# weÁvb 170

Lecture No- 01 5| Kw¤úDUvi fvBivm n‡jv GK we‡kl ai‡bi Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvg|

j 6| Kw¤úDUvi md&UIqv‡ii RM‡Z bvgKiv cÖwZôvb gvB‡µvmd&U|
Av‡jvP¨ welq t Kw¤úDUvi weÁvb| 7| OMR = Optical Mark Reader.
we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv t 8| we‡k¦i cÖ_g Kw¤úDUvi Rv`yNi USA (AvUj¨v›Uv)-‡Z Aew¯’Z|
 Kw¤úDUvi t- Computer is a machine that helps us 9| RAM = Random Access Memory
manipulate information like words 10| VLSI = Very Large Scale Integration.
and numbers. 11| Computer GKwU Programmable System.
 Kw¤úDUv‡ii ˆewkó¨ t `ª“Z MwZ, ågïb¨Zv, ¯§„wZ msi¶Y, 12| Kw¤úDUv‡ii †eªBb n‡jv gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi|
¯^qswµq Kvh©¶gZv I mnbkxjZv, M~bive„wËg~jK Kv‡Ri myweav 13| evsjv‡`‡ki wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUvi cwÎKvi bvg AvBwUKg|
 Kw¤úDUv‡ii †Rbv‡ikb I Zv‡`i ˆewkó¨ t- ------------------- 14| eZ©gv‡b Kw¤úDUvi RM‡Zi wKse`š—x wej‡MUm|
------------------------------------------------------------- 15| Kw¤úDUvi Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib Pvj©m e¨v‡eR (†eKweªR
 ‡kªYx web¨vm t Technology Abymv‡i 1) wWwRUvj 2) GbvjM wek¦we`¨vj‡qi MwY‡Zi Aa¨vcK|)
3) nvBweªW| 16| Kw¤úDUvi md&UIqvi n‡jv Gi †cÖvMÖvg ev Kg©cwiKíbv †KŠkj|
 AvK…wZ I Kvh©`¶Zv Abymv‡i t- 17| Gcmb †Kv¤úvbx 1981 mv‡j cÖ_g j¨vcUc Kw¤úDUvi Avwe¯‹vi
1| Micro com: j¨vcUc, cv¤úUc, W‡·Uc, †bvUeyK, K‡i|
Wvqvbv eyK| 18| evsjv‡`‡k ¯’vwcZ cÖ_g Kw¤úDUvi IBM-1620|
2| Mini Com : D`v t IBM 5/36 19| Kw¤úDUvi c×wZi `ywU cÖavb A½- nvW©Iqvi I mdUIqvi
3| Main Frame Com : D`v t IBM 6120, 20| nvW©Iq¨vi n‡jv- Kw¤úDUvi I mswk-ó hvwš¿K miÄvg|
IBM-4341 21| Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖavb wcÖ‡›UW mvwK©U †evW©‡K ejv nq gv`vi‡evW©|
4| Super Com : CRAY-1, CRAY X-MP 22| Kw¤úDUv‡ii mKj Kvh©µg wbqš¿Y K‡i- CPU|
 WARE’S of Com : 1| Hardware :- ¯úk©‡hvM¨ 23| CPU- Gi wZbwU Ask- Af¨š—ixY ¯§„wZ, ALU, CU.
2| Software :- ‡cÖvMÖvg| 24| Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖavb †g‡gvwi _v‡K-gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi I CPU- Gi
3| Human/ Firmware:- ¯’vqx gvSLv‡b|
¯§„wZ‡Z iw¶Z †cÖvMÖvg| 25| ROM- G KL‡bv ¯§„wZ ågk nq bv|
 Classification of Hardware :- 26| CD- Compact Disc.
i) Input Device :- 27| Kw¤úDUv‡ii mgm¨v mgvav‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ mvRv‡bv wb‡`©kvewj‡K
ii) C.P.U `ywU Askt- a) ALU (Arithmetic and ejv nq wm‡÷g mdUIq¨vi|
Logical Unit) b) CU (Control Unit) 28| 1 evBU = 8 weU, 1 wK‡jvevBU = 1024 evBU, 1 †gMvevBU =
iii) Output Device :- D`v t Monitor, Printer. 1024×1024 evBU|
 Classification of Software :- 29| Kw¤úDUvi wm‡÷g ÔIqvW©Ó MV‡bi mswgkªgY n‡jv- BITS.
i) System Software :- Dos, WINDOWS. 30| Windows ’98 Operation System 32 we‡Ui|
ii) Application Software :- wbw`©ó Kv‡Ri Rb¨ ˆZwi 31| CIH fvBivm AvNvZ K‡i 1999 mv‡ji 26 GwcÖj|
c¨v‡KR| D`t M.S. Word BZ¨vw`| 32| Y2K n‡jv 2000 mv‡j mviv we‡k¦i Kw¤úDUvi wech©‡qi
iii) Utility Software :- ‡cÖvMÖvwgs fvlvt Basic, Cobol KviY|
BZ¨vw`| 33| Y2K †Z K gv‡b nvRvi, Year gv‡b
 Memory :- 34| LAN, MAN, WAN Kw¤Þvi †bUIqvK©|
A) Main Memory : i) ROM ii) RAM iii) R-
35| B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g †Uwj‡dvb Kivi cÖhyw³ n‡jv- VOIP cÖhyw³
W
36| Kw¤úDUvi I †dvb jvB‡bi g‡a¨ ms‡hvM ¯’vc‡b e¨eüZ nq
B) Auxiliary Memory : CD, DVD, d¬wc wW¯‹
g‡Wg|
BZ¨vw`|
37| g‡Wg Gi g‡a¨ _v‡K GKwU gWy‡jUi I GKwU wWgWy‡jUi|
C) Cash Memory : ......................
38| URL n‡jv Web Gi Documents I Ab¨vb¨ Resources
 Internet :- ...............................
 Internet :- ............................... – Gi wVKvbv|
39| WWW n‡jv World Wide Web.
wewfbœ mv‡j AvMZ cÖkœ mswk-ó Z_¨vejx t 40| HTML n‡jv Hyper Text Markup Language.
1| wWwRUvj Nwo ev K¨vjKz‡jUv‡i Kvj‡P Aby¾¡j †h †jLv dz‡U I‡V
Zv wmwjKb wPc Gi wfwˇZ ˆZwi|
2| j¨vcUc GK ai‡bi †QvU Kw¤úDUvi|
3| Kw¤úDUvi ‡_‡K Kw¤úDUv‡i Z_¨ Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi cÖhyw³‡ZK
B›Uvi‡bU e‡j|
4| Kw¤úDUv‡ii eyw× we‡ePbv †bB|
 # weÁvb 171
41| cÖ_g ˆZix PC n‡jv G¨vi‡Uqvi 8800|
42| cÖ_g wgwb Kw¤úDUvi n‡jv wcwWwc-1|
43| BIOS- Basic input output system.
44| Kw¤úDUvi Virus Qovq Auxiliary Disk- Gi gva¨‡g I → AviI wKQy fvBivm- Bye Bye, Bad boy, Cindrella, I
B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g| love you, Kurnikova, AIDS, jv‡`b|
45| mgwš^Z GbvjM I wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUvi‡K nvBweªW ejv nq| → VOIP = Voice Over Protocol- B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g †dvb
46| cÖ_g cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUv‡i e¨eüZ nq evqyk~Y¨ evj¦| Kivi cÖhyw³|
47| cÂg cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖavb we‡klZ¡ n‡jv K…wÎg eyw×gËv| → ‡Uwj †gwWwmb n‡”Q B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g wPwKrmv c×wZ|
48| we‡k¦i me©cÖ_g Kw¤úDUvi n‡jv UNIAC| → j¨vcUb- Gi Aci bvg †bvUeyK/cvIqvi eyK|
49| evwYwR¨K wfwˇZ ˆZix cÖ_g B‡jKUªwbK KwgDUvi n‡jv → Gw›U fvBivm GK ai‡bi †cÖvMÖvg hv fvBivm `yixKi‡Y e¨eüZ nq
UNIVAC| → LINUX/ UNIX, XENIS, MAC OS, VISTA GK
50| Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖ_g †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv PASCAL ai‡bi Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g|
51| †Uc †iKW©vi Ges Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¯§„wZi wdZvi msKi Pz¤^K → MIS :- Management Information System, GIS :-
e¨eüZ nq| Geographic Information System.
52| c„w_ex‡Z Gcmb †Kv¤úvbx 1981 mv‡j j¨vcUc Kw¤úDUvi ˆZix → ‡nvg †cR GK ai‡bi e¨vw³MZ weÁvcb|
K‡i| → gvB‡µv Kw¤úDUvi‡K PC ev Personal Computer e‡j|
 wKQy ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Z_¨ t → Kw¤úDUvi wPc wmwjKv w`‡q ˆZix|
→ cÖ_g †cÖvMÖvg iPwqZv- †jwW G¨vWv AvMvóv (jW© evqi‡bi Kb¨v) → 1 †mMvevBU mgvb 10 j¶ ev 1 wgwjqb evBU|
→ cÖ_g B‡jKUªwbK Kw¤úDUvi :- ABC (G¨vUvbvm&d e¨vwi → c„w_exi me‡P‡q eo mdUIqvi †Kv¤úvbx gvB‡µvmd&U
Kw¤úDUvi) USA Gi Rb G¨vUvbvm&d 1942 mv‡j Avwe¯‹vi K‡c©v‡ikb|
K‡ib| → we‡k¦i cÖ_g fvPz©qvj msev` cvwVKvi bvg Avbv‡bvfv|
→ we‡k¦ me‡P‡q †ewk Software †hvMvq †`q USA Gi → eZ©gvb Kw¤úDUvi ej‡Z mvaviYZ wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUvi‡K
gvB‡µvmd&U K‡c©v‡ikb| †evSvq|
→ Bbdi‡gkb nvBI‡q n‡”Q cy‡iv c„w_exi Z_¨ cÖevn‡K GKRb → Kw¤úDUvi kãwU Avm‡Q MÖxK fvlv †_‡K| hvi A_© MYbvKvix
Kw¤úDUvi gvwj‡Ki mvg‡b Db¥y³ Kiv| hš¿|
→ `¨v †ivc G¨v‡nW wej †MU‡mi eB| → gv`vi Ae Aj fvBivm ejv nq CIH fvBivm‡K|
→ AvaywbK g‡W‡ji Kw¤úDUvi ˆZwi nq 1946 mv‡j| → 1969 mv‡j B›Uvi‡bU Pvjy nq|
→ K‡qKwU fvlv :- Kv‡Ri cÖK…wZ fvlv → eªWe¨vÛ cÖhyw³ n‡jv †Uwj‡dvb wewnb B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM cÖhyw³|
K) ˆeÁvwbK mgm¨v diUªvb, c¨v‡¯‹j → URL → Uniform Resource Locator.
L) evwYwR¨K ‡ewmK, †Kvej → HTTP → Hyper Text Transfer Protocal.
→ 1971 mv‡j Bb‡Uj †Kv¤úvbx gvB‡µv cÖ‡mmi ˆZwi K‡i| hvi → E-mail ev Electronic mail n‡jv B›Uvi‡bU wbf©i WvK
bvg Bb‡Uj 4004| e¨e¯’v|
→ 1976 mv‡j G¨vcj †Kv¤úvbx mdj Kw¤úDUvi evRv‡i wb‡q Av‡m → E-commerce ev Electronic Commerce n‡jv Ab jvBb
→ cÖvq me WvqvjM e‡·B _v‡K OK I Close †evZvg| evwYwR¨K e¨e¯’v|
→ weM e-y ejv nq AvB. we.Gg.†K| → gvwëwgwWqv : GK m‡½ GKvwaK gva¨g e¨envi Kivi c×wZ‡K
→ OCR- Optical Character Recognition. gvwëwgwWqv wm‡÷g e‡j|
→ Computer Vaccine : GK ai‡bi †cÖvMÖvg hv fvBivm → 1976 mvj †_‡K Kw¤úDUvi wPc e¨envi Kiv nq|
cÖwZ‡iva K‡i| → UªvbwR÷vi 1948 mv‡j Avwe¯‹…Z nq|
→ DVD Rom = Digital Video Disk Rom. → wej †MU‡mi cÖ_g †cÖvMÖvg MS DOS |
→ LAN = Local Area Network. → †bUIqv‡K©i ‡bUIqvK© ejv nq B›Uvi‡bU‡K|
→ MAN = Metropoliton Area Network. → DOS- Gi c~Y© iƒc – Disk Operting System.
→ WAN = Wide Area Network → †Uwj Kbdv‡iÝ : †Uwj‡dv‡bi gva¨‡g mfv Kivi c×wZ|
→ VIRUS = Vital information Resources Under → wfwWI Kbdv‡iÝ : K‡_vcK‡_v‡bi mgq G‡K Ab¨‡K †`L‡Z
Seige cvq|
→ †gwjmv fvBivm 1999 mv‡j USA †Z AvNvZ K‡i| → VSAT (Very small Aperture Terminal) n‡jv GKwU
→ B›Uvi‡cÖUi nj Abyev`K †cÖvMÖvg| B‡jKwUªK hš¿|
→ ZvBIqv‡bi †Pb Bs ûqv KZ…©K ˆZwi 1999 mv‡ji 26 GwcÖj → d¬wc wW· 1973 mv‡j cÖ_g cÖPwjZ nq|
wm.AvB.GBP/ †Pi‡bvwej fvBivm evsjv‡`kmn we‡k¦i jvL jvL
Kw¤úDUvi‡K AvNvZ K‡i|
 # weÁvb 172
→ g‡Wg n‡jv GKgb GKwU B‡jKUªwbK wWfvBm hv †Uwj‡dv‡bi
fvlv‡K Kw¤úDUv‡ii fvlvq I Kw¤úDUv‡ii fvlv‡K †Uwj‡dv‡bi
fvlvq iƒcvš—wiZ K‡i|
→ c‡KU Kw¤úDUvi Avwe¯‹vi K‡i fviZ|
→ Kw¤úDUv‡ii 2000 mv‡ji mgm¨A‡K wgwjwbqvg evM bv‡g
AwfwnZ Kiv nq|
→ IBM – c~Y© iƒc n‡jv International Business Machine.
