrative,

harassment, pornography.
 Mandatory reporting under Sec 19 ensures institutional accountability.

2. Establishment of Special Courts

 Fast-track courts created under Nirbhaya Fund for quicker trials.

 Over 700 POCSO Special Courts operational across India (as of 2024 – Ministry of
Law & Justice).

3. Increased Awareness & Reporting

 Childline 1098 and government campaigns (like POSHAN Bhi Suraksha Bhi) led
to rise in reporting.
 Cases registered under POCSO rose from 38,000 (2014) to over 1.4 lakh in
2023 (NCRB).

4. Convergence with Other Laws

 Aligned with Juvenile Justice Act, IT Act, and IPC for stronger enforcement.
 Support for victims under schemes like Child Protection Services (CPS) and
NCPCR portals.

III. Key Challenges in Implementation

1. Delayed Justice & Case Backlog

 NCRB 2023: Over 2 lakh pending POCSO cases.

 Average disposal time is 2–5 years, against the mandated 1 year.

2. Poor Investigation & Conviction

 Low conviction rate (~35% nationally, as of 2024).

 Inadequate forensic facilities and poor training of police.

3. Misuse & Overlap with IPC

 Cases of consensual teenage relationships (15–18 years) criminalised due to lack

of “age of consent” exceptions.
 Recommendations by Justice Verma Committee to differentiate child abuse
from consensual relations are pending.

4. Victim Trauma and Poor Rehabilitation

 Limited trained child psychologists, poor shelter homes, and stigma deter
survivors.
 Lack of One-Stop Centres in rural areas.
IV. Recent Developments (2023–25)

 Launch of POCSO E-Courts Monitoring Dashboard by Ministry of Law.

 Expansion of Sakhi One Stop Centres and Bal Swaraj Portal (by NCPCR).
 Use of AI-based child abuse detection tools (in partnership with NASSCOM
Foundation).

V. Way Forward

 Differentiated legal treatment for adolescents in consensual cases.

 Increase in child-sensitive infrastructure, forensic labs, and counsellors.
 Fast-track appointments in POCSO Courts and witness protection.
 Integrate with SDG 5 and 16 (Gender Equality and Peace, Justice & Strong
Institutions).

2. Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Act, 2021: Key Changes and

Impact on Reproductive Rights

“Reproductive freedom is at the heart of a woman’s dignity.” – Justice DY Chandrachud

(Navtej Singh Johar case)

I. Background

The original MTP Act, 1971 was outdated and restrictive, especially for unmarried
women, rape victims, and survivors of incest. The 2021 Amendment aimed to make
abortion more rights-based, safe, and inclusive.

II. Key Provisions of MTP (Amendment) Act, 2021

1. Extended Gestation Limits

 Increased from 20 weeks to 24 weeks for certain categories:

o Rape survivors
o Incest victims
o Minors
o Differently-abled and mentally ill women

2. Medical Board Approval

 For cases beyond 24 weeks (e.g., foetal abnormalities).

 Decision within 3–5 days by a State-level Medical Board.

3. Privacy Protection

 Section 5A – No registered medical practitioner can reveal a woman’s identity.

4. Inclusivity in Eligibility

 Extended benefits to unmarried women by replacing “married woman” with

“any woman or partner”.
 Recognised reproductive rights of divorced, separated, and widowed women.
III. Positive Impact on Reproductive Rights
1. Empowers Women’s Bodily Autonomy

 Upholds Article 21 (Right to life and dignity).

 Supports UN SDG 3 & 5 (Good Health & Gender Equality).

2. Reduces Unsafe Abortions

 WHO (2020): ~8 million unsafe abortions in India annually.

 Legal access beyond 20 weeks has reduced maternal morbidity.

3. Supports Vulnerable Groups

 Adolescent girls, disabled women, and rape survivors get extended relief and
legal clarity.

4. Strengthens Gender-Neutral Legal Framing

 First law to implicitly acknowledge non-marital pregnancies and offer equal

access.

IV. Remaining Challenges

1. Medical Board Delays

 Boards not functional in several states; delays beyond permissible period.

2. Urban-Rural Divide

 Access still restricted in rural areas due to lack of trained providers and
infrastructure gaps.

3. Constitutional Tension with Foetal Rights

 Debate around when life begins; needs bioethical and judicial clarity.

4. Stigma and Awareness Deficit

 Low awareness, especially among adolescents and rural women

V. Way Forward

 Establish Medical Boards in all districts under Digital Health Mission.

 Public awareness via ASHA workers and front-line health staff.
 Integrate MTP with Janani Suraksha Yojana, PM-Ayushman Bharat, and
menstrual health programs.
 Ensure abortion is treated as a right, not a concession.

Conclusion

Both POCSO and MTP Acts are milestones in ensuring the rights, dignity, and
safety of women and children. While they have expanded legal protection, the real
challenge lies in ensuring effective implementation, especially in rural and vulnerable
populations. Strengthening institutional capacity and community awareness is essential
for a just and inclusive society.

1. Surrogacy (Regulation) Amendment Rules, 2024: Provisions and Significance

“Surrogacy should be a tool of compassion, not commercial exploitation.” – ICMR Guiding

Principle

I. Background

India had emerged as a hub for commercial surrogacy until the Surrogacy
(Regulation) Act, 2021 banned commercial surrogacy and allowed only altruistic
surrogacy. The 2024 Amendment Rules were introduced to address gaps and ensure
inclusive and ethical practices.

