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Mind, Cognition, and
Neuroscience

This carefully designed, multi-authored textbook covers a broad range of theoretical issues
in cognitive science, psychology, and neuroscience. With accessible language, a uniform
structure, and many pedagogical features, Mind, Cognition, and Neuroscience:A Philosophical
Introduction is the best high-level overview of this area for an interdisciplinary readership
of students. Written specifcally for this volume by experts in their felds who are also
experienced teachers, the book’s 30 chapters are organized into the following parts:

I. Background Knowledge
II. Classical Debates
III. Consciousness
IV. Crossing Boundaries

Each chapter starts with relevant key words and definitions and a chapter overview, then
presents historical coverage of the topic, explains and analyzes contemporary debates,
and ends with a sketch of cutting-edge research. A list of suggested readings and helpful
discussion topics conclude each chapter. This uniform, student-friendly design makes
it possible to teach a cohort of both philosophy and interdisciplinary students without
assuming prior understanding of philosophical concepts, cognitive science, or neuroscience.
Key Features:

• Synthesizes the now decades-long explosion of scientifcally informed philosophical

research in the study of mind.
• Expands on the offerings of other textbooks by including chapters on language,
concepts and nonconceptual content, and animal cognition.
• Offers the same structure in each chapter, moving the reader through an overview,
historical coverage, contemporary debates, and fnally cutting-edge research.
• Packed with pedagogical features, like defned Key Terms, Suggested Reading, and
Discussion Topics for each chapter, as well as a general Glossary.
• Provides readers with clear, chapter-long introductions to cognitive neuroscience,
molecular and cellular cognition, experimental methods in cognitive neuroscience,
philosophy of mind, philosophy of science, metaphysical issues, and epistemic issues.

Benjamin D. Young is Director of Graduate Studies in Philosophy, a graduate faculty member

in Interdisciplinary Neuroscience, and a member of the Institute for Neuroscience at
the University of Nevada, Reno, USA. Young has published articles on mental imagery,
 nonconceptual content, qualitative unconsciousness, and the perceptible objects of
smell in journals such as Mind & Language, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, and
Philosophical Studies.
Carolyn Dicey Jennings is Associate Professor of Philosophy and Cognitive Science at the
University of California, Merced, USA. She is author of The Attending Mind (Cambridge
University Press, 2020).
Mind, Cognition, and
Neuroscience
A Philosophical Introduction

Benjamin D. Young and

Carolyn Dicey Jennings
Cover image: © Colin Anderson Productions pty ltd / Getty images
First published 2022
by Routledge
605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158
and by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2022 selection and editorial matter, Benjamin D. Young and Carolyn Dicey
Jennings; individual chapters, the contributors
The right of Benjamin D. Young and Carolyn Dicey Jennings to be identified
as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual
chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now
known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any
information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the
publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered
trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent
to infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this title has been requested

ISBN: 978-1-138-39234-2 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-1-138-39236-6 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-24189-8 (ebk)

DOI: 10.4324/9781003241898
Typeset in Berling and Futura
by Apex CoVantage, LLC
Contents

Notes on Contributors viii

List of Figures xii
List of Tables xiv
List of Boxes xv

1 Introduction—Mind, Cognition, and Neuroscience 1

CA RO LY N D IC EY JENNING S A ND B E NJA MIN D. YO UNG

Part I: Background Knowledge 15

2 Introduction to Cognitive Neuroscience 17
A D I N A L . ROS KIES

3 Introduction to Molecular and Cellular Cognition 32

J O H N B I C KLE A ND A NN-S OPH IE BA RW ICH

4 Introduction to Experimental Methods in Cognitive Neuroscience 51

K R I S T I N A C. BAC KER

5 Introduction to Philosophy of Mind 70

J O S E P H VUKOV

6 Introduction to Philosophy of Science 84

CA R L O S MA R IS CA L

7 Metaphysical Issues of Relevance to Cognitive Neuroscience 99

C RYS TA L A . L’H OT E

8 Epistemic Issues Pertaining to Neuroscientific Methods 112

N I N A A . ATA NA S OVA

Part II: Classical Debates 125

9 Artificial Intelligence and Computational Theories of Mind 127
DAV I D C. NOEL L E A ND JE F F R E Y YOS H IM I
vi Contents