→ me‡P‡q RbwcÖq Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g nj DB‡Ûvm|
→ we`y¨r P‡j †M‡j Kw¤úDUvi Pvjv‡bv hvq BDwcGm Gi mvnv‡h¨|
→ Personal Computer Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib †WwfW GBj GWIqvW©
ievU© I w÷f BRwbqvK|
→ Kw¤úDUvi Qwe AvuKvi we‡kl hš¿‡K ejv nq MÖvwd· U¨ve‡jU|
→ gy`ªY RM‡Z †jLv mvRv‡bvi KvR‡K ejv nq K‡¤úvR|
→ GKRb fv‡jv Kw¤úDUvi ‡cÖvMÖvgv‡ii cÖv_wgK ¸Yvewj-Logical
Mind
→ Kw¤úDUvi mKj Kvh©µg wbqš¿Y K‡i- †m›Uªvj cÖ‡mwms BDwbU|
→ ATM- Automated Teller Machine.
→ PIN – Personal Digital Assistance.
→ TCP- Transmission Control Protocol.
→ WU †gwUªK GK ai‡bi wcÖ›Uvi|
→ Kvm©i GKwU Av‡jvK †iLv| G †iLv w`‡q gwbU‡ii c`©vi Kv‡Ri
¯’vb wbw`©ó Kiv nq|
→ cÖ_g cv‡m©vbvj Kw¤úDUv‡ii bvg- A¨vj‡Uvqvi 8800|
→ Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g †K›`ªxq †cÖvMvg Ask‡K Kvi‡bj e‡j|
→ wMevwik Kw¤úDUv‡i †`qv AcÖ‡qvRbxq Bbdi‡gkb|
Kw¤úDUvi welqK Avwe¯‹vi
Avwe¯‹vi Avwe¯‹viK
AvaywbK Kw¤úDUvi Pvj©m e¨v‡eR
mycvi Kw¤úDUvi ‡mq‡gvi †µ
hvwš¿K K¨vjKz‡jUi ‡e-BR c¨v‡¯‹j
wgwb Kw¤úDUvi ‡K‡b_ GBP Ij‡mb
evoxi KvR t-
1| Kw¤úDUvi ej‡Z mvaviYZ †evSv‡bv nq †Kvb Kw¤úDUvi‡K?
2| Kw¤úDUv‡ii gw¯—¯‹ ¯^iƒc †KvbwU?
3| AvaywbK Kw¤úDUv‡ii `ª“Z MwZi g~‡j i‡q‡Q †KvbwU?
4| Kw¤úDUvi c×wZi `ywU cÖavb A½ wK wK?
5| evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g Kw¤úDUvi †Kv_vq ¯’vwcZ nq?
6| HAL- 9000 wK?
7| wK w`‡q Kw¤úDUv‡ii KvR Kivi MwZ wnmve Kiv nq ?
8| GKwU †hvM Ki‡Z Kw¤úDUv‡ii 50 b¨v‡bv †m‡KÛ mgq jvM‡j
†m‡K‡Û Dnv KqwU †hvM Ki‡Z cvi‡e?
9| †K›`ªxqcÖwµqvKiY BDwbU‡K ms‡¶‡c wK ejv nq?
10| wc-wm †Kvb cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUvi?
11| Kw¤úDUv‡ii g~j Ask †KvbwU?
12| mdUIqvi †Kvb cÖKvi kw³?
 # weÁvb 173
13| MS-DOS ms‡¶‡c wK bv‡g cwiwPZ?
14| cÖvq me WvqvjM e‡·B av‡K †Kvb †evZvg|
15| Kw¤úDUv‡ii †Kvb msL¨v& c×wZ e¨eüZ nq?
16| ‡ewmK wK?
17| jv‡`b wK?
18| wej †MU‡mi cÖ_g †cÖvMÖvg †KvbwU?
19| †Kvb fvlvwU ˆeÁvwbK mgm¨vq e¨eüZ nq bv?
20| I‡qe A_© wK?
21| c„w_exi cÖ_g ¯^qswµq MYbvhš¿ †KvbwU?
22| evsjvq KvR Kivi Rb¨ D‡j-L‡hvM¨ mdUIq¨vi †KvbwU?
23| eY© wfwËK Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g †KvbwU?
24| gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi Avwe¯‹…Z nq KZ mv‡j?
25| IivKj †Kvb ai‡bi †cÖvMÖvg?
26| my‡Wv †Kvb fvlvi kã?
27| †MÖvMÖv‡gi wWevwMs wK?
28| me‡P‡q †ekx MwZ m¤úbœ †Uc †KvbwU?
29| BOL wK?
30| cÖ_g Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqv‡K©i bvg wK?

Lecture No- 02/03

Av‡jvP¨ welq t Rxe weÁvb|
we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv t
RxeweÁvb, Dw™¢`weÁvb, cÖvwYweÁvb, c-vwóW, fvBivm, cvZv,
e¨vK‡Uwiqv, gvki“g, QÎvK, e¨vcb, Awfkªeb, cÖ‡¯^`b, civMvqb,
wUmyKvjPvi, fvb©vjvB‡Rkb, Có, †µv‡gvc-v÷, †K¬v‡ivc-v÷,
gvB‡UvKwÛªqv, cÎSiv I wPinwir Dw™¢`, d‡UvwcwiIwWRg,
nv‡e©wiqvg, g¨vb‡MÖvW eb, †Kvl, †µv‡gv‡Rvg, DNA, RNA, wRb,
Dw™¢‡`i cywó Dcv`vb, dzj, mv‡jvKms‡k-lY, †K¬vwbs, †U÷wUDe †eex,
cÖevj, cÖevj cÖvPxi, Awf‡hvRb, c-vwUcvm, †gi“`Ûx I A‡gi“`Ûx
cÖvYx, ev¯‘Zš¿, cÖvYxweÁvbx I Avwe¯‹vi, ¯’b¨cvqx cÖvYx, evsjv‡`‡ki
eb¨cÖvYx, nvBevi‡bkb, †g‡ÛwjRg, Gw÷‡fkb|
 wewfbœ mv‡j AvMZ cÖkœ mswk-ó Z_¨vejx t
1| gvby‡li ürwc‡Û 4wU cÖ‡Kvô _v‡K|
2| ev`yo AÜKv‡i Pjv‡div K‡i m„ó k‡ãi cÖwZaŸwb ï‡b|
3| Mv‡Qi Lv`¨ ZvwjKvq Av‡Q- N, P, K, S I Zn|
4| mv‡jvKms‡k-lY me‡P‡q †ewk cwigv‡Y nq jvj Av‡jv‡Z|
5| m¨vwjK GwmW U‡gv‡Uv‡Z cvIqv hvq|
6| UK ‡Z Adult Cell ‡K¬vb K‡i †h †fovi Rb¥ n‡q‡Q Zvi bvg
Wwj| hv W, Bqvb DBjgyU Rb¥ †`b|
7| Nb cvZvwewkó e„‡¶i wb‡P iv‡Z Nygv‡bv ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z bq KviY MvQ
n‡Z AwaK cwigv‡Y Kve©b WvB A·vBW wbM©Z nq|
8| IUCN Gi KvR n‡jv wek¦e¨vcx cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` msi¶Y Kiv|
9| Rx‡ei eskMwZi ˆewkó¨ enb K‡i †µv‡gv‡Rvg|
10| Avgv‡`i †`‡k ebvq‡bi f~wgKv AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡c~Y© KviY
MvQcvjv O2 Z¨vM K‡i cwi‡ek‡K wbg©j iv‡L I Rxe RMZ‡K
euvPvq|
11| ïïK evZv‡m wbk¦vm †bq|
 # weÁvb 174
12| gy³v n‡jv wSby‡Ki cÖ`v‡ni dj| 54| `ya‡K UK K‡i e¨vK‡Uwiqv|
13| evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU Rxeš— Rxev‡k¥i bvg ivR KuvKov| 55| bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi Afv‡e Dw™¢‡`i cvZv nj‡` n‡q hvq|
14| GKRb mvaviY gvby‡li †`‡n †gvU 206 UzKiv nvo _v‡K| 56| kxg RvZxq Dw™¢‡` ivB‡Rvwiqvg ai‡bi e¨vK‡Uwiqv
15| av‡bi dz‡j civM N‡U evZv‡mi mvnv‡h¨ civM S‡i c‡o| bvB‡Uªv‡Rb‡K bvB‡Uª‡W cwiYZ K‡i|
16| me©cÖ_‡g †h Ddwk avb G †`‡k Pvjy n‡q GL‡bv eZ©gvb i‡q‡Q 57| cÖvwY‡`‡n RxevYyRvZ wel wbwµqKvix ivmvqwbK c`v‡_©i bvg-
Zv n‡jv Bwi| A¨vw›UewW|
17| gvQ Aw·‡Rb †bq cvwbi g‡a¨ `ªexf~Z evZvm n‡Z| 58| Flora ejv nq Dw™¢`Kzj‡K|
18| RjR Dw™¢` mn‡R fvm‡Z cv‡i KviY G‡`i Kv‡Û A‡bK evqy KzVix _v‡K 59| g~j †bB g‡mi|
19| Rxe weÁv‡bi cÖavb kvLv `ywU Dw™¢` I cÖvYx weÁvb| 60| Acy¯úK Dw™¢- QÎvK, gm|
20| Rx‡ei ˆeÁvwbK bvgKiY Kiv nq j¨vwUb fvlvq| 61| `ª“ZZg e„w×m¤úbœ MvQ-BDK¨vwjcUvm|
21| Existentialism cÖvYxwe`¨vi GKwU ZË¡| 62| dz‡ji Ask- 5wU|
22| DcKvix cZ½- Silkworm| 63| Rev dz‡ji ¯¿x ¯—e‡K 5wU Mf©cÎ i‡q‡Q|
23| GKwU ivbx †gŠgvwQ 1000 evi wWg cv‡o| 64| cy¯ú cÎ web¨vm Qq cÖKvi|
24| cÖK…wZi jv½j †K‡Pv hv Z¡‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ k¦vmKvh© Pvjvq| 65| AÜKv‡i AsKzwiZ nq Muv`v dzj|
25| gvKomvi cv- 8wU| 66| kvjMg g~j|
26| wZbwU ü`wcÛ i‡q‡Q- nv½‡ii| 67| g¨vb‡MÖvf DcKzjxq eb (my›`ieb)
27| me‡P‡q †QvU cvwL nvwgs evW©| 68| Wvqv‡ewU‡mi Rb¨ DcKvwi ˆkevj Òw¯úi“wjqvÓ|
28| c-vwUcvm ¯—b¨cvqx wKš‘ wWg †`q| 69| Awd‡gi gyj Drm cwc MvQ|
29| iv‡Z weovj I KzKz‡ii †PvL R¡jR¡j K‡i| KviY G‡`i †Pv‡L 70| Aoni ˆZjexR bq|
†U‡cUvg bvgK iÄK †Kvl _v‡K| 71| †jw›UKzjvi cÖ‡¯^`b Dw™¢‡`i Kv‡Û nq|
30| evb‡ii cv- 4wU| 72| m~‡h©i cÖLi DËv‡cI Mig nq bv Mv‡Qi cvZv|
31| me‡P‡q †ekx `y» cÖ`vbKvix Mvfxi RvZ- wd«wmqvb| 73| kxZKv‡j Mv‡Qi cvZv S‡i hvq cÖ‡¯^`b Kgv‡Z|
32| me‡P‡q †ekx w`b euv‡P K”Qc| 74| Kjvi Pviv jvMv‡bvi mgq cvZv †K‡U †djv nq cÖ‡¯^`b Kgv‡Z|
33| Mv‡qi is cwieZ©b K‡i AvZœi¶v Ki‡Z cv‡i wMiwMwU| 75| Dw™¢` mv‡jvKms‡k-lY cÖwµqvq kK©iv Drcbœ K‡i|
34| Dw™¢` I cÖvYxi †cÖv‡Uvc-vR‡gi MVb GKB iKg| GB wm×vš— 76| Dw™¢‡`i Lv`¨ ˆZix nq Kv‡Û Rxec‡Î I cvZvq (meyR As‡k)|