II. Key Provisions of Surrogacy (Regulation) Amendment Rules, 2024

1. Expanded Eligibility for Surrogates

 Earlier: Only married women with a biological child could be surrogates.

 Now: Divorced or widowed women aged 25–35 years are also eligible.

2. Medical Eligibility Relaxed

 Allowed surrogacy using donor gametes in special cases:

o If male partner is infertile, couple can use donor sperm.
o Removes strict restriction of only using both intending couple’s gametes.

3. Clarity on Medical Boards

 State Medical Boards must certify:

o Medical necessity of surrogacy
o Fitness of surrogate mother
 Strict time limit for approval to avoid delays and harassment.

4. Counselling and Consent Protocol

 Mandatory psychological counselling for both intending parents and surrogate.

 Ensures informed consent and avoids coercion.

III. Significance in Context of Women’s Rights and Ethical Surrogacy

1. Women’s Autonomy and Inclusion

 Recognizes divorced and widowed women’s rights to act as surrogates

voluntarily.
 Protects reproductive rights under Article 21 (Right to life and dignity).

2. Promotes Ethical and Altruistic Surrogacy

 Ban on commercial surrogacy continues to prevent exploitation.

 Reinforces altruistic model – where surrogate does it for compassion, not
money.
3. Enables Infertile Couples

 Inclusion of donor gametes widens access for infertile couples and avoids
unnecessary medical stress.

4. Reduces Middlemen Exploitation

 Emphasis on legal contracts, government recognition, and registered ART

clinics under ART Regulation Act, 2021.

IV. Challenges and Way Forward

 Lack of awareness in rural areas.

 Unregulated surrogacy markets still exist.
 Need for:
o Strong monitoring bodies in every state.
o Awareness through ASHA/AWW workers.
o Digital portal to simplify application and track records.

2. Draft National Menstrual Hygiene Policy, 2023: Features and Significance

“Menstrual health is not a privilege, it is a fundamental right.” – UNFPA

I. Background

Despite schemes like Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram (RKSK) and Menstrual
Hygiene Scheme (MHS), India still sees:

 Over 23 million girls dropping out of school annually due to poor menstrual
facilities.
 Only 36% rural women use sanitary products (NFHS-5).

The Draft National Menstrual Hygiene Policy, 2023 was introduced to

institutionalise and scale up menstrual health efforts.

II. Key Features of the Policy

1. Comprehensive Menstrual Education

 Age-appropriate menstrual education from Grade 5 onwards.

 Training for teachers, Anganwadi workers, and frontline health staff.

2. Access to Affordable and Eco-Friendly Products

 Promotion of biodegradable sanitary pads, menstrual cups, reusable cloth

pads.
 Subsidised sanitary products via:
o Jan Aushadhi Kendras
o SHG networks under DAY-NRLM
3. Menstrual Waste Management Infrastructure

 Low-cost incinerators, disposal pits, and segregation units at schools, PHCs,

and rural clusters.
 Guidelines for eco-friendly menstrual waste under Swachh Bharat Mission
(Gramin).

4. Special Focus on Vulnerable Populations

 Urban poor, tribal girls, migrant labourers, transgender persons, differently-abled

women included.
 Mobile outreach vans and kits for period poverty hotspots.

5. Menstrual Leave and Workplace Inclusion

 Encouragement to provide 1–2 days menstrual leave in public and private

organisations.
 Sanitary pad vending machines in govt workplaces.

III. Significance in Improving Reproductive and Menstrual Health

1. Improves School Retention and Girl’s Education

 Reduction in absenteeism, especially in government schools.

 Empowerment through dignity and hygiene.

2. Public Health and Disease Prevention

 Reduces reproductive tract infections (RTIs) and urinary infections.

 Better hygiene = improved maternal health outcomes.

3. Empowers SHGs and Rural Women

 Women-led production of pads promotes rural employment and Atmanirbhar

Bharat.
 Convergence with Mahila Samman Yojana and PM SHRI schools.

4. Fosters Gender Equality

 Breaks taboo and stigma around menstruation.

 Engages men and boys in awareness campaigns.

IV. Way Forward

 Final policy rollout with adequate budget under National Health Mission
(NHM).
 Ensure menstrual health included in State Action Plans.
 Integration with Digital Health ID, U-WIN platform, and reproductive health
apps.
Conclusion

The Surrogacy Amendment Rules, 2024 and the Draft Menstrual Hygiene Policy,
2023 reflect a progressive shift in India’s reproductive rights and gender equity
discourse. While surrogacy reforms uphold ethical motherhood, menstrual hygiene
policy ensures dignity for every menstruating person – together, they build a more
inclusive and healthier India.

Flagship Missions for Women and Children: Provisions and Objectives

“Empowering women and securing children is key to a strong, inclusive nation.”

a) Mission Shakti
I. Objective

To ensure safety, security, and empowerment of women through institutional,

legal, and financial support.

II. Components

Mission Shakti was launched by the Ministry of Women and Child Development
(MoWCD) in 2022 and has two major sub-schemes:

1. Sambal (Safety & Security)

 One Stop Centre (OSC) Scheme

 Women Helpline (181)
 Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP)
 Nari Adalat (Women’s collective grievance platform)

2. Samarthya (Empowerment)

 Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY)

 National Creche Scheme
 Gender Budgeting & Awareness
 Ujjwala Scheme (for rescue and rehabilitation of trafficked women)

III. Key Features

 Convergence with schemes under Digital India, Skill India, and Swachh
Bharat.
 Focus on digitised monitoring, grievance redressal, and improved last-mile
delivery.