10 Modularity 149
A L E K S AND R A MROC ZKO-W Ą S OW IC Z

11 Mental Architecture—Computational Models of Mind 164

OT H A L IA LA RUE, JEA N-NIC OLA S BOURDO N, MYLÈNE LEGAULT,
A N D P I ER R E POIR IER

12 Language 183
DAV I D PER E PLYOT C H IK

13 Mental Content 199

K R Z YS Z TOF D OŁ Ę G A A ND TOBIA S S C HLICHT

14 Concepts and Nonconceptual Content 214

A R N O N CA H E N

15 Animal Cognition 229

I R I N A MIKH A LE VIC H

Part III: Consciousness 249

16 Kinds of Consciousness 251
J AC O B BE R G E R

17 Philosophical Theories of Consciousness 266

W I L L I A M G. LY CA N

18 Neurobiological Theories of Consciousness 280

M Y RTO MY LOPOUL OS

19 The Unity of Consciousness 294

RO C C O J. G ENNA RO

20 Attention 308
CA RO LYN D IC E Y JENNING S

21 Memory 325
F E L I P E D E BR IG A R D A ND S A R A H ROB INS

22 The Unconscious Mind 344

A L O N G OLD S T E IN A ND BE NJA MIN D. YO UNG

Part IV: Crossing Boundaries 365

23 Perception 367
TO N Y C H E NG

24 Mental Imagery 385

A M Y K I ND
 Contents vii

25 Action and Skill 400

K AT E RY N A S A MOIL OVA

26 Embodiment and Enactivism 414

A MA N DA C OR R IS A ND A NT H ONY C H E MERO

27 Emotion 429
S A R A H A RNAUD A ND JE S S E PR INZ

28 Social Cognition and Theory of Mind 447

E VA N W E ST R A

29 Neuroscience and Psychopathologies 462

D O M I N I C MUR PH Y, G E MMA L UC Y S MA RT, AND ALEXANDER P EREIRA

30 Neuroethics 479
K AT R I N A L . S IF F E R D A ND JOS H UA E . VA NARSDALL

Glossary 498
Index 515
Notes on Contributors

Sarah Arnaud is a postdoctoral fellow in philosophy at Université du Québec à Montréal,

Canada.
Nina A. Atanasova is Lecturer of Philosophy in the Department of Philosophy and Reli-
gious Studies at the University of Toledo, Ohio.
Kristina C. Backer is Assistant Professor of Cognitive and Information Sciences at the
University of California, Merced.
Ann-Sophie Barwich is Assistant Professor at Indiana University Bloomington in the
Department of History and Philosophy of Science and Medicine and the Cognitive
Science Program. She is the author of Smellosophy: What the Nose tells the Mind (Har-
vard University Press, 2020).
Jacob Berger is Assistant Professor in the Department of Philosophy at Lycoming College,
Williamsport, Pennsylvania.
John Bickle is Professor of Philosophy and a member of Shackouls Honors College Faculty
at Mississippi State University, Starkville, and Affliate Faculty member in the Depart-
ment of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences at the University of Mississippi Medical
Center, Jackson. His most recent book is Engineering the Next Revolution in Neuroscience,
co-authored with Alcino J. Silva and Anthony Landreth and published by Oxford Univer-
sity Press (2014). He edited The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy and Neuroscience (2009).
Jean-Nicolas Bourdon is a PhD student in philosophy and cognitive science at the Univer-
sity of Quebec at Montreal, Canada.
Arnon Cahen is a research associate in philosophy and cognitive sciences at the Hebrew
University of Jerusalem, Israel.
Anthony Chemero is Distinguished Research Professor of Philosophy and Psychology at
the University of Cincinnati, Ohio. He is the author of Radical Embodied Cognitive
Science (2009, MIT Press) and co-author, with Stephan Käufer, of Phenomenology: An
Introduction (2015, Polity; 2nd edition, 2021).
Tony Cheng is Assistant Professor of Philosophy and Assistant Research Fellow in the
Research Center for Mind, Brain and Learning at National Chengchi University, Tai-
wan. He is the author of John McDowell on Worldly Subjectivity: Oxford Kantianism
Meets Phenomenology and Cognitive Sciences (Bloomsbury Academic, 2021) and the co-
editor of Spatial Senses: Philosophy of Perception in an Age of Science (Routledge, 2019).
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 Notes on Contributors ix