†`b- d›Uvbv| 77| Lv`¨ ˆZixi Rb¨ Dw™¢` evqy †_‡K CO2 MÖnY K‡i|
35| wjwcW, †cÖvwUb I cwigvi w`‡q ˆZix †KvlcÖvPxi- e¨vK‡Uwiqv| 78| cÖZ¨¶ Av‡jv evÂbxq bq Pv Mv‡Qi Rb¨|
36| QÎv‡Ki †Kvl cÖvPxi ˆZix- KvBwUb w`‡q| 79| AbyRx‡ei gva¨‡g cÖRbb nq dv‡Y©|
37| †Kv‡li cÖvYkw³ gvB‡UvKwÛªqv| G‡Z 73% fvM †cÖvwUb| 80| cv_iKzwP cvZvi mvnv‡h¨ eske„w× K‡i|
38| Rxe †Kv‡li ivB‡ev‡Rvg †cÖvwUb ms‡k-wlZ nq| 81| ¯^civMvqb N‡U mxg Mv‡Q|
39| AmeyR Dw™¢` →QÎvK| 82| cZ½ civMx I iv‡Z †dvUv dzj mvaviYZ Zxeª jvj I mv`v cvcox
40| meyR dj cvK‡j iwOb nq KviY R¨v‡š’vwd‡ji Dcw¯’wZ| qy³ nq|
41| †µv‡gvc-v‡÷i Rb¨ cy¯ú iwOb I my›`i nq| 83| Kvj wcucovi gva¨‡g Wygy‡ii civMvqb N‡U|
42| †µv‡gv‡Rvg msL¨v gvZ…‡Kv‡li A‡a©K nq wg‡qvwmm †Kvl 84|
wefvR‡b| 85| bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi Afv‡e Mv‡Qi cvZv nj‡` n‡q hvq|
43| e¨vK‡Uwiqv‡Z A¨vgvB‡Uvwmm ai‡bi †Kvl wefvRb nq| 86| 80-90% cÖ‡¯^`b cÎi‡Ü«i gva¨‡g nq|
44| avb Mv‡Qi †µv‡gv‡Rvg msL¨v 24 †Rvov|  wKQy ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Z_¨ t
45| gvby‡li †µv‡gv‡Rvg msL¨v 23 †Rvov hvi 22 †Rvov A‡Uv‡mvg  Dw™¢‡`i dzj avi‡Y Av‡jv AÜKvi ev w`bivwÎi w¯’wZKv‡ji
I GK †Rvov †m· †µv‡gv‡Rvg| cÖfve‡K e‡j d‡UvwcwiIwWRg|
46| wR‡bi ms‡M m¤úK©hy³ DNA. hv‡K wR‡bi ivmvqwbK MVb  fvb©vjvB‡Rkb ej‡Z †evSvq dzj I dj m„wói Rb¨ wbæ ZvcgvÎv
Dcv`b ejv nq| cÖvwßi cÖwµqv|
47| eskMwZi `ywU m~Î w`‡q‡Qb weÁvbx †g‡Ûj whwb GKRb ag©hvRK wQ‡jb|  fvBivm †Kvlnxb AbyRxe|
48| `y‡Uv cÖRvwZi mw¤§j‡b m„ó Rx‡ei RvZ msKi|  mv‡jvKms‡k-l‡Y AbyNUK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i †K¬v‡ivwdj|
49| †R‡bwUK BwÄwbqvwis Rx‡ei esk we¯—vi welqK weÁvb|  †h iÄK c`v‡_©i Rb¨ dz‡ji wewPÎ eY© nq Zv n‡jv †µv‡gvc-v÷|
50| Rxe †_‡K A‡hŠb cÖRbb cÖwµqvq m„ó Rxe‡K ejv nq †K¬vb|  Wv‡ei cvwb ex‡Ri Zij G‡Ûvc-vg© kuvm w`‡q ˆZix|
51| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g †U÷wUDe †ewe wniv, gwb, gy³v 30 †g 2001
 Kgjv‡jey‡Z cvIqv hvq A¨vmKiweK GwmW|
mv‡j Rb¥ nq| hv‡`i gv mvfv‡ii wd‡ivRv †eMg Ges evev
†gvt nvwbd|  Av½y‡i _v‡K UviUvwiK GwmW|
52| Rivqyi G‡Ûv‡gwUªqvg ¯—‡i e-v‡÷vwg÷ †cÖvw_b nq|  Av‡c‡j _v‡K †mwjK GwmW|
53| fvBivm GKwU A‡Kvlxq Rxe hv AbyKzj cwi‡e‡k KL‡bv Ro  †LRyi †L‡Z wgwó jv‡M †d«v‡óvR _vKvi Kvi‡Y|
e¯‘i g‡Zv AvPiY K‡i|  Rx‡ei eskMwZi GKK Rxb|
 # weÁvb 175
 wgDKi g„ZRxex QÎvK|  wkg, gUiïwU, †Qvjv BZ¨vw` Dw™¢` evqy †_‡K mivmwi bvB‡Uªv‡Rb
 gi“f~wg‡Z †LRyi MvQ fvj R‡b¥ we¯Ë…Z fvmv fvmv ¸”Qg~‡ji MÖnY K‡i|
Rb¨|
 Pv‡qi Dc¶v‡ii bvg K¨v‡dBb|
 †h dzj KLbB cÖùzwUZ nq bv Zv‡K ejv nq wK¬‡UvM¨vwg|  KPz mv‡K _v‡K ‡jŠn| G kv‡K K¨vjwmqvg A·‡jU _vKvi Rb¨
 ex‡Ri AsKz‡iv`M‡gi Rb¨ `vqx Aw·b| Mjv PzjKvq|
 †jey RvZxq Dw™¢` n‡Z wbtm„Z nq ˆZj|  me‡P‡q eo †Kvl- DUcvwLi wWg, `xN© †Kvl- øvqy‡Kvl, †QvU †Kvl-
†k¦Z KwbKv|
 my›`ix‡K Bs‡iwR‡Z ÔjywKsM-vm wUªÕ bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv nq|
 gvbe‡`‡n 23 †Rvov †µv‡gv‡Rvg _v‡K|
 c„w_exi cÖvPxbZg Dw™¢` dvY©|
 divmx weÁvbx j¨vgvK© me©cÖ_g Biology kãwU e¨envi K‡ib|
 Lye †QvU Ges big †Mvov wewkó (†hgb Nvm RvZxq) Dw™¢`‡K e‡j
Jla|  Dw™¢` weÁv‡bi RbK- w_Id¨v÷vm|
 i“wUi QÎvK‡K e‡j wgDKi|  Kv‡Û evqyKzVix _vKvi Rb¨ RjR Dw™¢` mn‡R fvm‡Z cv‡i|
 Pv cvZvq _v‡K wfUvwgb we-Kg‡c-·|  fvBivm kãwU j¨vwUb| Gi A_© wel| †h me fvBivm e¨vK‡Uwiqv‡K
Avµgb K‡i Zv‡K e‡j e¨vK‡UwiIdvR|
 me©cÖ_g ivevi I Pv Pvl ïi“ nq Px‡b|
 Dw™¢` cvZvi mvnv‡h¨ Lv`¨ ˆZix K‡i e‡j cvZv‡K Dw™¢‡`i ivbœv Ni
 Mv‡Qi †`n‡K my¯’ mej K‡i M‡o †Zvjvi R‡b¨ Avwe¯‹…Z
ejv nq|
wfUvwg‡bi bvg †fwRg¨v·|
 Dw™¢‡`i e„w× me‡P‡q †ewk nq KvÛ I g~‡ji AMÖfv‡M|
 Zvgv‡Ki †gvRvBK fvBivm cwiwPZ TMV bv‡g|
 cvZv‡K m‡ZR iv‡L cUvwkqvg|
 Bó GK ai‡bi QÎvK|
 Dw™¢‡`i gyL¨ cywó Dcv`vb- 10wU I †MŠY cywó Dcv`vb 6wU, cÖavb
 Zvgv‡Ki AsKz‡iv`M‡gi Rb¨ AÜKvi `iKvi|
gyL¨ cywó Dcv`vb- dmdivm, cUvwmqvg I bvB‡Uªv‡Rb|
 evqycivMx dz‡ji D`vniY- avb| Gi f¶bxq Ask exRcÎ|
 c„w_exi me‡P‡q welv³Zg cÖvYx e· †Rwjwdk|
 e¨v‡Oi QvZvq †Kvb †K¬v‡ivwdj †bB|
 ey‡K nvUv cÖvYx‡`i g‡a¨ e„nËg cÖvYx Kzgxi|
 ˆkevj ¯^‡fvRx Dw™¢`|
 c-vwUcv‡mi evqy_wj _v‡K hK…r I †jvwnZ KwYKvq|
 wmb‡Kvbv Mv‡Qi evKj †_‡K KzBbvBb ˆZix Kiv nq|
 gvbe‡`‡n g¨v‡jwiqv RxevYy g¨v‡jwiqv †ivM m„wó K‡i|
 cwc MvQ †_‡K hš¿Yv wbivgqKvix giwdb ˆZix Kiv nq|
 e¨vO Lv`¨ wkKvi K‡i wRnŸv w`‡q|
 avb GKwU GKexRcÎx Dw™¢`|
 kxZji³ wewkó cÖvYxi bvg e¨vO, mvc|
 Av`v iƒcvš—wiZ KvÛ|
 gvwQi cv 6wU|
 Hidrilla GKai‡bi RjR Dw™¢`|
 mv`v i³ ev eY©nxb i³ wewkó cÖvYx †Zjv‡cvKv|
 Pv Dw™¢‡`i Rb¨ cÖZ¨¶ Av‡jv evÂbxq bq|
 ev`yo iv‡Zi †ejv Pjv‡divi mgq w`K wbY©q K‡i Avëªv‡mvwbK
 cvZvi meyR e‡Y©i Rb¨ `vqx †K¬v‡ivc-v÷| Mv‡Qi meyR As‡k k‡ãi gva¨‡g|
†K¬v‡ivwdj _v‡K, hvi mvnv‡h¨ mv‡jvKms‡k-lY cÖwµqvq Dw™¢`
 †cuPvi †Pv‡Li †iwUbvi iWm& Gi msL¨v †ekx wKš‘ †Kvbm& Gi msL¨v
Lv`¨ ˆZwi K‡i|
Kg e‡j w`‡b †`L‡Z cvq bv|
 †µv‡gvc-v‡÷i Rb¨ dzj I d‡ji eY© wewfbœ nq| eY©nxb c-vw÷W
 Mi“i ZoKv †ivM nq Gb_ªv· RxevYyi Avµg‡Y|
n‡jv- wjD‡Kvc-v÷, hvi KvR g~‡j Lv`¨ mÂq K‡i ivLv|
 †Ku‡Pvi agbx- wkiv I †PvL bvB|
 fvBivmRwbZ †ivM- nvg, †cvwjI, Bbd¬z‡qÄv, RjvZsK, nvwc©m,
 wKDB cvwLi Wvbv †bB|
gv¤úm|
 K¨v½i“ i¨vU KL‡bv cvwb cvb K‡i bv|
 e¨vK‡UwiqvRwbZ †ivM- K‡jiv, UvBd‡qW, h¶v, wbD‡gvwbqv,
wWc‡_wiqv|  c-vwUcvm ¯—b¨cvqx cÖvYx wKš‘ wWg cv‡o|
 gvki“g GK cÖKvi QÎvK, hv meRx wnmv‡e e¨envi Kiv nq|  nvwZi `ya me‡P‡q wgwó|
 QÎvK GKwU mgv½‡`nx Acy¯úK Dw™¢`|  K¨vUjwd‡ki wZbwU ürwcÛ Av‡Q|
 Av‡jKRvÛvi †d¬wgs †cwbwmwjqvg RvZxq QÎvK †_‡K †cwbwmwjb  wieb IqvU `xN©Zg cÖvYx|
Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib 1929 mv‡j|  ¯‹zBW cÖvYxi 200wU cv Av‡Q|
 †K¬v‡ijv GK cÖKvi meyR ˆkevj hv gnvKvkPvixi Lv‡`¨i Afve  we”Qyi †PvL me‡P‡q eo|
†gUv‡Z e¨envi K‡i|  Aw¯’g¾v †_‡K i‡³i †jvwnZ KwYKv Drcbœ nq|
 Dw™¢` e¨vcK cÖwµqvq gvwU †_‡K LwbR jeb MÖnY K‡i|  nvBevi‡bkb A_© kxZwb›`ªv|
 Dw™¢` cÖ‡k¦`b cÖwµqvq cvwb ev¯úvKv‡i †Q‡o †`q|  Zoology kãwU j¨vwUb fvlv †_‡K G‡m‡Q|
 i“wU I g` ˆZix‡Z Có e¨envi Kiv nq| gvB‡UvKwÛªqv‡K ejvnq  †gi“`Ûnxb cÖvYxi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q eo Rv‡q›U ¯‹zBW, Giv j¤^vq 20
†Kv‡li cvIqvi nvDR ev kw³ Ni| wgUvi ch©š— n‡Z cv‡i|
 Rjm cic‡qR KL‡bvB Nygvq bv|
 # weÁvb 176
 †nv‡qjkvK© me‡P‡q eo wWg cv‡o|
 # weÁvb 177
 mv‡ci Kvg‡o kªxj¼vq me‡P‡q †ekx †jvK gviv hvq|