IV. Impact

 3.6 crore women assisted under BBBP (PIB, 2025).

 24x7 Helplines operational in all states.
 Increase in reporting of domestic violence and access to maternity
benefits.
b) Mission POSHAN 2.0
I. Objective

To reduce malnutrition among children, adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating

mothers using convergent, targeted, and technology-driven strategies.

II. Components

It is an integrated nutrition support program, launched by MoWCD, combining:

 Anganwadi Services
 POSHAN Abhiyan
 Scheme for Adolescent Girls
 Nutrition Smart Villages

III. Key Provisions

 Focus on first 1000 days of life

 Use of Poshan Tracker App for real-time monitoring
 Behaviour change campaigns: Jan Andolan for Poshan
 Incentives for local nutrition gardens (Poshan Vatikas)
 Tribal areas get Poshan 2.0 Plus support

IV. Achievements

 Decline in stunting and wasting in some states (NFHS-5).

 200+ Nutrition Smart Districts identified (2025 data).
 Community-based Management of Malnutrition (CMAM) scaled up.

c) Mission Vatsalya
I. Objective

To ensure child protection, care, and rehabilitation of vulnerable children through

institutional and non-institutional services.

II. Major Provisions

 Implementation of Juvenile Justice Act, 2015 (amended 2021)

 Establishment of:
o Child Care Institutions (CCI)
o Sponsorship, Foster Care, Adoption, Aftercare
 Strengthening of Child Welfare Committees (CWCs) and District Child
Protection Units (DCPUs)
 Child tracking through TrackChild Portal

III. Special Focus Areas

 Street children, child labourers, orphans, children in conflict with law.

 Use of Baal Swaraj Portal for identifying children in need of care.

IV. Impact

 Over 11 lakh children benefitted under CCIs (PIB 2024).

  Support provided to COVID-orphaned children under PM CARES for Children
Scheme.

One Stop Centre (OSC) Scheme: Empowerment & Gender-Based Violence

Redressal

“A woman in distress should not search for help; the help must find her.”

I. Overview

Launched in 2015 under the Nirbhaya Fund, OSCs aim to provide integrated
support to women facing violence in private or public spaces.

II. Main Provisions

 Set up in every district.

 Provides 24x7 support for:
o Police assistance
o Medical aid
o Legal aid
o Psycho-social counselling
o Shelter services (temporary)
 Linked with 181 Women Helpline
 Operated through MoWCD, in coordination with District Collectors

III. Achievements

 801 OSCs operational across India (2025).

 Over 95 lakh women assisted since inception.
 Digital integration with Emergency Response Support System (112).

IV. Role in Women’s Empowerment

 Increased reporting of crimes like domestic violence, sexual assault.

 Helps restore confidence and agency of women survivors.
 Supports justice delivery via legal services and referrals to courts.
 During COVID-19, many OSCs were declared essential services and continued
operating.

Universal Conclusion

These missions and schemes reflect the Indian state’s rights-based, welfare-driven,
and inclusive approach to empowering women and children. With proper
coordination, digital tracking, and decentralised implementation, they can
become models for sustainable human development.

1. PM-USHA Scheme: Features and Objectives

“Education is the most powerful tool to uplift society in a democratic nation.”

I. Introduction

PM-USHA (Prime Minister – Upliftment of Schools for Holistic Advancement) is a

Centrally Sponsored Scheme under the Ministry of Education, launched in 2023 by
merging key higher education initiatives like RUSA.

II. Objectives

1. Improve Access and Equity

o Promote access to quality higher education in Tier 2, Tier 3 cities,
and rural areas.
o Prioritise SC/ST, women, minorities, and NE states.
2. Enhance Quality of Learning
o Strengthen academic infrastructure, laboratories, and digital
classrooms.
o Promote outcome-based education and accreditation reforms.
3. Governance and Autonomy
o Support NEP 2020 reforms like Autonomous Colleges,
Multidisciplinary Education and Research Universities (MERUs).
o Encourage decentralisation, transparency, and NAAC/NIRF ranking
compliance.
4. Research and Innovation
o Boost start-ups, entrepreneurship, and skill development.
o Promote faculty training, AI-based tools, and digital resources.

III. Key Features

Feature Details

Coverage All States/UTs, focusing on backward districts

Funding Pattern 60:40 (Centre: State); 90:10 for NE & UTs

Integration with SWAYAM, DIKSHA, NAD, Academic Bank of

Digital Push
Credits

Monitoring Through UTSAH (Undertaking Transformative Strategies and

Mechanism Actions in Higher Education) portal

IV. Significance

 Promotes inclusive, equitable, and multidisciplinary education.

 Bridges the rural-urban digital divide in higher education.
 Supports India’s ambition of becoming a knowledge economy by 2047.

2. Welfare Schemes for the Elderly in India

“A society that does not care for its elderly is a society without roots.”

I. Key Welfare Schemes for the Elderly

A. Central Government Schemes

1. National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)

 oIndira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme (IGNOAPS):
₹200/month for 60–79 years; ₹500 for 80+ years (additional by states).
o Covers BPL elderly.
2. Rashtriya Vayoshri Yojana (RVY)
o Free assistive devices (hearing aids, walkers, dentures) for BPL seniors.
o Implemented by ALIMCO under MoSJ&E.
3. Varishtha Pension Bima Yojana (VPBY)
o Launched by LIC for senior citizens (60+).
o Provides guaranteed pension at fixed interest rates.
4. Atal Vayo Abhyudaya Yojana (AVYAY) (2021)
o Umbrella scheme focusing on:
 Elderly care homes
 Mobile healthcare
 Day-care centres
 Digital literacy and skilling
5. SAGE Initiative (2021)
o Start-Up for Elderly Care promoted by MoSJ&E.
o Supports innovative eldercare services and social enterprises.