Amanda Corris is a postdoctoral associate at the Minnesota Center for Philosophy of Sci-
ence, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
Felipe De Brigard is the Fuchsberg-Levine Family Associate Professor of Philosophy and
Associate Professor in the Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience and the Cen-
ter for Cognitive Neuroscience at Duke University, Durham, North Carolina. He is also
principal investigator of the Imagination and Modal Cognition Laboratory (IMC-Lab)
within the Duke Institute for Brain Sciences.
Krzysztof Dołęga is a postdoctoral researcher at the Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany.
He is the co-editor with Joulia Smortchkova and Tobias Schlicht of What are Mental
Representations? (Oxford University Press, 2020).
Rocco J. Gennaro is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Southern Indiana, Evans-
ville, Indiana. His books include The Consciousness Paradox: Consciousness, Concepts, and
Higher-Order Thoughts (MIT Press, 2012) and Consciousness (Routledge Press, 2017).
Alon Goldstein is a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Carolyn Dicey Jennings is Associate Professor of Philosophy and Cognitive Science at the
University of California, Merced. She is the author of The Attending Mind (Cambridge
University Press, 2020).
Amy Kind is the Russell K. Pitzer Professor of Philosophy at Claremont McKenna College,
Claremont, California. She is the author of Philosophy of Mind: The Basics (Routledge,
2020) and Persons and Personal Identity (Polity, 2015).
Othalia Larue is a research scientist and cognitive modeler in the Autonomy and AI
Department at Parallax Advanced Research, Beavercreek, Ohio.
Mylène Legault is a PhD student in philosophy, cognitive science, and feminist studies at
the University of Quebec at Montreal, Canada.
Crystal A. L’Hote is Associate Professor and Chair of Philosophy at Saint Michael’s College,
Colchester, Vermont, where she also teaches and serves in the Neuroscience Program.
William G. Lycan is the William Rand Kenan, Jr. Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at the
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. He is the author of Consciousness (MIT
Press, 1987) and Consciousness and Experience (MIT Press, 1996).
Carlos Mariscal is Assistant Professor in Philosophy, faculty member in the Interdisciplinary
Neuroscience Program, the Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation Biology Program, and
the Core Humanities Program at the University of Nevada, Reno. He is the co-editor of
the collection Social and Conceptual Issues in Astrobiology (Oxford University Press, 2020).
Irina Mikhalevich is Assistant Professor of Philosophy at the Rochester Institute of Tech-
nology, Rochester, New York. She is currently working on a co-authored book tenta-
tively titled Alien Minds: Invertebrate Intelligence and the Evolutionary Meaning of Life,
sponsored by a grant from the Templeton World Charity Foundation.
Aleksandra Mroczko-Wąsowicz is Associate Professor of Philosophy and Cognitive Sci-
ence at the University of Warsaw. She is the co-editor of the collection Sensory individ-
uals, properties, and perceptual objects across the senses (Oxford University Press, 2022).
x Notes on Contributors

Dominic Murphy is Professor of History and Philosophy of Science at the University