 KzKzi, weovj I evN i‡Oi cv_©K¨ eyS‡Z cv‡i bv KviY G‡`i
†Pv‡L †Kvb †Kv‡li msL¨v Kg _vKvi Rb¨|  e¨vO dzjKv I Z¡‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ k¦vmKvh© Pvjvq|
 weovj †_‡K wWc‡_wiqv †ivM Qovq|  †Ku‡Pv GKwU Dfwj½ cÖvYx|
 gvbyl Qvov me‡P‡q Abyf~wZ m¤úbœ cÖvYx †c½yBb|  fvBivmRwbZ cïi †ivM : RjvZ¼, ivbx‡¶Z, emš— †ivM|
 dwos Gi cÖvY nvUz‡Z|  wjPzi f¶vs‡ki bvg→Gwij|
 PvZK cvwL KL‡bv b`x bvjv Lvj wej Z_v f~ -fv‡Mi cvwb cvb K‡i  f~Æv, avb, Mg evqycivMvix dz‡ji D`vniY|
bv|  PÆMÖvg A‡ji ebf~wg‡Z evk †ekx R‡b¥| evk me‡P‡q eo Nvm|
 Mi“i PviwU cvK¯’jx Av‡Q|  bvU RvZxq dj → wjPz, ev`vg, wiUv|
 †nvgv cvwL AvKv‡k wWg cv‡i hv gvwU‡Z cov gvÎB ev”Pv †dv‡U|  Agi cÖvYx nvBWªv, A¨vwgev|
 c-vwUcvm GKai‡bi Rxeš— Rxevk¥|  me©v‡c¶v e„nr gyKzj- euvavKwc|
 †nv‡qj cvK© c„w_ex‡Z me‡P‡q eo gvQ (wZwg Qvov)|  cUvwkqv‡gi Afv‡e cvZvi kxl© I wKbviv njy` nq|
 Gwkqvb nvwZ (22 gvm) me‡P‡q †ewk mgq Mf©aviY K‡i|  †jŠ‡ni Afv‡e cvZv weeY© n‡q hvq|
 Avgv‡`i †`‡k 250 cÖRvwZi mvc Av‡Q|  ‰kevj I QÎv‡Ki mgš^‡q MwVZ Dw™¢‡`i bvg jvB‡Kb|
 c„w_ex‡Z cÖv‡Yi m~Pbv nq AvbygvwbK 100 †KvwU ermi Av‡M|  c„w_exi me‡P‡q j¤^v e„¶- Rvqv›U †iW DW wUª hv hy³iv‡óªi
 †Kv‡li KvR wbDwK¬qvm wbqš¿Y Kiv| K¨vwj‡d©vwbqvq cvIqv hvq|
 c„w_exi cÖ_g cÖvYx Gwgev|  me‡P‡q eo dzj- j¨v‡d¬vwmqv AvibwÛ|
 Rxebi¶vKvix ni‡gvb ejv nq G¨vj‡Wvm‡Uib‡K|  dvY© Avgv‡`i †`‡k †puwKgvK bv‡g cwiwPZ|
 wbwl³ wW¤^vby‡K RvB‡MvU e‡j|  gvbyl‡L‡Kv gvQ wcivbnv|
 ‘Origin of species’ MÖš’wU Pvj©m WviDBb Gi †iLv|  dvB‡jwiqv †iv‡Mi RxevYy enb K‡i ¯¿x Culex gkv|
 ˆeÁvwbK bvgKi‡Yi RbK K¨v‡ivjvm wjwbqvm|  gvbe‡`‡ni QuvKb hš¿ wKWbx, Gi GKK nephron hv i³ †Qu‡K
 gvby‡li ˆeÁvwbK bvg Homo Sapiens. cwiï× K‡i| hvi d‡j kix‡i welwµqvi m„wó nq bv| welv³
 mgMÖ cÖvYx RMZ‡K 10wU c‡e© wefw³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| `ªe¨¸‡jv †iPb wQ`ª c‡_ g~‡Îi gva¨‡g kix‡ii evB‡i wb¯Œvš— nq|
 g¨v‡jwiqvi RxevYy‡K M-vm‡gvwWqvg e‡j|  Dw™¢` †Kv‡l †Kvl cÖvPxi/c-vwóW _v‡K hv cÖvYx †Kv‡l _v‡K bv|
 we‡k¦i cÖ_g †Uó wUDe †ewe jyBm eªvDb 1978 mv‡ji 25 †k  cÖvYx‡Kv‡l †m‡›Uv‡Rg _v‡K hv Dw™¢` †Kv‡l _v‡K bv|
RyjvB ivZ 11.57 wgwb‡U Bsj¨v‡Ûi Iì‡ng kn‡i Ki‡kv bvgK  RvB‡jg g~j †_‡K A½ cÖZ¨½ cvwb †cŠQvq|
GKwU nvmcvZv‡j Rb¥ MÖnY K‡ib|  cvZvq Drcvw`Z Lv`¨ †d¬v‡qg Dw™¢‡`i me©Î †cŠQvq|
 we‡k¦i cÖ_g †K¬vb †fov- Wwj, evQyi-‡Rdvimb, evbi-‡UUªv, weovj-  Avg, KuvVvj, Wvj I wkg RvZxq Dw™¢` wØexRcÎx|
Kve©bKwc (wmwm), †Nvov-cÖwgwZqv, gvbyl-Bf|  e¨vK‡Uwiqv, QÎvK w`‡q A¨vw›Uev‡qwUK Jla ˆZix nq|
 Biology GKwU MÖxK kã| Bios A_© Rxeb I Logos A_© Ávb|  gvki“g g¨vmKvwib _v‡K bv e‡j G‡K LvIqv hvq|
 cÖvYx weÁv‡bi RbK→A¨vwi÷Uj (Rxe weÁv‡bi RbK)|  †d¬viv gwR` D™¢vw`Z w¯úi“wjbv bvgK ˆkevj Wvqv‡ewUK
 eskMwZ we`¨vi RbK †MÖMi †Rvnvb †g‡Ûj (Awóªqvi ag©hvRK)| †ivMx‡`i Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv nq|
 Av‡jKRvÛvi †d¬wgs 1945 mv‡j †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi cvb|  Avb bvwdm i³ mÂvjb c×wZ m¤ú‡K© me© cÖ_g aviYv †`b|
 wbDwK¬qvm Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib ievU© eªvDb 1831 mv‡j|  weÁvbx MvY©vi I G¨vjvW©-1920 mv‡j d‡UvwcwiqwWRg Avwe¯‹vi
 †ZZz‡j UviUvwiK GwmW _v‡K| K‡ib|
 e„w×ea©K ni‡gvb Aw·b|  weÁvbx T.D. Lysenko 1920 mv‡j fvb©vjvB‡Rkb Avwe¯‹vi
 cÎi‡Ü« †Lvjv _v‡K w`‡bi †ejvq| K‡ib|
 wecyj I †mvbvjx DbœZRv‡Zi †ikg †cvKv|  jvj Av‡jv‡Z mv‡jvKms‡k-lY †ekx nq| bxj I meyR Av‡jv‡Z
 me‡P‡q welv³ mvc : wKs †Kveiv| mv‡jvK ms‡k-lY Kg nq|
 me‡P‡q j¤^v mvc : Avbv‡KvÛv|  cv‡_©‡bvKvwc©m d‡j exR nq bv|
 gvbyl Chordata c‡e©i Aš—©f~³|  cv‡bi i‡m wgDwm‡jR I †LRy‡ii i‡m d«yK‡UvR _v‡K|
 Wwj Av_©vBwUm †iv‡M Avµvš— n‡q 2003 mv‡j 14 †deª“qvix  Jlax Dw™¢` n‡jv evmK, wcuqvR, wbg, †kdvwjKv, wmb‡Kvbv, AR©yb,
gviv hvq| N„ZKzgvix BZ¨vw`|
 ˆkevj I QÎv‡Ki mgš^‡q MwVZ Dw™¢‡`i bvg→jvB‡Kb|  †KIov‡Z RivqyR A¯‹z‡iv`Mg nq|
 AwK©W civkªgx Dw™¢`|  Av`v ivB‡Rvg, †Mvj Avj~ K›`, dwbgbmv cY©KvÛ, wcuqvR imyb
K›`vj KvÛ Gi gva¨‡g esk we¯—vi K‡i|
 me‡P‡q ¶z`ª Rxe‡Kvl wW¤^vby|
 GKwU Av`k© dz‡ji 5wU Ask _v‡K|
# weÁvb 178
 ¶z`ªZg ¯—b¨cvqx cÖvYx evgb wPKv|
 mvMiMvfx ejv WyMs †K|
 gvby‡li †jvwnZ i³ KwbKv wbDwK¬qvmwenxb|
 KzKz‡ii Nvg wbm„Z nq wRnŸv w`‡q|
 KvK Svo–`vi cvLx|
 c~Y© eq¯‹ gvby‡li ü`wc‡Ûi IRb 300 MÖvg|
 ¸qvwbb wWGbG- Gi bvB‡Uªv‡Rb †em|
 gvbe‡`‡ni dzmdzm wbD‡gvwbqv †iv‡M Avµvš— nq|
 mvf©vm wm‡÷‡gi ÷ª¨vKPvivj Ges dvskbvj BDwbU‡K wbDiY
e‡j|
 av‡bi ev`vgx †ivM nq QÎvK Øviv|
 dwYgbmv Dw™¢‡`i KvÛ iƒcvš—wiZ n‡q cvZvi KvR K‡i|
 gvbe‡`‡n 4% LwbR jeb _v‡K|
 gjv gv‡Q wfUvwgb we _v‡K|
 †K¬v‡ivc-v÷ iƒcvwš—wiZ n‡q †µvgvc-vó cwiYZ nq e‡j meyR
U‡g‡Uv cvK‡j jvj nq|
 cÖvYx †`‡ni `xN©Zg †Kvl wbDiY|
 cvU †_‡K ˆZix RyUm Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib W. †gvnv¤§` wmwÏKzj-vn|
 meyR dj cvK‡j iwOb nq KviY R¨v‡š’vwd‡jb Dcw¯’wZ|
 c-vwóW wenxb Dw™¢` G¨MvwiKvm|
 cuvKv Kjvi Dcv`vb B_vBb A¨vj‡Kvnj|
 Aw·‡Rb e¨vcb cÖwµqvq †Kv‡li g‡a¨ cÖ‡ek K‡i|
 bMœexRx Dw™¢‡` wW¤^vkq _v‡K|
 ivR KuvKovi Aci bvg wjgyjvm|
 cÖvwYRM‡Zi e„nËg ce©- Av‡_©ªv‡cvov|
 ˆeÁvwbK bvg me mgq 2wU c‡`i mgš^‡q wjL‡Z nq|

evoxi KvR t-
1| e¨vK‡Uwiqv Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib †K?
2| †Kvb LwbR je‡Yi Afv‡e Mv‡Qi cvZv I dzj S‡i c‡o?
3| fvBivm Avwe¯‹…Z nq KZ mv‡j?
4| k¦k‡b Dw™¢` wK MÖnY K‡i?
5| m‡e©vrK…ô mvi †KvbwU?
6| KzBbvBb cvIqA hvq †Kvb MvQ †_‡K?
7| bvd b`xi Zx‡i †Kvb eb Av‡Q?
8| Zvgv‡K _v‡K †Kvb welv³ c`v_©?
9| me‡P‡q †QvU fvBivm ‡KvbwU?
10| gvwU‡Z bvB‡Uªv‡Rb mse×b K‡i †KvbwU?
11| i³ n‡jv GK ai‡bi-
12| gvQ wK‡mi mvnv‡h¨ Avw·‡Rb MÖnY K‡i?
13| ¯—b¨cvqx cÖvYxi ü`wc‡Ûi cÖ‡Kv‡ôi msL¨v KZ?
14| †KvbwU kxZj i³wewkó cÖvYx ?
15| gvbe‡`‡n K‡ki“Kvi msL¨v KZ?
16| ni‡gvb wK‡mi Øviv cwievwnZ nq?
17| †KvbwU kx‡Zi cvwL?
 # weÁvb 179
18| AvYyex¶wYK mRxe e¯‘‡K wK e‡j?
19| ‡hŠb I A‡hŠb c×wZ‡Z †Kvb cÖvYx eskwe¯—vi K‡i?
20| †KvbwU †c-M †iv‡Mi Rb¨ `vqx?
21| †Kvb ¯—b¨cvqx cÖvYx D‡o †eovq?
22| †µv‡gv‡Rv‡g _v‡K †KvbwU?
23| Rxeb i¶vKvix ni‡gvb †KvbwU?
24| Pg© †Kvb ai‡bi Kjv?
25| †Kvb cÖvYxi wRnŸv K›UKgq?
26| †gŠgvwQi †PvL KqwU?
27| AvL Mv‡Qi Rb¨ ¶wZKi †Kvb †cvKv?
28| cÖ‡¯^`b mvaviYZ †Kv_vq nq?
29| †Kv‡Kv dj †Kvb MvQ †_‡K cvIqv hvq?
30| dz‡ji †Kvb Ask d‡j cwiYZ nq?
31| †h d‡ji djZ¡K cyi“ I imv‡jv Zv‡K wK e‡j?