II. Effectiveness and Limitations

A. Achievements

 Pension schemes reached 3.09 crore elderly under NSAP (2024).

 Over 1.3 lakh devices distributed under RVY (2025).
 Mobile health units operational in 175+ districts.

B. Challenges

1. Inadequate Pension Amount

o ₹200/month under IGNOAPS is too low for sustenance.
2. Exclusion Errors
o Many elderly remain outside BPL lists, especially urban poor and
informal sector retirees.
3. Healthcare Gaps
o Lack of geriatrics departments, mobile health teams, and mental
health support.
4. Digital Divide
o Elderly not able to access online grievance redressal or pension
services easily.
5. Social Isolation
o Growing neglect of the elderly in urban nuclear families.

III. Recommendations for Improvement

Area Suggestion

Increase amount to at least ₹1000/month (recommended by Justice Jain

Pension
Committee)

Healthcare Expand Ayushman Bharat to include elderly-specific services

Technology Provide digital education centres in every panchayat for elderly

Effective enforcement of the Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and

Law
Senior Citizens Act, 2007

Social Promote inter-generational bonding programs in schools, SHGs, and

Innovation RWAs
IV. Constitutional and Policy Support

 Article 41: Right to public assistance in old age.

 National Policy on Senior Citizens, 2011 (Revised 2020 draft):
o Focus on financial security, healthcare, shelter, and dignity.

Conclusion

Both PM-USHA and the elderly welfare schemes reflect India’s shift toward a more
inclusive, people-centric welfare model aligned with SDG 4 (Education) and SDG
3 (Health & Wellbeing). However, bridging the implementation gaps and funding
bottlenecks is crucial to ensure dignity, access, and equity for all, especially the
vulnerable.

1. SMILE Scheme: Features and Significance for Transgender Persons and

Beggars

“The test of progress is not whether we add more to the abundance of those who have
much but whether we provide enough for those who have little.” – FDR

I. Introduction

SMILE (Support for Marginalised Individuals for Livelihood and Enterprise) is a Central
Sector Scheme under the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (MoSJ&E),
launched in February 2022, targeting transgender persons and people engaged in
begging.

II. Components of SMILE Scheme

A. Sub-Scheme 1: Comprehensive Rehabilitation for Transgender Persons

1. Shelter and Support

o Establishment of Garima Grehs (dignity homes) in each state.
o Includes food, shelter, counselling, legal aid, and skill training.
2. Skill Development & Livelihood Support
o Skill-building through NSDC and Jan Shikshan Sansthans.
o Linkage with UDYAM portal, self-employment, and start-up support.
3. Health and Education
o Assistance for gender affirmation surgeries, medical insurance.
o Educational scholarships for transgender students.

B. Sub-Scheme 2: Comprehensive Rehabilitation for Persons Engaged in Begging

1. Rescue and Rehabilitation

o Outreach through NGOs to identify, rescue, and support beggars.
o Short Stay Homes, medical care, and counselling.
2. Skill Training & Livelihood Support
o Convergence with PM-DAKSH, Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana, etc.
o Alternative income generation activities.
3. Awareness and Behavioural Change
o Campaigns to destigmatize beggars and trans persons.
III. Significance of the SMILE Scheme
A. Social Inclusion

 Integrates transgender persons into mainstream society.

 Promotes respect, dignity, and legal identity (via Transgender Certificate & ID
card).

B. Economic Empowerment

 Provides livelihood pathways, reduces dependency on begging and sex work.

 Promotes entrepreneurship and skill upgrading.

C. Rights-Based Approach

 Based on the spirit of the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act,

2019.
 Ensures constitutional rights to equality, dignity, and livelihood.

D. Institutional Mechanism

 National Portal for Transgender Persons: Digital platform for ID generation

and scheme access.
 Monitoring through NGOs and State Nodal Officers.

IV. Limitations

 Low fund utilization and limited outreach in rural areas.

 Social stigma still a major barrier to inclusion.
 Garima Grehs established in only a few states as of 2025.

2. Legal Protections and Key Supreme Court Judgments for Transgender

Persons
I. Constitutional and Legal Provisions
Provision Description

Article 14 Equality before law

Prohibits discrimination based on sex (interpreted

Article 15 & 16
to include gender identity)

Article 21 Right to life with dignity

Transgender Persons (Protection Statutory framework for protection of rights and

of Rights) Act, 2019 welfare measures

II. Landmark Supreme Court Judgments

A. National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) v. Union of India (2014)

 Recognised “transgender” as a third gender under Articles 14, 15, 19, and
21.
 Declared that self-identification of gender is a fundamental right.
 Directed:
 o Inclusion of transgender persons in OBC category for reservations.
o Separate public toilets, education, and healthcare access.
o Legal recognition in voter ID, Aadhaar, PAN, and passports.

B. Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018)

 Decriminalised homosexuality by reading down Section 377 IPC.

 Upheld the right to sexual orientation and gender identity under Article 21.

C. Arun Kumar v. Inspector General of Registration (2019, Madras HC)

 Held that the term “bride” in Hindu Marriage Act includes transwoman.
 Recognised transgender marriages under Hindu law.

D. Supriyo v. Union of India (2023)

 Although the SC did not legalise same-sex marriage, it reaffirmed:

o Right to partnership, dignity, and non-discrimination.
o Urged government to create legal safeguards for same-sex/transgender
couples.