of Sydney, Australia. He is the author of Psychiatry in the Scientifc Image (MIT Press,
2006).
Myrto Mylopoulos is Associate Professor of Philosophy and Cognitive Science at Carleton
University, Ottawa, Canada.
David C. Noelle is Associate Professor and Chair of the Department of Cognitive & Infor-
mation Sciences at the University of California, Merced. He is director of the Compu-
tational Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory.
Alexander Pereira is a master’s of philosophy (MPhil) candidate at the University of Syd-
ney, Australia.
David Pereplyotchik is Associate Professor of Philosophy at Kent State University, Kent,
Ohio. He is the author of Psychosyntax: The Nature of Grammar and Its Place in the
Mind (Springer, 2017).
Pierre Poirier is the FCAR Professor of Philosophy and Cognitive Science at the University
of Quebec at Montreal, Canada. He is co-author of Philosophie de l’esprit: État des lieux
(Vrin: 2000).
Jesse Prinz is Distinguished Professor of Philosophy at the Graduate Center of the City
University of New York.
Sarah Robins is Associate Professor of Philosophy at the University of Kansas, Lawrence.
She is the co-editor of the Routledge Companion to the Philosophy of Psychology, 2nd
Edition (Routledge, 2019).
Adina L. Roskies is the Helman Family Distinguished Professor, Professor of Philosophy,
and Chair of Cognitive Science at Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire. She
has received the Stanton Award from the Society of Philosophy and Psychology and a
Mellon New Directions fellowship. She is co-editor, with Stephen Morse, of A Primer
on Criminal Law and Neuroscience (Oxford University Press, 2013).
Kateryna Samoilova is Assistant Professor of Philosophy at California State University,
Chico.
Tobias Schlicht is Professor of Philosophy at Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany. He is
co-editor of the collection What are mental representations? (Oxford University Press,
2021).
Katrina L. Sifferd is Professor and Chair of Philosophy at Elmhurst University, Elmhurst,
Illinois. She is co-author of Responsible Brains: Neuroscience, Law, and Human Culpabil-
ity with William Hirstein and Tyler Fagan (MIT Press, 2018).
Gemma Lucy Smart is a PhD candidate in history and philosophy of science at the Uni-
versity of Sydney, Australia.
Joshua E. VanArsdall is Assistant Professor of Psychology at Elmhurst University, Elm-
hurst, Illinois.
Joseph Vukov is Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Loyola University Chicago, Illinois.
 Notes on Contributors xi

Evan Westra is a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Philosophy at York University,

Toronto, Canada.
Jeffrey Yoshimi is Associate Professor and founding faculty member of the Cognitive and
Information Science department at the University of California, Merced. He is the
author of Husserlian Phenomenology: A Unifying Interpretation (Springer, 2016) and co-
author of Can Computers Think?, a series of wall charts summarizing arguments in the
artifcial intelligence debate (Horn et al., MacroVu, 1998).
Benjamin D. Young is Director of Graduate Studies in Philosophy, a graduate faculty
member in Interdisciplinary Neuroscience, and a member of the Institute for Neurosci-
ence at the University of Nevada, Reno. Young has published articles on mental imag-
ery, nonconceptual content, qualitative unconsciousness, and the perceptible objects of
smell in journals such as Mind & Language, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, and
Philosophical Studies.
Figures

1.1 Overview of brain areas 6

3.1 Classic anatomical diagram of the rodent hippocampus by Ramon y
Cajal (1911[1909]) 37
3.2 A postsynaptic signaling mechanism underlying NMDA receptor-
dependent LTP 38
3.3 Sketch of the “molecular mechanism for the consolidation of
the late phase of LTP and hippocampus-based long-term memory”
(Abel et al., 1997) 41
3.4 Components involved in optogenetics 44
4.1 Research question diagram 63
5.1 Theories in philosophy of mind 73
6.1 Levels 86
6.2 Underdetermination, determination, and overdetermination 89
11.1 Watt governor 168
11.2 Simplifed representation of ACT-R 170
11.3 Simplifed representation of Soar 171
11.4 Simplifed representation of CLARION 172
11.5 Simplifed representation of Leabra 173
11.6 Condensed synthesis of ACT-R, Soar, and SIGMA 177
12.1 Mechanisms of language comprehension 185
12.2 Two tree diagrams, each representing a syntactic structure with a
specifc interpretation 191
14.1a Müller-Lyer illusion 220
14.1b Ebbinghaus illusion 220
14.2a Hidden fgure 220
14.2b Duck-rabbit ambiguous fgure 221
15.1 Chimpanzee visual perspective-taking experiment 240
15.2 Y maze used to test for associative learning in pea plant seedlings 240
17.1 The Necker cube 273
18.1 The global workspace 286
 Figures xiii