Lecture No- 04
Av‡jvP¨ welq t A‰Re imvqb, ˆRe imvqb, AavZe imvqb I avZe
imvqb|
we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv t
A‰Re imvqb
KwVb, Zij I M¨vmxq c`v_©, MjbvsK, ùyUbvsK, Avš—tAvbweK
kw³, †gŠwjK I †hŠwMK c`v_©, wgkª c`v_©, avZz-AavZz, I DcavZz,
wewfbœ cwieZ©b, Aby-cigvby, B‡jKUªb, †cÖvUb, wbDUªb, wbDwK¬qvm,
cvigvbweK msL¨v, fimsL¨v, AvB‡mv‡Uvc, AvB‡mvevi, AvB‡mv‡Uvb,
wbw¯Œq M¨vm, B‡jK‡cÖv‡c-wUs, †iwWI AvB‡mv‡Uvc, fvix cvwb,
Aw·GwmwUwdb wkLv, Aw· nvB‡Wªv‡Rb wkLv|
‰Re imvqb
H
digvwjb, P , M¨vgvwKèb, †iKwUdvBW w¯úwiU, Av‡jqv, †K¬v‡ivdg©,
†RUdz‡qj, w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv, wcP|
AavZe imvqb
nxiK, MÖvdvBU, n¨v‡jv‡Rb, WªvB AvBm, GwmW e„wó, Kv`uy‡b M¨vm,
Licvwb, g„`ycvwb, A¨vm‡e÷m, wWbvgvBU, K¨viU|
avZe imvqb
msKi, B¯úvZ, gwiPv, M¨vjfvbvBwRs, Kv‡jv †mvbv, c-v÷vi Ae
c¨vwim, AvKwiK, †Uw÷s më, Wyivjywgb, wdUwKwi, we-wPs cvDWvi,
wRsK|
 wewfbœ mv‡j AvMZ cÖkœ mswk-ó Z_¨vejx t
1. †Kvb †Kvb KwVb c`v_© DËß Ki‡j mivmwi ev‡¯ú cwiYZ nq|
G cÖwµqv‡K ejv nq-DשcvZb|
2. cvwb‡K cÖK…wZ‡Z KwVb, Zij I evqexq GB wZb Ae¯’v‡ZB
cvIqv hvq|
3. cÖK…wZ‡Z †gŠwjK c`v‡_©i msL¨v- 92 wU|
4. cvwb GKwU ‡hŠwMK c`v_© hv Aw·‡Rb I nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Øviv MwVZ|
5. evqy GKwU wgkª c`v_©|
6. †gŠwjK c`v‡_©i ¶z`ªZg KYv hv ivmvqwbK wewµqvq AskMÖnY
K‡i, Zv‡K e‡j cigvYy|
7. GKwU cvigvYweK KYvi IRb I AvqZb Av‡Q|
 # weÁvb 180
8. cigvYyi wbDwK¬qv‡m _v‡K wbDUªb I †cÖvUb| †cÖvUb abvZ¡K I 43. cPv wW‡gi M‡Üi Rb¨ `vqx-nvB‡Wªv‡Rb mvjdvBW|
B‡j±ªb FYvZ¡K Avavb hy³| wbDUªb wbi‡c¶| 44. cvbxq R‡j mPivPi me‡P‡q †ekx RxevYy aŸskKviK wnmv‡e
9. cigvYy PvR© wbi‡c¶ nq KviY cigvYy‡Z B‡jKUªb I †cÖvU‡bi e¨envi Kiv nq-‡K¬vwib|
msL¨v mgvb| 45. Av‡qvwWb cvIqv hvq ˆkev‡j|
10. wbDUªb Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib P¨vWDBK| 46. mvaviY ˆe`y¨wZK ev‡j¦i wfZ‡i bvB‡Uªv‡Rb M¨vm e¨envi Kiv
11. nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy‡Z wbDUªb bvB| nq|
12. Nl©Y, Zvc, ivmvqwbK BZ¨vw` cÖwµqvq mn‡RB cigvYy †_‡K 47. wUDejvB‡U mvaviYZ AvM©b M¨vm e¨envi Kiv nq|
wbM©Z nq-B‡jKUªb| 48. †h †gŠj ev †hŠM B‡jKUªb `vb K‡i Zv‡e e‡j weRviK|
13. cvigvYweK fi ev IRb aviYvi cÖeZ©b Rb Wvëb| 49. cÖK…wZ‡Z me‡P‡q †ewk `„`y cvwb cvIqv hvq e„wó n‡Z|
14. wmwjK‡bi cvigvYweK msL¨v 14, Av‡m©wb‡Ki cvigvYweK msL¨v 50. mvaviYZ WªvB‡m‡j B‡jK‡UªvW wnmv‡e _v‡K-Kve©b `Û I `¯—vi
33, Aw·‡R‡bi cvigvYweK IRb 16 Ges AvbweK fi 32| †KŠUv|
15. me‡P‡q fvix avZz cvi`, nvjKv avZz wjw_qvg, g~j¨evb avZz 51. mvaviYZ †÷v‡R e¨vUvix‡Z mxmvi B‡jK‡Uªv‡Wi m‡½ †h ZijwU
c-vwUbvg Ges k³ nxiv| e¨eüZ nq Zv n‡jv mvjwdDwiK GwmW|
16. A¨vw›Ugwb avZzi Dci AvNvZ Ki‡j kã nq bv| 52. dj cvKv‡bvi Rb¨ `vqx Bw_wjb|
17. cvi` ¯^vfvweK ZvcgvÎvq Zij _v‡K Ges Aí Zv‡c AvqZb 53. Aw·A¨vwmwUwjb wkLvi ZvcgvÎv 30000-35000 †m|
A‡bK †ewk e„w× cvq e‡j _v‡g©vwgUv‡i cvi` e¨envi Kiv nq| 54. Kuv`y‡b M¨v‡mi Aci bvg †K¬v‡ivwcwµb|
18. ˆe`y¨wZK ev‡j¦i wdjv‡g›U Uvs‡÷b avZz w`‡q ˆZwi| 55. †iw±dvBW w¯úwiU n‡jv 95% B_vBb A¨vj‡Kvnj+5% cvwb|
19. M¨vjfvbvBwRs n‡jv †jvnvi Dci `¯—vi cÖ‡jc| 56. digvwjb n‡jv digvjwWnvB‡Wi- 40% Rjxq `ªeY hv Rxe
20. Zwor we‡k-lY c×wZi mvnv‡h¨ GKwU avZzi Dci Ab¨ avZzi msi¶Y I cuPb wbevi‡Yi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq|
cvZjv cÖ‡jc †`qv‡K B‡jK‡Uªv‡c-wUs e‡j| 57. wU.Gb.wU GKwU we‡ùviK c`v_©|
21. d‡Uvó¨vU †gwk‡b e¨eüZ †gŠwjK c`v_©wUi bvg †mwjwbqvg| 58. wWbvgvBU Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib myB‡W‡bi weÁvbx Avj‡d«W †bv‡ej
22. Gm‡e÷b AwMœwb‡ivaK LwbR c`v_©| Ges G‡Z K‡i wZwb A‡bK abx n‡qwQ‡jb|
23. B¯úv‡Z Kve©‡bi kZKiv cwigvb 0.15%-1.5% Ges G‡Z 59. M¨vgvwKèb GKwU KxUbvkK/RxevbybvkK Jla|
mywbqwš¿Z cwigv‡Y Kve©b _v‡K| G‡Z †jvnvi mv‡_ wb‡Kj I 60. mvev‡bi ivmvqwbK bvg †mvwWqvg w÷qv‡iU Ges Gi cÖavb
†µvwgqvg †gkv‡bv nq| KuvPvgvj Pwe© I ˆZixi mgq DcRvZ wnmv‡e wM-vmvwib cvIqv
24. Zvgvi mv‡_ `¯—v (wR¼) †gkv‡j wcZj nq| hvq|
25. Zvgv I wUb Gi mgš^‡q †eªvR ev Kuvmv ˆZwi nq| 61. Uz_‡c‡÷i cÖavb Dc`vb mvevb I cvDWvi, †mwfs wµ‡gi
26. ˆe`y¨wZK Bw¯¿ Ges wnUv‡i bvB‡µvg Zvi e¨eüZ nq| Dcv`vb Kw÷K cUvk Ges wjwcw÷K ˆZix Dcv`vb MÖxR, iÄK I
27. †Uw÷s- më Gi ivmvqwbK bvg †mvwWqvg g‡bvM-yUv‡gU| GKwU `ªveK|
28. RjR kvgyK, wSby‡Ki †Lvjm Kve©‡bU w`‡q ˆZix| 62. B‡jKUª b wbDwK¬qv‡mi evB‡i Ae¯’vb K‡i|
29. mvaviY ZvcgvÎvq Zij AavZz †eªvwgb| eûiƒcx †gŠj Kve©b| 63. Boron I Zirconium bvg `ywU Aviex fvlv †_‡K G‡m‡Q|
30. nxiK I MÖvdvBU Kve©‡bi GKwU we‡kl iƒc| 64. Gcmg je‡bi ivmvqwbK bvg- g¨vM‡bwkqvg mvj‡dU|
31. GwmWagx© M¨vm Kve©b WvB A·vBW Ges Bnv Av¸b †bfv‡Z 65. Lvevi †mvWvi ms‡KZ→ NoHCo3
e¨eüZ nq| 66. †Kb †hv‡Mi Rjxq `ªeY bxj wjDmvgvK jvj Ki‡j `ªeYwU
32. ïé eid ejv nq wngvwqZ Kve©b WvB A·vBW‡K| A¤-xq|
33. nvB‡Wªv‡Rb wb‡R R¡‡j wKš‘ Ab¨‡K R¡j‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i bv| 67. Cl3CNO2 n‡”Q wUqvi M¨vm|
34. ivmvqwbK AwMœwbe©vcK KvR K‡i-AwMœ‡Z Aw·‡Rb mieivn 68. d‡ji wgwó M‡Üi Rb¨ `vqx-G÷vi|
cÖwZÜKZv m„wó K‡i| 69. wM-mvwib cvwb‡Z `ªexf~Z nq bv|
35. w`qvkjvB‡qi KvwVi gv_vq †jvwnZ dmdivm _v‡K|  wKQy ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Z_¨ t
36. M¨vm gv‡¯‹i cÖavb Dcv`vb n‡jv dmdivm †c›Uv·vBW| ✓ †cÖmvi KzKv‡i ZvovZvwo ivbœv nq KviY ¯‹zUbvsK †ewk (cÖvq
37. UªvbwR÷v‡i e¨eüZ †mwgKÛv±‡ii bvg wmwjKb Ges Bnv 1300 †m.)
†KvqvU©R ˆZwi‡Z e¨cKfv‡e e¨eüZ nq| ✓ wngvj‡qi Pzovq 700 †m. ZvcgvÎvq cvwb dzU‡Z ïi“ K‡i|
38. KuvP ˆZixi cÖavb KuvPvgvj n‡jv evwj| ✓ cvwbi ùzUbvsK 1000 †m.|
39. B‡Ui †gŠwjK Dcv`vb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †ewk wmwjKv Ges wm‡g‡›Ui ✓ c„w_ex‡Z †gŠwjK c`v_© 109 wU|
†gŠwjK Dcv`vb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Pzb| ✓ Av‡m©wbK GKwU DcavZz| Gi cvigvbweK msL¨v 33|
40. A‡Kvqv †iwRqv ej‡Z Kb‡mb‡UªUW bvBwUªK I nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK ✓ cvwb‡Z nvB‡Wªv‡Rb I Aw·‡R‡bi AvqZ‡bi AbycvZ 2:1|
Gwm‡Wi wgkªY‡K †evSvq| ✓ cigvbyi †cÖvUb msL¨v mgvb n‡j AvB‡mv‡Uvc, fi msL¨v mgvb
41. ¯^‡Y©i Lv` †ei Ki‡Z bvBwUªK GwmW e¨envi Kiv nq| n‡j AvB‡mvevi, wbDUªb msL¨v mgvb n‡j AvB‡mv‡Uvb e‡j|
42. GwmW e„wó nq evZv‡m-mvjdvi WvB A·vB‡Wi Avwa‡K¨|
✓ Av‡jvK Drcv`‡b wbw¯¿q M¨vm¸wj e¨eüZ nq|
# weÁvb 181
 # weÁvb 182
✓ fvix cvwbi ms‡KZ D2O , Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib D‡i 1933 mv‡j|
✓ m~‡h© wdDkb cÖwµqvq kw³ Drcbœ nq|
✓ evqy GKwU wgkª c`v_© (Gi Dcv`vb nj N2-78%, O2 -21%,
CO2-0.03% Ab¨vb¨ M¨vm 1%)
✓ me‡P‡q k³ c`v_© nxiK, me‡P‡q fvix Zij cvi`|
✓ m‡e‡P‡q nvjKv †gŠj nvB‡Wªv‡Rb I fvix Imwgqvg|
✓ cÖvK…wZK M¨m‡K Zij †mvbv ejv nq|
✓ 40 †m. ZvcgvÎvq cvwbi NbZ¡ me‡P‡q †ekx|
✓ WªvB AvBm n‡jv KwVb Kve©b WvB A·vBW|
✓ digvwjb cPb wbevi‡Y e¨eüZ nq|
✓ †µvwgqvgI wb‡Kj wgwkªZ B¯úvZ‡K †÷Bb‡jm w÷j e‡j|
✓ WªvB‡m‡j (D.C) 1.5 †fvë Pv‡ci we`y¨r _v‡K|
✓ Qwe †Zvjvi wd‡j¥ i“cv e¨eüZ nq|
✓ ¯’vwqZ¡ evov‡Z ˆe`y¨wZK ev‡j¦ eZ©gv‡b bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi e`‡j
AvM©b M¨vm e¨envi Kiv nq|
✓ i¨vWb M¨vm K¨vÝvi I †iwWI †_ivwc‡Z e¨eüZ nq|
✓ †ejyb DÇq‡b eZ©gv‡b N2 Gi e`‡j wnwjqvg e¨eüZ nq|
✓ `ylY‡iv‡a CFC Gi e`‡j wdª‡R M¨v‡Wvwjwbqvg e¨eüZnq|
✓ cigvbyev‡`i RbK Rb Wvëb (UK)|
✓ imvq‡bi RbK Rv‡ei Be‡b nvBqvb|
✓ mgy‡`ªi cvwb †Kvev‡ëi Rb¨ bxj †`Lvq|
✓ wbDwK¬qvmwenxb †gŠj nvB‡Wªv‡Rb|
✓ Zij AavZz †eªvweb|
✓ cÖvPxb †gŠj Kve©b|
✓ GKK cigvbywewkó †gŠj wnwjqvg|