III. Other Key Developments

1. Transgender Persons Act Rules, 2020

o Enables transgender persons to obtain a Certificate of Identity.
o Mandates no requirement of sex reassignment surgery for identity.
2. National Council for Transgender Persons
o Apex statutory body for policy formulation and monitoring.
3. State Transgender Welfare Boards
o Function in Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Maharashtra, West Bengal etc.

IV. Challenges in Implementation

 Social exclusion and persistent violence/discrimination.

 Underreporting of crimes due to fear of police harassment.
 Limited access to healthcare and education, especially in rural areas.
 Lack of sensitisation among officials and law enforcement.

Conclusion

The SMILE scheme, along with progressive judicial pronouncements, marks a

transformative step toward restoring dignity and rights to the transgender and
marginalised communities. However, societal awareness, institutional
accountability, and adequate budgetary support are essential for realising the goals
of social justice and inclusive development.

1. What are the Constitutional and Legal Safeguards for Persons with Physical
Disabilities? What is the Anganwadi Protocol for Divyang Children?

“Inclusion is not a matter of charity; it is a matter of justice.” – Rosa Luxemburg

I. Constitutional Safeguards for Persons with Disabilities
A. Fundamental Rights

1. Article 14 – Equality before law: Applies to persons with disabilities.

2. Article 15(1) – Prohibits discrimination on grounds including disability
(interpreted by judiciary).
3. Article 21 – Right to life and dignity ensures equal treatment in public and
private life.
4. Article 41 (Directive Principle) – State shall make effective provision for
securing right to work, education and public assistance for the disabled.

II. Legal Safeguards

A. Rights of Persons with Disabilities (RPwD) Act, 2016

1. Covers 21 types of disabilities, including physical, mental, intellectual, and

neurological disabilities.
2. Provides for:
o Reservation in education (5%) and government jobs (4%).
o Barrier-free access in public buildings, transport, and ICT.
o Special courts for speedy justice.
o Right to equality, non-discrimination and protection from abuse.

B. Other Relevant Laws

 Mental Healthcare Act, 2017: Right to community-based mental health care.

 National Trust Act, 1999: Focus on persons with autism, cerebral palsy, mental
retardation, and multiple disabilities.
 Rehabilitation Council of India Act, 1992: Standardises training of
rehabilitation professionals.

III. Government Schemes

 Accessible India Campaign (Sugamya Bharat Abhiyan): Barrier-free

infrastructure.
 Deendayal Disabled Rehabilitation Scheme: Grants to NGOs.
 Scholarship Schemes: For pre-matric and post-matric disabled students.
 Unique Disability ID (UDID): Digital identity and service access.

IV. Anganwadi Protocol for Divyang Children

A. Guidelines by Ministry of Women and Child Development (MWCD) under POSHAN 2.0

1. Identification & Early Intervention

o Referral from ASHA/AWW to RBSK (Rashtriya Bal Swasthya
Karyakram) for screening.
o Early disability detection at Anganwadi Centres (AWCs).
2. Inclusive Education and Nutrition
o Special THR (Take Home Ration) customised for nutrition needs.
o Training AWWs for inclusive play, storytelling, mobility and
stimulation.
3. Infrastructure Modifications
o Ramps, handrails, low-level toilets, tactile paths for accessibility.
o Visual charts and audio aids for cognitive stimulation.
4. Parent & Community Support
 o Home visits, counselling, and inclusion in VHSND (Village Health
Sanitation Nutrition Day).

B. Example: Kerala’s “Snehasparsham” Program – Inclusive AWC practices with

therapeutic support.

V. Way Forward

 Scale-up inclusive design in ICDS and schools.

 Strengthen convergence with health, education, and social justice
departments.
 Increase budget allocation for assistive devices and skill training.

2. Main Issues and Challenges Faced by Migrant Workers in India, Especially

During Crises like COVID-19

“The true measure of any society is how it treats its most vulnerable.”

I. Background

India has over 140 million internal migrants (Census 2011, estimated over 200 million
in 2024). They are mostly seasonal, informal, and inter-state workers with poor
social protection.

II. Key Challenges Faced

A. During COVID-19 Crisis

1. Mass Exodus and Humanitarian Distress

o Sudden lockdown (March 2020) caused over 10 million workers to return
home.
o Walking hundreds of km; lack of transport and food.
2. Livelihood Crisis
o 90% migrants are in informal sector (construction, textiles, hospitality).
o Lost income, no savings, no fallback.
3. Social Exclusion
o No access to ration under PDS in host states.
o Excluded from housing, health care, schooling.
4. Mental Health Issues
o Isolation, depression, and suicides increased.

B. Systemic Challenges Beyond COVID-19

1. Lack of Identification
o No unified database, often no Aadhaar-linked records in destination
state.
2. Non-Portability of Welfare
o PDS, health, and social benefits not portable across states (One Nation
One Ration Card only partially effective).
3. Poor Living Conditions
o Stay in slums or construction sites, no sanitation or ventilation.
4. Exploitation at Work
o No contracts, wage theft, long hours, no social security.
III. Constitutional and Legal Safeguards
Provision Safeguard

Article 19(1)(e) Right to reside and settle anywhere in India

Inter-State Migrant Workmen Act,

Regulates employment and protects rights
1979

Building and Other Construction Ensures welfare board registration, safety, health,
Workers Act, 1996 and social security

Aims for universal registration on e-Shram

Code on Social Security, 2020
portal

IV. Government Initiatives (Post-COVID)

1. e-Shram Portal (2021) – 30 crore+ informal workers registered.