20.1 Posner cueing task 312

20.2 Attention network 313
20.3 Feature integration theory and inattentional blindness 314
20.4 Normalization model 316
21.1 Memory 330
21.2 Memory consolidation and retrieval 334
22.1 CFS demonstration 350
22.2 Schematic state diagram of the grammar used to generate the
grammatical stimulus items 352
24.1 An occluded object 393
25.1 A hierarchical model of action specifcation, with three levels of
intentions and action control 406
25.2 Experimental setup 408
25.3 Graphic representation of one perturbed trial 409
25.4 The difference between ball direction and gaze direction 410
27.1 Theories diagram 431
27.2 Diagram of different theories 436
28.1 The false-belief task 449
28.2 Theory of mind in nonhuman animals 455
29.1 A theoretical schema for the whole of the category of addiction 471
29.2 A functional model of the key subsystems and causal connections that
underwrite the fear system 473
30.1 The trolley problem 484
Tables

4.1 Comparison of different methods 64

11.1 List of cognitive architectures introduced in this chapter 166
16.1 Main empirical predictions by major theories of conscious awareness 260
18.1 Axioms and corresponding postulates of IIT 288
26.1 Background theories 419
30.1 Means of neurological monitoring and stimulation 482
Boxes

3.1 Neurotransmission basics 35

3.2 Molecular biology of LTP: The basics 36
3.3 The Morris water maze 39
3.4 Optogenetics basics 43
4.1 Neural oscillations 56
6.1 Levels 86
7.1 Naturalism 101
8.1 Observing the mind 113
10.1 Fodor’s nine features of information-processing modules 151
11.1 AI vs (neuro)cognitive modeling 169
11.2 Biological realisms 177
12.1 Global Ambiguity 191
13.1 Neuroscientifc fndings relevant for mental representations 201
15.1 Relevant neuroscientifc fndings: Brain size and scaling rules for animal
intelligence 238
16.1 Consciousness and neuroscience 255
17.1 Specifc phenomena mentioned in Section 2.1 268
20.1 The psychology and neuroscience of attention 311
21.1 Standard Model of Memory and neuropsychological evidence 329
21.2 Neural mechanisms of episodic memory 333
22.1 Methods and paradigms for studying the unconscious mind 349
22.2 Methods for measuring unconscious processes 352
24.1 Relevant Neuroscientifc Findings 386
24.2 Imagination and mental imagery 392
24.3 Amodal vs. modal perception 393
26.1 Neuroscientifc fndings 416
28.1 The neuroscience of mindreading 448
28.2 The false-belief task 449
xvi Boxes

28.3 Mirror neurons 452

28.4 Theory of mind in nonhuman animals 455
29.1 Case study: Neurosyphilis 465
30.1 The trolley problem 483
30.2 Major ethical principles involved in various case studies discussed 494
CHAPTER 1

Introduction—Mind, Cognition,
and Neuroscience
Carolyn Dicey Jennings and
Benjamin D. Young

Chapter Overview
This chapter provides an overview of the structure and content of this textbook to
help situate the reader. It begins by introducing this unique collaborative project,
including a general introduction to the felds of philosophy, psychology, cognitive
science, and neuroscience, as well as some basic neuroanatomy. It then explains
the structural features of each chapter, which provide uniformity across the textbook.
The chapter concludes with an overview of the content covered in the textbook.
Through a survey of the major themes and their interconnections the reader will
be better able to appreciate the rich interplay between philosophy and cognitive
neuroscience in each of the topical chapters.

Key Terms
Philosophy: perhaps the oldest academic discipline, philosophy is devoted to the
study of a wide range of phenomena using a wide range of methods, including
formal logic, ethics, and phenomenology. The subset of philosophy dedicated
to the study of mind tends to be more theoretical and sometimes employs intro-
spective methods.
Cognitive science: a broad multidisciplinary field that seeks to study cognition
from a variety of perspectives, using a multiplicity of research methods and
experimental paradigms.
Neuroscience: narrowly understood, neuroscience studies the workings of the
neural system. As an interdisciplinary field, it utilizes research from biology,
medicine, chemistry, computational science, math, physics, and psychology.
Naturalism: a philosophical approach that seeks to explain all aspects of real-
ity, especially phenomena studied by the sciences, purely in terms of naturally
occurring objects, properties, and relations.

DOI: 10.4324/9781003241898-1
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