✓ †h e¯‘ hZ KwVb Zvi w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv ZZ †ekx|
✓ cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡mi cÖavb Dcv`vb wg‡_b|
✓ Kzqvkv‡Z †`Lv hvq e‡j Rvnv‡R wbqb Av‡jv e¨eüZ nq|
✓ †c‡Uªvwjqvg nvB‡WªvKve©b †kªYxi †hŠM|
✓ wf‡bMvi n‡jv 4% GwmwUK Gwm‡Wi Rjxq `ªeY|
✓ PK n‡”Q K¨vjwmqvg Kve©‡bU|
✓ ¶wZKi e¨v‡±wiqv aŸsm Kivi Rb¨ U¨v‡ci cvwb‡Z †K¬vwib
†gkv‡bv nq|
✓ MjbvsK me‡P‡q Kg mxmvi|
✓ M-vm dvBevi n‡”Q Kv‡Pi GK ai‡bi Zš‘ hvi e¨vm
1/1000BwÂ|
✓ m~‡h©i g‡a¨ H2-55%, wnwjqvg- 44% I Ab¨vb¨ M¨vm 1%|
✓ cvwb‡Z cvB‡c `¯—vi cÖ‡jc †`Iqv _v‡K|
✓ d‡UvMÖvwdK †c-‡U wmjfvi †eªvgvB‡Wi AveiY _v‡K|
✓ cPuv wW‡gi M‡Üi Rb¨ `vqx- H2S|
✓ me©vwaK mwµq avZz K (cUvwkqvg)|
✓ †avqv n‡”Q A`w»f~Z Kve©b cigvYymg~n|
✓ wbw¯Œq M¨vm QqwU- wnwjqvg, wbqb, AvM©b, wµcUb, †Rbb,
†iWb|
✓ Rvib-B‡jKUªb MÖnY Ges weRviY-B‡jKUªb AcmviY|
✓ †gvgevwZ R¡j‡j cÖ_‡g †fŠZ I c‡i ivmvqwbK cwieZ©b N‡U|
✓ Aw·-A¨vwmwUwjb wkLv- 32000 †m. Ges Aw· nvB‡Wªv‡Rb
wkLvq- 28000 †m. Zvc Drcbœ nq|
 # weÁvb 183
✓ bevqb‡hvM¨ kw³- †÷v‡iR e¨vUvix, cvigywUU|
✓ †gŠwjK c`v‡_©i ¶z`ªZg Kbv‡K ejv nq cigvby|
✓ PH Gi gvb 7 n‡j `ªebwU wbi‡c¶ Ges 7 Gi ‡ewk n‡j
¶vixq Ges 7 Gi Kg n‡j A¤-xq nq|
✓ f~Z‡¡ K Gjywgwbqvg avZz me‡P‡q †ekx cvIqv hvq| weï× ¯^Y©
24 K¨viU|
✓ me‡P‡q g~j¨evb avZz- K¨vwj‡dvwb©qvg| Avqbvi cðv‡Z e¨eüZ
avZz wmjfvi|
✓ 95% B_vBb Gj‡Kvnj Ges 5% cvwbi `ªeY‡K †iKwUdvBf
w¯úwiU e‡j|
✓ Av‡jqv n‡”Q wg‡_b M¨vm| mvev‡bi ivmvqwbK bvg- †mvwWqvg
w÷qv‡iU|
✓ cwjw_b n‡jv Bw_wj‡bi cwjgvi| BDwiqv mv‡ii cÖavb
KvPvgvj wg‡_b|
✓ †c‡Uªvj cvwbi †P‡q nvjKv e‡j Bnv cvwbi mv‡_ wg‡k bv| d‡j
†c‡Uªvj w`‡q Av¸b wbfv‡bv hvq bv|
✓ CNG- Compressed Natural Gas, wcZj = Zvgv +
`¯—v, †eªvÄ = Zvgv + wUb|
✓ n¨v‡jv‡Rb mgy‡ni g‡a¨ †d¬vwib I †K¬vwib-M¨vmxq, †eªvwgb-Zj
I Av‡qvwWb-KwVb|
✓ Kuv`y‡b M¨v‡mi ivmvqwbK bvg-‡K¬v‡ivwcwµb| hvi ms‡KZ
Cl3- C- No2 |
✓ wcU Kqjv †fRv I big| myBwWm imvqbwe`-‡bv‡ej wWbvgvBW
Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib|
✓ 1 K¨viU = 200 wgwjMÖvg| KvP ˆZwii cÖavb KvPvgvj evwj|
✓ Mvp bvBwUªK GwmW I nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW- 1.3 Abycv‡Zi
wgkªb‡K A¨v‡Kvqv †iwRqv e‡j|
✓ SvjvB‡qi Kv‡R wRsK A·vBW e¨eüZ nq|
✓ KvMR †mmy‡jvR ai‡bi †hŠM|
✓ e¨v‡KjvBU GK ai‡bi c-vw÷K hv myBm, cvLv, wnUv‡ii nvZj
ˆZix‡Z e¨eüZnq|
✓ †mwfs wµ‡gi Dcv`vb→Kw÷m cUvm I w÷qvwiK GwmW|
✓ M¨vgvw·b GK cÖKv‡ii RxevbybvkK I KxUbvkK| hvi
ivmvqwbK bvg †ebwRb †n·v‡K¬vivBW|
✓ wf‡bMvi GwmwUK Gwm‡Wi 6-10% Rjxq `ªeY|
✓ †evjZv, †gŠgvwQ, jvjwccov BZ¨vw`i Kvg‡o diwgK GwmW
_v‡K|
✓ wbw¯Œq M¨vm¸wji g‡a¨ †ZRw¯Œq M¨vm †iWb| wbw¯Œq M¨vm¸wji
†hvRbx k~Y¨|
✓ Avwe¯‹…Z †gŠ‡ji g‡a¨ AavZz→19 wU|
✓ Pz‡bi ivmvqwbK bvg K¨vjwmqvg A·vBW|
✓ me‡P‡q †ekx e¨eüZ avZz †jvnv|
✓ †mvwWqvg avZzwU cvwb‡Z fv‡m|
✓ `¯—v ZvovZvwo ¶qcÖvß nq|
✓ M¨vm gvm‡Ki cÖavb Dcv`vb-didivm †c›Uv·vBW|
✓ †iwWI †_ivwc wPwKrmvq e¨eüZ nq †iWb|
✓ AwMœ wbe©AcK M¨vm→ CO2|
✓ cigvbyi mKj fi †K›`ªxf~Z _v‡K wbDwK¬qv‡m|
 # weÁvb 184
✓ me‡P‡q fvix KwbKv→ wbDUªb|
✓ K¨vmwmqAg nvB‡Wªv·vBW‡K KwjPzb ejv nq| ✓ K¨vjwmqvg nvB‡Wªv·vB‡Wi cwi¯‹vi cvwbi `ªeY‡K jvBg
✓ KvP †mvwWqvg I K¨vjwmqvg wmwj‡K‡Ui wgkªb| IqvUvi ev Pz‡bi cvwb e‡j|
✓ †mvnvbv †mvwWqv‡gi AvKwiK| ✓ cvwb A‡c¶v †mvbv 19 ¸b fvwi|
✓ jwÛª mvev‡b RxebybvkK _v‡K bv| ✓ MÖvdvBU GKgvÎ AavZz hv Zvc I we`y¨r cwievnx|
✓ †k¦Z dmdiv‡mi MÜ imy‡bi g‡Zv| ✓ MÖvdvB‡Ui mv‡_ wewfbœ Abycv‡Z Kv`v wgwk‡q wewfbœ ai‡bi
✓ Kve©‡bi cvigvbweK msL¨v→ 6| †cw݇ji mxj ˆZix Kiv nq| †cw݇ji mxj hZ †gvUv I big
✓ SvjvB‡qi Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq wRsK A·vBW| Zv‡Z MÖvdvB‡Ui cwigvY ZZ †ekx|
✓ Gbv‡gwUK †jŠ‡ni cÖavb Drm → AvjKvZiv| ✓ i‡KU Ges †RU wegv‡b R¡vjvbx wn‡m‡e Zij Aw·‡Rb e¨eüZ
nq|
✓ wWbvgvB‡Ui me‡P‡q ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Dcv`vb → bvB‡UªvwM-mvwib|
✓ nvB‡Wªv‡Rb M¨vm AZ¨š— `vn¨| †ejy‡b e¨envi Ki‡j
✓ me‡P‡q nvjKv Kbv B‡jKUªb|
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb M¨vm weùiK N‡U gvivZœK `yN©Ubv NU‡Z cv‡i|
✓ cÖmªv‡ei SvSv‡jv M‡Üi Rb¨ `vqx A¨v‡gvwbqv|
GRb¨ eZ©gv‡b †ejy‡b nvB‡cÖv‡R‡bi cwie‡Z© wnwjqvg e¨envi
✓ †K¬vwib Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib gqmuv|
Kiv n‡”Q|
✓ imvq‡bi Avw` bvg nj ÔwKwgqvÕ| G bvg †`b wgmixqiv| c‡i
✓ Kve©b g‡bv A·vBW I nvB‡Wªv‡Rb M¨v‡mi wgkªb‡K IqvUvi
Avi‡ei gymjgv‡biv Gi bvg †`b ÔAvj‡KwgÕ| cieZx©‡Z M¨vm e‡j|
Bs‡iRiv Gi bvg †`q ÔChemistryÕ| ✓ avZzi AvYweK IRb 18 Gi Kg n‡j H avZzwU cvwb‡Z fvm‡e|
✓ fviZxq `vk©wbK KYv` c`v‡_©i ¶z`ªZg KYvi bvg †`b cigvYy| ✓ Mvwoi Uvqvi iev‡ii ˆZwi KviY ievi w¯’wZ¯’vcK I iv¯—v‡K
AciwU‡K Atom bvg †`b weÁvbx †W‡gvwµUvm| AvuK‡o a‡i ivL‡Z cv‡i|
✓ KvMR GK ai‡bi †mjy‡jvR| †mjy‡jvR nj GK ai‡Yi ˆRe ✓ K¨vWwgqvg †mŠi †Kv‡l e¨eüZ nq|
†hŠM †hwU Kve©b, nvB‡Wªv‡Rb I Aw·‡R‡bi mgš^‡q MwVZ| ✓ †mvwWqvg A¨vj‡Kwg †gUvj|
✓ me©‡kl Avwe¯‹…Z †gŠwjK c`v_© nj gvB‡Uv‡bwiqvg| ✓ Uz_‡c‡÷ †d¬vivBW `uv‡Zi ¶q †iva K‡i|
✓ †bv‡ej avZz n‡jv †mme avZz hviv mn‡R ivmvqwbK wewµqvq ✓ PCR- Gi cwic~Y© iƒc- cwjgvi Kve©b wiA¨vKkb|
Ask †bq bv| †hgb- †mvbv, iƒcv, c-vwUbvg BZ¨vw`| ✓ wm‡g›U wRcmvg †hvM Kiv nq `ª“Z RgvU e„w× Kivi Rb¨|
✓ nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwib GwmW, mvjwdDwiK GwmW, bvBwUªK GwmW n‡jv ✓ bvB‡Uªv‡RbGi Avš—tAvYweK kw³ me‡P‡q Kg|
Zxeª GwmW| ✓ gqjvi `yM©Ü Qwo‡q c‡o e¨vcb cÖwµqvq|
✓ cÖvK…wZK Drm n‡Z cÖvß me‡P‡q g„`y cvwb n‡jv e„wói cvwb| ✓ M-y‡Kv‡Ri Aci bvg- †W·‡UªvR|
✓ cvigvYweK Pzwj-‡Z fvix cvwb e¨eüZ nq| ✓ KvMR GK ai‡bi †mjy‡jvR|
✓ †K¬v‡ivdg© GKwU †PZbvbvkK ˆRe c`v_©| ✓ KzBK jvBg- K¨vjwmqvg A·vBW|
✓ †K¬v‡ivdg© Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib weÁvbx wjweM| ✓ K¨vjvgBb nj- wRs‡Ki AvKwiK|
✓ A¨vj‡Kvnj, cvwb, Av‡qvwWb Ges cUvwkqvg Av‡qvWvBW Gi ✓ GwmW bxj wjUgvm‡K jvj K‡i|
wgkªY‡K wUsPvi Av‡qvwWb e‡j| ✓ ¶vi jvj wjUgvm‡K bxj K‡i|
✓ Gw›U‡mwÞK wn‡m‡e wUsPvi Av‡qvwWb e¨eüZ nq| ✓ †k¦Z dmdiv‡mi MÜ imy‡bi gZ|
✓ Gmwcwib n‡jv gv_v e¨_v wbeviK Jla| Gi ivmvqwbK bvg
m¨vwjmvBwjK GwmW| imvqb welqK Avwe¯‹vi
✓ ˆZj I Pwe©‡K GK‡Î wjwcW e‡j| AvwK¯‹vi AvwK¯‹viK
✓ wWbvgvB‡Ui Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb n‡jv bvB‡cÖv wM-mvwib| Aw·‡Rb †hv‡md wcÖ÷wj
✓ K…wÎg Dcv‡q dj cvKv‡Z Bw_wjb e¨eüZ nq| B‡jKUªb _¯úmb
✓ †KIwjb n‡jv GK cÖavi mv`vgvwU| †KIwjb wmivwgK mvgMÖx I‡Rvb †¯‹vbexwb
ˆZixi KuvPvgvj wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq| K…wÎg †ZRw¯Œq †gŠj RywjI Kzwi
✓ †mvwWqvg Kve©‡bU‡K †ewKs cvDWvi e‡j| Zwor we‡k-lY gvB‡Kj d¨viv‡W
✓ cvigvbweK Pzwj-‡Z †mvwWqvg avZz Zvc cwievnK wn‡m‡e wbDUªb P¨vWDBK
e¨eüZ nq| cvigvYweK msL¨v ‡guvm‡j
✓ Zvgv, `¯—v Ges wU‡bi wgkª‡Y ˆZix msKi avZz Mvb †gUvj, †cÖvUb iv`vi‡dvW©
c~‡e© Kvgvb ‰Zixi Kv‡R e¨eüZ nZ e‡j GRb¨ GwU‡K Mvb cig k~Y¨Zvi †¯‹j †Kjwfb
†gUvj e‡j| ‡iwWqvg gv`vg Kzwi I wc‡q‡i Kzwi
✓ cvi‡`i mv‡_ Ab¨ †h †Kvb avZzi wgkª‡Y Drcbœ msKi avZz‡K nvB‡Wªv‡Rb K¨v‡fwÛm
cvi` msKi A¨vgvj Mvg e‡j|
✓ gvwUi iO jvj n‡j eyS‡Z n‡e Zv‡Z Avqi‡bi cwigvY †ekx|
 # weÁvb 185
evoxi KvR t KvR, Ryj, ¶gZv, IqvU, Ak¦¶gZv, w¯’wZ kw³, MwZkw³, kw³i
1. cÖK…wZ‡Z cÖvß me‡P‡q fvix †gŠj †KvbwU? wbZ¨Zv m~Î|
2. ¯^Y© †Kvb ai‡Yi c`v_©? Zvc
3. BD‡iwbqv‡gi wefvRb ZË¡ †Kvb weÁvbx Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib? Zvc, ZvcgvÎv, mycwievnx, Kzcwievnx, KwVb c`v‡_©i cÖmviY, Zij
4. wPwbi kieZ †Kvb ai‡bi wgkªY? c`v‡_©i cÖmviY, cvwbi cÖmviY, cwienb, cwiPjb, wewKiY|