2. One Nation One Ration Card (ONORC) – Implemented in all states.
3. Garib Kalyan Rojgar Abhiyaan (GKRA) – Rs 50,000 crore employment
package for 116 districts.
4. PM-SVANidhi – For street vendors, including many migrant returnees.

V. Recommendations (2nd ARC, NITI Aayog, Parliamentary Standing Committees)

 National Policy on Migrant Labour with interstate coordination.

 Inter-State Migrant Worker Welfare Boards.
 Digitisation of benefits, multilingual helplines, legal aid.
 Portable housing, health insurance and bank accounts.

Conclusion

Migrant workers and persons with disabilities both face structural exclusion from
development benefits. Constitutional values, progressive legislations like RPwD Act and
labour codes, and inclusive implementation through ICDS, e-Shram, and POSHAN
2.0, can help build a just and equitable society.

Q1: What are the various steps taken by the government for the welfare and
social security of migrant workers in India?

“No nation can progress unless every citizen is secure, especially its most mobile and
invisible workforce – the migrant workers.”

I. Background

India has over 200 million internal migrants (NSSO & Census 2011 estimates
updated). Migrant workers are key to sectors like construction, textiles, agriculture, brick
kilns, and hospitality. But they face exclusion, wage insecurity, and lack of
identification in destination areas.

II. Government Steps for Welfare and Social Security

A. Legal and Institutional Framework

1. Code on Social Security, 2020

 o Provides for a unified social security system for all workers including
migrants.
o Mandates e-Shram registration, insurance, and welfare schemes.
2. Inter-State Migrant Workmen Act, 1979
o Ensures registration of contractors, payment of displacement
allowance, journey allowance, etc.
3. Building and Other Construction Workers (BoCW) Act, 1996
o Mandates states to set up Welfare Boards, register workers, and provide
health, pension, and maternity benefits.
4. Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood) Act, 2014
o Legal recognition and rights to many migrant vendors.

B. Digital and Welfare Initiatives

1. e-SHRAM Portal (Launched in 2021)

o National database of unorganised workers.
o Over 32 crore registrations by 2025.
o Linked with NCS, ESIC, and Aadhaar.
2. One Nation One Ration Card (ONORC)
o Portable PDS for NFSA beneficiaries.
o Operational in all 36 states/UTs (as of 2024).
o Uses Aadhaar-based biometric authentication.
3. Garib Kalyan Rojgar Abhiyaan (GKRA)
o Launched post-COVID-19.
o Rs 50,000 crore allocated for employment and skill-building in 116
migrant districts.
4. PM-SVANidhi Scheme
o Collateral-free loans for urban street vendors, a large portion of whom
are migrants.
5. Ayushman Bharat & PM-JAY
o Portable health insurance for 50 crore individuals.
o Recent reforms (2023) have included inter-state portability for
migrants.
6. National Career Service (NCS)
o Offers job matching platform for inter-state workers.

C. State-Level Innovations

1. Kerala’s ‘Apna Ghar’: Rent-free housing for inter-state migrants.

2. Odisha’s Mo Sramik Portal: Tracks migrant movements.
3. Jharkhand’s Mukhyamantri Shramik Yojana: Skill training & insurance.

III. Recommendations and Way Forward

Body Recommendation

National Migration Policy, inter-state coordination,

NITI Aayog (2020)
skilling

Standing Committee on Labour

Expand PDS portability, real-time tracking
(2021)

Labour welfare offices in destination states,

2nd ARC
grievance redressal
IV. Conclusion

The invisibility of migrant labour is gradually reducing with technology-driven

reforms like e-SHRAM and ONORC. However, greater interstate coordination,
grievance redressal systems, and housing support are needed to ensure true
social justice.

Q2: Define and Differentiate between the following terms:

a) Migrants

Definition: Persons who move from one place to another within or across countries
for work, education, marriage or livelihood.

 Can be internal (within India) or international.

 Protected by general labour and welfare laws.
 May be seasonal, circular or permanent in movement.

Example: A construction worker from Bihar working in Delhi.

b) Refugees

Definition: Persons who are forced to flee their country due to war, persecution,
violence or political instability, and cannot return safely.

 Recognised under UN Refugee Convention, 1951 (India is not a signatory).

 Protected by UNHCR and humanitarian norms.

Example: Rohingya Muslims fleeing Myanmar.

c) Asylum Seekers

Definition: A person who seeks protection in another country but whose refugee
status is yet to be legally recognised.

 Awaiting decision by host country.

 Have limited rights compared to refugees.

Example: Afghan nationals in India awaiting legal refugee status.

d) Illegal Immigrants

Definition: Persons who enter or stay in a country without valid legal documents
like visa or passport.

 Can be deported or detained under law.

 Not eligible for welfare or citizenship.
  Controlled under Foreigners Act, 1946 and Citizenship Act, 1955 in India.

Example: Bangladeshi nationals crossing borders without documentation.

Comparison Table
Voluntar Legal
Category Indian Law Coverage
y? Protection

Labour codes, e-SHRAM, BOCW

Migrant Yes Yes
Act

Refugee No Yes (UN) No national law, UNHCR involved

Asylum
No Limited No separate law in India
Seeker

Illegal Foreigners Act, may face

No No
Immigrant deportation

Q1. What are the key provisions and implications of the Citizenship
Amendment Act (CAA), 2019 in relation to persecuted minorities and refugees?

"Citizenship is the core identity of an individual in a nation-state. The CAA 2019 brings
religion into the citizenship discourse for the first time in India’s legal framework."

I. Background

The Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA), 2019 amends the Citizenship Act, 1955. It
provides a fast-track route to Indian citizenship for certain religious minorities from
Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and Pakistan, who entered India on or before 31st
December 2014, citing religious persecution.

II. Key Provisions of CAA, 2019

1. Citizenship to Specific Minorities

 Applies to Hindus, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Parsis, and Christians from:

o Afghanistan
o Bangladesh
o Pakistan

2. Exemption from "Illegal Migrant" Status

 These persons are not treated as illegal immigrants under the Act.

3. Relaxed Residency Requirement

 Reduced from 11 years to 5 years for eligibility for citizenship by naturalisation.

4. Applicability

 Applies to entire India but not applicable to

 o Tribal areas of Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, and Tripura under Sixth
Schedule
o Inner Line Permit (ILP) areas like Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram,
Manipur, and Nagaland

5. Rules Notified in 2024

 Citizenship application process began in March 2024 after rules were officially
notified.

III. Implications in Relation to Refugees and Persecuted Minorities

A. Positive Implications

1. Humanitarian Support:
o Addresses long-standing issue of religious persecution of minorities in
neighboring Islamic countries.
o Provides legal identity, access to welfare, and dignity.
2. Long-Pending Issue Resolved:
o Fulfills promises under Assam Accord (1985) for protection of indigenous
identity.
o Responds to refugee rehabilitation demands from Bengal Partition era.
3. Ease of Integration:
o Opens access to ration, jobs, health and education for many displaced
communities (e.g., Hindu Sindhis, Chakmas, Pak-Hindu migrants in
Rajasthan).

B. Criticisms and Concerns

1. Violation of Secular Principles:

o Critics argue that the law excludes Muslims, violating Article 14 (Right
to Equality).
2. Fear of NRC Linkage:
o Concerns over National Register of Citizens (NRC) creating stateless
persons, particularly in Assam.
3. Impact on North-East:
o Seen as a threat to demographic and cultural identity.
o Triggered widespread protests and concerns among indigenous groups.
4. Lack of Clarity on Stateless Groups:
o Excludes Rohingyas, Ahmadiyyas, and Tamil refugees from Sri Lanka.

IV. Expert Bodies & Recommendations

Institution Observation

Justice B.N. Srikrishna Urged a comprehensive refugee law instead of piecemeal

Committee approach.

Called for non-discriminatory and inclusive refugee

UNHCR (2020)
protection.

Urged to balance sovereign citizenship rights with

NCRWC
humanitarian concerns.
V. Conclusion

The CAA, 2019 is a controversial yet humanitarian legislation that seeks to protect
persecuted minorities. However, it must be backed by a comprehensive refugee and
asylum policy, transparent NRC implementation, and assurance of constitutional
morality and equality.

Q2. What are the features and objectives of the NAMASTE Scheme for
sanitation workers? How does it promote dignity and livelihood security?

“No one should die while cleaning sewers.” — A call echoed by Supreme Court on
manual scavenging deaths.

I. Background

NAMASTE stands for National Action for Mechanised Sanitation Ecosystem,

launched in 2022 by:

 Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment (MoSJE)

 Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs (MoHUA)

It is aligned with the Swachh Bharat Mission – Urban (SBM-U) 2.0.

II. Objectives of NAMASTE Scheme

1. Eradication of Manual Scavenging

o Promote 100% mechanisation of septic and sewer cleaning.
2. Livelihood Safety and Dignity
o Formalise employment, ensure PPE, insurance, and legal protection.
3. Health & Skill Development
o Upskilling of sanitation workers for machine-based cleaning.
4. Identification and Rehabilitation
o Survey and include all Safai Mitras in urban local bodies.

III. Key Features of NAMASTE

1. Technology and Safety First

 Promotion of machine-based desludging and jetting units.

 Grant support to ULBs for buying mechanised tools.

2. Coverage

 Initial rollout in 500 cities; later expanded to 4,000+ cities under SBM-U 2.0.

3. Convergent Benefits

 Linked with:
o e-SHRAM platform
o Ayushman Bharat
o PMSBY (insurance up to ₹2 lakh)
o National Safai Karamchari Finance Development Corporation
(NSKFDC) for loans.
4. Training & Certification

 Tie-up with Skill India Mission for upskilling.

 Occupational safety and hygiene modules are mandatory.

5. Helpline & Emergency Protocols

 24x7 grievance redressal and emergency support services for sanitation

workers.

IV. Significance in Promoting Dignity & Security

A. Social Justice & Inclusion

 Ends caste-based stigma linked to manual scavenging.

 Recognises sanitation workers as frontline service providers.

B. Health and Legal Protection

 Reduces occupational deaths, improves health outcomes.

 Ensures accountability of ULBs for worker protection.

C. Sustainable Urban Governance

 Promotes clean, inclusive and resilient cities under Urban SDGs (Goal 11).

V. Key Data & Current Status (2025)

 Over 58,000 workers identified in urban areas.

 Zero manual scavenging deaths reported in over 300 cities in 2024 (MoHUA).
 14 states adopted complete mechanisation guidelines.

VI. Challenges and Way Forward

Challenge Suggestion

Resistance from
Incentivise mechanisation via PPPs
contractors

Formalise workers through ULB

Informal employment
contracts

Integrate with ULB MIS and e-Gov

Lack of real-time data
tools

VII. Conclusion

NAMASTE is a transformative welfare and dignity-based scheme, focusing on

technological safety, social equity, and sustainable livelihoods. It reflects India’s
commitment to ending manual scavenging and promoting urban inclusion in the
spirit of Article 21 – Right to Life with dignity.
Q1. Who are Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) in India? How do
they differ from other Scheduled Tribes (STs)?