5. G ch©š— Avwe¯‹…Z e¯‘i msL¨v KZwU? kã
6. †Kvb c`v‡_©i Avš—tAvbweK kw³ me‡P‡q Kg? kã, k‡ãi †eM, cÖwZaŸwb, kã`~lY, †Wwe‡ej †¯‹j, mwbK iƒg,
7. ùUbv¼ wK‡mi Dci wbf©ikxj? mycvimwbK wegvb|
8. nxi‡Ki Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ KZ? Av‡jv
9. Kve©b wK? Av‡jv, Mvgv iwk¥, AwZ‡e¸bx iwk¥, G·‡i, Ae‡jvwnZ iwk¥, †eZvi
10. wK‡mi Aby‡Z GKvwaK cigvYy _v‡K bv? Zi½, gixwPKv, AcwUK¨vj dvBevi, †Pv‡Li ΓwU, `~iex¶Y hš¿,
11. RviY wK? Abyex¶Y hš¿, isaby, Av‡jvKel©, †jRvi|
12. †Kvb †gŠ‡ji wdDk‡bi mvnv‡h¨ wnwjqvg M¨vm cvIqv hvq? Pz¤^K I Zworwe`¨v
13. wbw¯Œq M¨vm¸‡jvi Aci bvg wK? ‰e`y¨wZK †gvUi, †Rbv‡iUi, wbivcËv wdDR, G.wm I wW.wm we`y¨r|
14. †Kvb avZzwUi weRviY ¶gZv me‡P‡q †ewk? B‡jKUªwb· I AvaywbK c`v_©we`¨v
15. KxUbvkK ˆZwi‡Z e¨eüZ nq †KvbwU? ‡mwgKÛv±i, ivWvi, wdkb, wdDkb, d¨v·, B-‡gBj, nvB‡cÖv‡Rb
16. nxi‡Ki †Kvb a‡g©i R¨ GwU me‡P‡q g~j¨evb iZœ? †evgv, †U‡j·, †cwi‡¯‹vc, wfwWI †dvb, e-¨vK e·|
17. cÖvPz‡h©i w`‡K †_‡K A¨vjywgwbqv‡gi Ae¯’vb KZ?  wewfbœ mv‡j AvMZ cÖkœ mswk-ó Z_¨vejx t
18. K¨vjvgvBb †Kvb avZzi AvKwiK? 1. AvwK©wgwW‡mi Rb¥¯’vb wmwmwj|
19. †KvKv‡Kvjv, †ccwm‡Kvjv cÖf„wZ †evZ‡ji gyL Lyj‡j †Kvb 2. ‡Uwj‡dvb Avw¯‹vi K‡ib †ej 1876 mv‡j|
M¨v‡mi ey`ey` ˆZwi nq? 3. †jRvi iwk¥ Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib gvBg¨vb 1960 mv‡j|
20. Kqjvi g~j Dcv`vb †KvbwU? 4. †Uwjwfkb Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib Rb Gj †eqvW©|
21. ‡divm mvj‡d‡Ui eY© †Kgb? 5. d‡bvMÖvd hš¿ Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib 1978 mv‡j Ugvm Avjfv GwWmb|
22. djg~‡ji cuPb †iv‡a e¨eüZ nq †KvbwU? 6. Pllygraph ev wg_¨v aivi hš¿ Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib Rb G jvimb|
23. †Kvb M¨vm AwMœwbe©vcK wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq? 7. Be‡b wmbv wQ‡jb GKRb wPwKrmK|
24. †Kvb c`v_©wU‡K ‘King of Chemicals’ ejv nq? 8. w÷‡db nwKÝ we‡k¦i GKRb LyeB weL¨vZ c`v_©we`|
25. mKj avZzi †Kvb jeb cvwb‡Z `ªeYxq? 9. gv`vg Kzwi wQ‡jb GKRb c`v_© weÁvbx|
26. DbœZ †`‡k Kvco †avqvi Rb¨ †Kvb RvZxq mvevb †ewk e¨envi 10. †Kvl Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib ievU© ûK|
Kiv nq? 11. Av‡jKRvÛvi †d¬wgs wQ‡jb GKRb wewkó weÁvbx| wZwb
27. wµg g~jZ wK‡mi wgkª‡Y ˆZwi? †cwbwmwjb Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib|
28. ivbœvi Rb¨ wmwjÛv‡i †Kvb M¨vm wewµ Kiv nq? 12. Dw™¢` weÁv‡bi RbK w_Id«v÷vm|
29. Kw÷K cUvk †Kvb mvev‡bi Dcv`vb? 13. GbvUwgi RbK DBwjqvg nv‡f©|
30. wWUvi‡R›U wK‡mi †_‡K ˆZwi? 14. †R‡bwU· ev eskMwZi RbK †g‡Ûj|
15. evsjv‡`‡ki weÁvbx W. Ave`yj-vn Avj-gyZx Kwj½ cyi¯‹vi jvf
Lecture No- 05/06 K‡ib|
Av‡jvP¨ welq t c`v_© weÁvb| 16. Dcgnv‡`‡ki weÁvbx‡`i g‡a¨ wm wf igb cÖ_g †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi
we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv t †c‡qwQ‡jb|
cÖv_wgK Av‡jvPbv 17. Mv‡Qi cÖvY Av‡Q cÖgvY K‡ib m¨vi RM`xk P›`ª emy|
AvwK©wgwWm, †KvcviwbKvm, M¨vwjwjI, wbDUb, gv`vg Kzix, 18. evqy‡Z Av`ª©Zv cwigvcK h‡š¿i bvg nvB‡MÖvwgUvi|
AvBb÷vBb, wc_v‡Mvivm, jyB cv¯—i, Av‡jKRvÛvi †d¬wgs, Avj 19. Zij c`v‡_©i NbZ¡ cwigv‡ci hš¿ nvB‡WªvwgUvi|
LvIqvwiRwg| 20. `y‡ai weï×Zv cwigv‡ci hš¿ j¨v‡±vwgUvi|
cwigvc 21. k‡ãi ZxeªZv wbY©vqK hš¿ AwWIwgUvi|
f‡ii GKK, mg‡qi GKK, Øxcb ¶gZvi GKK| 22. evqy‡Z MwZ‡eM gvcK h‡š¿i bvg n‡”Q G‡bvwgUvi|
MwZ 23. D‡ovRvnv‡Ri MwZ wbY©vqK hš¿ U¨v‡KvwgUvi|
‡eM, `ª“wZ, g›`b, †¯‹jvi ivwk, †f±i ivwk, miY, Z¡iY, wbDU‡bi 24. D”PZv wbY©q Kivi h‡š¿i bvg AjwUwgUvi|
MwZm~Î| 25. f~wgK¤ú wbY©vqK hš¿ wmm‡gvMÖvg|
gvnvKl© I AwfKl© 26. mgy‡`ªi MfxiZv gvcvi hš¿ d¨v‡`vwgUvi|
gnvKl© I AwfKl©, AwfKl©R Z¡iY, fi I IRb, g Gi gvb| 27. m~¶è mgq gvcvi hš¿ †µv‡bvwgUvi|

KvR, ¶gZv I kw³

 # weÁvb 186
28. gvbe †`‡ni i³Pvc wbY©vqK hš¿ wùM‡gvg¨v‡bvwgUvi| 67. b`xi cvwbi †P‡q mgy‡`ªi cvwb‡Z muvZvi KvUv mnR KviY mgy‡`ªi
29. cvIqvi †_ªmvi avbgvovB‡qi †gwkb| cvwbi NbZ¡ b`xi cvwbi NbZ¡ A‡c¶v †ewk|
30. mgy‡`ª cvwbi MfxiZv gvcvi GKK d¨v`g| 68. cvwbi †QvU †dvUv cvwbi c„ô`vb ¸‡bi Rb¨ †MvjvK…wZ nq|
31. C.G.S c×wZ‡Z f‡ii GKK MÖvg| 69. e„wói †dvUv †MvjvKvi nIqvi KviY †duvUvi Zjxq Uvb|
32. c`v‡_©i fi cwigv‡ci Avš—R©vwZK GKK wK‡jvMÖvg| 70. b`xi Zx‡i wfRv evjyi Dci w`‡q †n‡U hvevi mv‡_ mv‡_ c`wPý
33. Zij c`v_© gvcvi GKK e¨v‡ij| gy‡Q hvq KviY mvi‡dm †Ubm‡bi `i“Y evjy wbR ¯’v‡b P‡j
34. GK wjUvi cvwbi IRb n‡e 1000 MÖvg| Av‡m
35. mg‡qi mv‡_ Amg †e‡Mi cwieZ©‡bi nvi‡K ejv nq Z¡iY| 71. Kz wc †_‡K mwjZvq †Zj Av‡m ˆKwkK Pv‡ci Rb¨|
36. gnvKvkhvb‡K Dr‡¶cY Kivi Rb¨ †h bxwZi Dci wfwË K‡i 72. †PŠ¤^K c`v_©-‡Kvevë| †PŠ¤^K c`v_© bq Gjywgwbqvg|
i‡KU wbwg©Z nq Zv nj MwZi Z…Zxq m~Î| 73. K¨v‡m‡Ui wdZvi kã iw¶Z _v‡K †PŠ¤^K †¶Î wn‡m‡e|
37. †RU BwÄb wi-A¨vKkb ai‡bi BwÄb| 74. †Kvb e¯‘i K¤úb nvU©m GKK w`‡q gvcv nq|
38. e‡ji Avš—R©vwZK GKK wbDUb| 75. kã DrcwËi KviY e¯‘i K¤úb|
39. GKwU nvjKv I GKwU fvix e¯‘i fi‡eM mgvb| G‡`i g‡a¨ 76. hw` P‡›`ª cÖPÛ we‡ùviK N‡U Z‡e Zv c„w_ex‡Z KL‡bv ïbv hv‡e
nvjKvwUi MwZkw³ †ewk n‡e| bv KviY Puv‡` evqy gÛj bvB|
40. e¯‘i †eM wظb n‡j Dnvi fi‡eM wظb nq| 77. k‡ãi MwZ KwVb gva¨‡g me‡P‡q †ewk Ges evqexq gva¨‡g
41. c„w_ex I Zvi wbKU¯’ e¯‘i g‡a¨ †h Uvb Zv‡K e‡j AwfKl©| me‡P‡q Kg|
42. c„w_exi NyY©‡bi d‡j Avgiv wQKwK‡q cwo bv KviY gva¨vKl©Y 78. evZv‡mi DòZv evo‡j k‡ãi MwZ ev‡o|
e‡ji Rb¨| 79. Av‡jvi †P‡q k‡ãi MwZ‡eM Kg hvi Rb¨ AvKv‡k we`y¨r
43. gva¨vKl©Y kw³i m~Î Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib wbDUb| PgKvBevi wKQy c‡i Zvi kã †kvbv hvq|
44. MÖ‡ni MwZ msµvš— †Kcjv‡ii m~Î wZbwU| 80. Avgv‡`i gw¯—‡¯‹ k‡ãi ¯’vwqZ¡Kvj 0.1 †m‡KÛ|
45. c„w_exi Dci gy³fv‡e cZbKv‡j †Kvb e¯‘i Z¡iY 9.8 81. cÖwZaŸwbi mvnv‡h¨ mgy`ª I Kzqvi MfxiZv wbY©q Kiv nq|
wgUvi/†m‡KÛ | 2 82. AvëªvmwbK kã ej‡Z eySvq †h kã gvbyl mvaviYfv‡e ïb‡Z
46. gva¨vKl©YRwbZ Z¡iY m‡e©v”P f~-c„‡ô| cvq bv|
47. c„w_ex c„‡ô †Kvb e¯‘i fi 49 wK‡jvMÖvg n‡j P›`ªc„‡ô H e¯‘wUi 83. ev`yo AÜKv‡i Pjv‡div K‡i m„ó k‡ãi cÖwZaŸwb ï‡b|
fi n‡e 49 wK‡jvMÖvg| 84. hvÎxevnx mycvimwbK wegvb- KbKW©|
48. †Kvb e¯‘ †h cwigvY ej Øviv c„w_exi †K‡›`ªi w`‡K AvKwl©Z nq, 85. k‡ãi Zi½ DrcwË nq †KvqvU©g wµ÷vj Awm‡jU‡ii gva¨‡g|
Zv‡K e‡j e¯‘wUi IRb| 86. †jvKfwZ© nj N‡i k~b¨N‡ii †P‡q kã ¶xY nq KviY k~Y¨ N‡i
49. c„w_exi †K‡›`ª e¯‘i IRb me‡P‡q Kg nq (k~b¨)| k‡ãi †kvlY nq|
50. †Kvb e¯‘i IRb †gi“ A‡j me‡P‡q †ewk| 87. †ijI‡q †÷k‡b AvMgbiZ Bwćb euvwk evRv‡Z _vK‡j
51. f~-c„ô †_‡K Dc‡i DV‡j e¯‘i IRb K‡g| c-vUdi‡g `uvov‡bv e¨w³i Kv‡Q euvwki K¤úbv¼ Avm‡ji †P‡q †ewk
52. Puv‡` wb‡q †M‡j †Kvb e¯‘i IRb Kg‡e A_©vr 1/6 Ask n‡e| n‡e|
53. wjd‡Ui †Kvb Ae¯’vi Rb¨ †Kvb e¨w³ IRbnxbZv Abyfe Ki‡Z 88. k‡ãi Zx¶Zv gvcv nq †Wwmej w`‡q|
cv‡ib- wjdUwU hLb g Z¡i‡Y wb‡P bv‡g| 89. ev`¨hš¿mg~n duvKv _v‡K KviY duvKv ev‡·i evqy‡Z Abybv` m„wó
54. coš— e¯‘i m~Î Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib M¨vwjwjI| n‡q k‡ãi cÖvej¨ e„w× cvq|
55. mij †`vj‡Ki myZvi ˆ`N¨© evov‡j †`vjbKvj evo‡e| 90. mgUvb m¤úbœ GKwU Uvbv Zv‡ii ˆ`N¨© wظb Ki‡j K¤úbv‡¼i
56. †`vjK Nwo `ª“Z P‡j kxZKv‡j| A‡a©K n‡e|
57. KvR I kw³i GKK Ryj| 91. GKwU eÜ N‡i GKwU Pvjy d«x‡Ri `iRv Ly‡j ivL‡j N‡ii
58. nm© cvIqvi ¶gZv cwigv‡ci GKK| ZvcgvÎv AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e|
59. 1 Ak¦ kw³- 746 IqvU| 92. Zvc cÖ‡qv‡M me‡P‡q †ewk cÖmvwiZ nq evqexq c`v_©|
60. KvR Kivi mvg_©¨‡K e‡j- kw³| 93. 40 †mjwmqvm DòZvq cvwbi NbZ¡ me‡P‡q †ewk|