“The true measure of a society is how it treats its most vulnerable.” — Mahatma Gandhi

I. Who are PVTGs?

Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) are the most marginalised and
backward subgroups within the larger category of Scheduled Tribes (STs).

 Originally called Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs) by the Dhebar Commission

(1960-61).
 Renamed as PVTGs in 2006 by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs.

II. Criteria for Classification as PVTGs

Defined by the Dhebar Commission and later accepted by the Government of India,
the key criteria include:

1. Pre-agricultural level of technology

2. Low literacy levels
3. Small, stagnant or declining population
4. Economic backwardness and dependence on forest-based livelihoods
5. Social isolation and minimal contact with mainstream socie

III. Key Facts and Data (2025)

 75 PVTGs recognised across 18 States and 1 UT (A&N Islands)

 Highest number in Odisha (13 groups), followed by Andhra Pradesh (12),
Bihar-Jharkhand-Chhattisgarh belt

IV. How PVTGs Differ from Other Scheduled Tribes

Particularly Vulnerable Tribal
Parameter Scheduled Tribes (STs)
Groups (PVTGs)

Population Size Large and dispersed Small and often isolated

Development Varies; some integrated with Mostly pre-agricultural, very

Stage mainstream backward

Higher (ST avg ~59% as per

Literacy Rates Very low (~30-40%)
Census 2011)

Government Need focused and exclusive

Access to general ST schemes
Support interventions

Mobility Many have urban migrants Largely forest-dwelling, non-mobile

V. Constitutional & Legal Safeguards for PVTGs

 Article 342(1): Recognition under Scheduled Tribes

 FRA 2006: Special focus on habitat rights
 SC/ST Prevention of Atrocities Act, 1989: Protection from exploitation
 PESA Act 1996: Self-governance in Scheduled Areas
VI. Challenges Faced by PVTGs

1. Land alienation and displacement due to mining and development

2. Malnutrition and lack of health access (e.g., Baiga, Saharia)
3. High dropout rates and poor educational infrastructure
4. Loss of traditional knowledge systems
5. Language and cultural extinction

VII. Conclusion

PVTGs are the most vulnerable tribal groups who require focused, inclusive and
culturally sensitive policies. Their welfare is essential for achieving tribal justice,
equity, and Constitutional guarantees of equality and dignity.

Q2. What are the major features and objectives of the following tribal
development schemes?

a) PM Adi Adarsh Gram Yojana (PMAAGY)

Launched in 2021-22 for integrated development of tribal villages with ST population.

I. Objectives of PMAAGY

1. Holistic village development in tribal areas

2. Bridge infrastructure and social gaps in education, health, roads, and
livelihood
3. Integrate efforts of central and state schemes with tribal needs
4. Promote cultural, ecological and community-based development

II. Key Features

1. Target Villages:
o 36,428 tribal-majority villages with >50% ST population and 500+
total population
2. Gap Analysis Tool:
o Based on 50+ indicators across health, nutrition, education, skill,
sanitation
3. Convergent Funding:
o Leverages funds from 15th Finance Commission, MGNREGA, SBM,
PMGSY, etc.
4. Village Development Plans (VDP):
o Prepared by Gram Sabhas with support from Tribal Affairs Ministry
5. Monitoring:
o Real-time dashboard tracking with social audit provisions

III. Impact and Current Status (2025)

 Over 12,000 villages covered by mid-2025

 Rise in sanitation access, anganwadi enrolment, and school attendance in
pilot districts (e.g., Dantewada, Simdega)

IV. Significance

 Empowers tribal self-governance

  Brings last-mile development to ST hamlets
 Respects cultural uniqueness in planning

b) PM-JANMAN (Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan)

Launched in 2023 with a budget of ₹24,000 crore (till 2025-26), aimed at PVTGs
specifically.

I. Objectives of PM-JANMAN

1. Targeted development of PVTG communities

2. Deliver basic facilities at doorstep – housing, water, health, education
3. Ensure land and habitat rights, identity documentation
4. Promote livelihoods, crafts, forest-based skills

II. Key Features

1. Beneficiary Focus:
o Exclusive to 2.7 million PVTG individuals in 18 states
2. Multi-Ministry Convergence:
o MoTA, MoRD, MoHUA, MoE, MoJS, MoHFW working jointly
3. Key Interventions:
o Housing: pucca houses for PVTG families
o Roads & Water: piped water, internal roads
o Health & Nutrition: mobile medical units, nutrition kits
o Education: digital libraries, residential schools
o Livelihoods: PVTG SHGs, TRIFED support for forest produce
4. Digital Monitoring:
o GIS mapping of PVTG settlements
o Real-time dashboards with block-level monitoring

III. Recent Developments (2025)

 Over 50% of targeted PVTG villages mapped by GIS

 Dedicated PVTG Mission Units created in states like Odisha, Chhattisgarh

IV. Significance

 First PVTG-exclusive central scheme

 Focus on justice, dignity and constitutional inclusion of most marginalised
 Integrates habitat-based and identity-based development

Universal Conclusion

Both PMAAGY and PM-JANMAN are efforts to ensure that tribal development is not
assimilationist but respectful of autonomy and culture. When paired with PVTG
protections, they reflect the Constitution’s spirit of social justice and affirmative
action.