61. b`x‡Z euva w`‡q Rjwe`y¨r Drcv`‡bi mgq mwÂZ Rjivwk‡Z 94. ZvcgvÎvi †Kjwfb †¯‹‡j ÔïY¨Õ wWMÖx me‡P‡q †ewk VvÛv|
w¯’wZ kw³ Rgv nq| 95. dv‡ibnvBU I †mjwmqvm †¯‹‡j-400 mgvb ZvcgvÎv wb‡`©k
62. me©v‡c¶v †ewk `¶Zvm¤úbœ BwÄb- ˆe`y¨wZK BwÄb| K‡i|
63. B¯úvZ †ewk w¯’wZ¯’vcK| 96. dv‡ibnvBU †¯‹‡j cvwbi ùzUbvsK 212|
64. †Kvb Wyeš— e¯‘i IRb mgAvqZb Zi‡ji IR‡bi †P‡q †ewk| 97. 500 dv‡ibnvBU DòZvi mgvb 100 †mjwmqvm|
65. AcmvwiZ Zi‡ji IRb hLb e¯‘i IR‡bi †P‡q Kg n‡e ZLb 98. kix‡ii Zvc gvc‡Z mvaviYZ e¨eüZ nq- wKCbK¨vj
e¯‘ Wy‡e hv‡e| _v‡g©vwgUvi| G‡Z dv‡ibnvBU †¯‹j e¨envi Kiv nq Ges `vM
66. jebv³ cvwb my¯^v`y cvwb A‡c¶v fvix| KvUv _v‡K 95-1100 dvt|
99. gvbe †`‡ni ¯^vfvweK DòZv 98.40 dv‡ibnvBU|
100. cvwb ei‡d cwiYZ n‡j AvqZ‡b †e‡o hv‡e|
101. cvwb Zv‡c ms‡KvwPZ nq|
 # weÁvb 187
102. Zij Ae¯’vi †P‡q KwVb Ae¯’vq NbZ¡ Kg cvwbi|
103. `yB UzKiv eid‡K Pvc w`‡q GK UzKiv ei‡d cwiYZ Kiv hvq| 132. mv`v Av‡jv jvj, AvKvkx I meyR i‡Oi wgkªY|
KviY ms‡hvM¯’‡j- MjbvsK 00 ‡mjwmqvm †_‡K K‡g hvq| 133. †Kvb e¯‘ hLb mg¯— Av‡jv †kvlY K‡i ZLb Zv‡K Kvj
104. GKwU †Lvjv cv‡Î dzUv‡bv n‡j cvwb m‡e©v”P †h ZvcgvÎvq †`Lvq|
†cŠQvq Zv n‡jv 100 †mjwmqvm| 134. eid mv`v †`Lvq KviY me¸‡jv iO cÖwZdjb K‡i|
105. cvnv‡oi Dci ivbœv Ki‡Z †ewk mgq jv‡M KviY- evqyi Pvc 135. jvj Av‡jv‡Z bxj i‡Oi dzj Ges meyR i‡Oi cvZv Kv‡jv
Kg _vKvi Kvi‡Y| †`Lvq|
106. ‡cÖmvi KzKv‡i cvwbi ùzUbvsK †ewk nq d‡j ivbœv ZvovZvwo 136. wcÖR‡gi g‡a¨ w`‡q m~h©v‡jvK †M‡j †h eY©vjx m„ó nq Zvi
nq| cðv‡Z †h cÖwZfvm Zv nj Av‡jvi we”QyiY|
107. D”P ce©‡Zi Pzovq DV‡j bvK w`‡q i³cvZ ev kixi †d‡U i³ 137. AvKv‡k isaby m„wói KviY- e„wói KYv Ges e„wói KYv¸‡jv ZLb
c‡o KviY evqyi Pvc Kg| wcÖR‡gi KvR K‡i|
108. gvwUi cv‡Î cvwb VvÛv _v‡K KviY- gvwUi cvÎ cvwbi 138. isaby‡Z †gvU mvZwU is|
ev¯úxfe‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i| 139. gixwPKvq Av‡jvi c~Y© Af¨š—ixY cÖwZdjb N‡U|
109. d¨vb Pvjv‡j Avgiv VvÛv Abyfe Kwi KviY d¨vb kixi †_‡K 140. nxiv Auav‡i PKPK K‡i KviY- D”P cÖwZmiv‡¼i Kvi‡Y Af¨š—
ev¯úxfe‡bi nvi evwo‡q †`q| ixbfv‡e Av‡jvi cÖwZdjb N‡U|
110. k~Y¨ gva¨‡g Zvc cwievwnZ nq wewKiY cÖwµqvq| 141. cvwb‡Z †bŠKvi ‰eVv euvKv †`Lv hvIqvi KviY Av‡jvi
111. ivbœv Kivi nvwo-cvwZj mvaviYZ A¨vjywgwbqv‡gi ˆZwi nq| Gi cÖwZmiY|
cÖavb KviY G‡Z `ª“Z Zvc mÂvwjZ n‡q Lv`¨`ªe¨ ZvovZvwo 142. Puv` w`M‡š—i Kv‡Q A‡bK eo †`Lvq, Zvi KviY-evqygÛjxq
wm× nq| cÖwZmiY|
112. AvKvk †gNjv _vK‡j wkwki c‡o bv KviY- †gN Zvc‡ivax 143. †h gm„Y Z‡j Av‡jvi wbqwgZ cÖwZdjb N‡U Zv‡K e‡j- `c©Y|
c`v_©| 144. Avqbvi wcQ‡b †iŠc¨ avZzwU e¨eüZ nq|
113. AvKvk †gNjv _vK‡j Mig †ewk jv‡M KviY- †gN c„w_exi c„ô 145. bvK, Kvb I Mjvi wfZ‡ii Ask ch©‡e¶‡bi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq-
†_‡K weKxY© Zvc‡K Ic‡i †h‡Z evav †`q e‡j| AeZj `c©Y|
114. wU‡bi N‡i †ewk Mig jv‡M KviY- wUb Zv‡ci mycwievnx| 146. gvbe †Pv‡Li †jÝwU- DfDËj|
115. Kv‡jv e¯‘i Zvc †kvlY ¶gZv †ekx| 147. wm‡bgv‡¯‹vc cÖ‡R±v‡i AeZj †jÝ e¨eüZ nq|
116. MÖx®§Kv‡j mv`v i‡Oi Rvgv AwaK Avivg`vqK| 148. AcwUK¨vj dvBevi K¨ve‡j Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi gva¨g n‡jv
117. kn‡ii iv¯—vq UªvwdK cywjk mvaviYZ mv`v QvZv I mv`v Rvgv Av‡jv|
e¨envi K‡i KviY- Zvc wewKiY †_‡K euvPvi Rb¨| 149. d‡UvMÖvwdK †c-‡U AveiY _v‡K- wmjfvi †eªvgvB‡Wi|
118. K‡jv i‡Oi Kv‡c Pv ZvovZvwo VvÛv nq Ges mv`v i‡Oi Kv‡c 150. Avgv‡`i `k©vbyf~wZ njy`- meyR Av‡jv‡Z me‡P‡q †ewk Ges
Pv †ewk¶Y Mig _v‡K| jvj Av‡jv‡Z cÖvq k~Y¨|
119. †c‡Uªvj Bwćb Kve©y‡iUi _v‡K| 151. †Pv‡Li †iwUbv Av‡jvK kw³‡K Zwor kw³‡Z cwiYZ K‡i|
120. Av‡jvK GK cÖKvi kw³| hvi MwZ‡eM †m‡K‡Û cÖvq 3 j¶ 152. mve‡gwi‡bi bvwe‡Kiv cvwbi wbP †_‡K Dc‡ii `„k&¨ †`‡L
wK‡jvwgUvi/ 3×108 wgUvi/ 1,86,000 gvBj| †cwi‡¯‹v‡ci mvnv‡h¨|
121. Av‡jvi †Kvqv›Uvg Z‡Ë¡i cÖeZ©K c-¨v¼| 153. AvKv‡k weRjx PgKvq †g‡Ni AmsL¨ cvwb I eid KYvi g‡a¨
122. me©v‡c¶v †QvU Zi½ ˆ`‡N¨©i iwk¥- Mvgv iwk¥| PvR© mwÂZ n‡j|
123. ivWv‡i †h Zwor †PŠ¤^K Zi½ e¨envi Kiv nq Zvi bvg 154. eRªcv‡Zi mgq _vKv DwPZ- ¸nvi wfZi ev gvwU‡Z ï‡q|
gvB‡µvI‡qf| 155. m‡e©vËg Zwor evnK Zvgv|
124. iwOb †Uwjwfkb n‡Z ¶wZKi Mvgv iwk¥ †ei nq| 156. we`y¨r wej cwi‡kva Kivi mgq Avgiv hvi Rb¨ wej cwi‡kva
125. `„k¨gvb eY©vjxi ¶z`ªZg Zi½ ˆ`N¨© †e¸wb i‡Oi| Kwi Zv n‡jv- kw³|
126. Zi½‰`N¨© †ewk- jvj i‡Oi| 157. we`y¨r wej wK‡jvIqvU AvIqv‡i wnmve Kiv nq|
127. wec` ms‡K‡Zi Rb¨ me©`v jvj Av‡jv e¨envi Kivi KviY- 158. ZvcgvÎv e„w× †c‡j Kve©‡bi †iva n«vm cvq|
jvj Av‡jvi Zi½‰`N¨© me©vwaK Ges Bnv †ewk `yi †_‡K †`Lv 159. GKwU †gvUv Zv‡ii †iva GKwU wPKb Zv‡ii †iv‡ai Zzjbvq
hvq| Kg|
128. †e¸wb e‡Y©i Av‡jvi cÖwZmiY me‡P‡q †ewk Ges wePz¨wZ 160. ˆe`y¨wZK cvLv ax‡i ax‡i Nyi‡j we`y¨r LiP GKB nq|
me‡P‡q †ewk| 161. AvevwmK evwoi eZ©bx‡Z mvwK©U †eªKvi e¨envi Kiv nq KviY-
129. AvKvk bxj †`Lvq KviY- bxj Av‡jvq we‡¶cY A‡c¶vK…Z AwZgvÎvq we`y¨r cÖevnRwbZ `yN©Ubv †iv‡ai D‡Ï‡k¨|
†ewk e‡j| 162. ˆe`y¨wZK evj¦ Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib Ugvm GwWmb|
130. †gŠwjK iO jvj, meyR, bxj| 163. Wvqbv‡gvi mvnv‡h¨ hvwš¿K kw³‡K we`y¨r kw³‡Z iƒcvš—wiZ
131. cÖv_wgK iO meyR| Kiv nq|
# weÁvb 188
 # weÁvb 189
164. ˆe`y¨wZK Ò‡Rbv‡iUiÓ ewj‡Z †evSvq Bnv hvwš¿K kw³‡K
ˆe`y¨wZK kw³‡Z iƒcvš—wiZ K‡i|
165. †h h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ cieZx© D”P wefe‡K wbæ wef‡e Ges wbæ ✓ evqy‡Z k‡ãi †eM 330 wg./†m|
wefe‡K D”P wef‡e iƒcvš—wiZ Kiv nq Zvi bvg nj- ✓ K‡qKwU †PŠ¤^K c`v_©→‡jvnv, B¯úvZ, †Kvevë, wb‡Kj|
UªvÝdg©vi| ✓ K‡qKwU A‡PŠ¤^K c`v_© → †mvbv, iƒcv, Zvgv, wcZj,
166. wWwRUvj Nwo ev K¨vjKz‡jU‡ii Kvj †h Aby¾¡j †jLv dz‡U D‡V Gjywgwbqvg, `¯—v, wUb|
Zv wmwjKb wPc Gi wfwˇZ ˆZwi| ✓ Puv‡` gva¨g †bB e‡j kã †kvbv hvq bv|
167. AvaywbK gy`ªY e¨e¯’vq avZzwbwg©Z A¶‡ii cÖ‡qvRb dzivBevi eo ✓ †Kvqv›Uvg ZË¡ cÖ`vb K‡ib weÁvbx g¨v· c-vsK|
KviY- d‡Uv wj‡_vMÖvdx| ✓ bxj+njy` = mv`v, jvj+bxj+meyR = mv`v, meyR+jvj = njy`,
168. AwaKvsk d‡UvKwc †gwkb KvR K‡i- †cvjvi‡qW d‡UvMÖvwd jvj+bxj = g¨v‡R›Uv|
c×wZ‡Z|
✓ Theory of Relativity Gi cÖe³v AvjevU© AvBb÷vBb|
169. e-vK e· wegv‡b iw¶Z d¬vBU WvUv †iKW©vim| RjvZ‡¼i wUKv Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib jyB cv¯—i| †cwbwmwjb Avwe¯‹vi
170. G·-‡i Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib i›U‡Rb| K‡ib Av‡jKRvÛvi †d¬wgs|
171. Avmj nxiv †Pbvi Dcvq Gi wfZi w`‡q iÄb iwk¥ †h‡Z ✓ †h e¯‘ hZ †ewk KwVb Zvi w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv ZZ †ewk|
cv‡i bv|
✓ MwZi m~Î Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib wbDUb|
172. †ZRw¯Œq c`v_© bq †jvnv|
✓ ‡Kvb e¯‘i IRb me‡P‡q †ewk ‡gi“ A‡j| me †P‡q KwVb
173. Mvgv iwk¥ PvR© wbi‡c¶|
c`v_© nxiK|
174. †iwWI AvB‡mv‡Uvc n‡”Q Ggb GKUv AvB‡mv‡Uvc hv †ZRw¯Œq
✓ K¨v‡m‡Ui wdZvi kã iw¶Z _v‡K Pz¤^K †¶Î wn‡m‡e| Zvc
Ges Bnv MjMÛ †ivM wbY©‡q e¨eüZ nq|
cÖ‡qv‡M me‡P‡q †ewk cÖmvwiZ nq evqexq c`v_©|
175. wUDgvi, K¨vbmvi cÖf„wZ †iv‡Mi wPwKrmvq Mvgv iwk¥ e¨eüZ nq
✓ gvwUi cv‡Î cvwb VvÛv _v‡K KviY Bnv cvwbi ev¯úxfe‡b mvnvh¨
hvi Drm AvB‡mv‡Uvc|
K‡i|
176. cÖvK…wZK M¨v‡mi cÖavb Dcv`vb n‡jv- wg‡_b Ges G‡Z 80-90
fvM wg‡_b _v‡K| ✓ d‡bvMÖvg Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib GwWmb| wùM‡gvg¨A‡bvwgUvi i³Pvc
wbY©vqK hš¿|
177. CNG Gi A_©- Kg‡cÖm Kiv cÖvK…wZK M¨vm|
✓ cÖK…wZ‡Z g„`y cvwbi e„nr Drm e„wói cvwb|
178. †c‡Uªv‡ji Av¸b cvwb Øviv wbfv‡bv hvq bv KviY- †c‡Uªvj
cvwbi mv‡_ wg‡k bv Ges †c‡Uªvj cvwbi †P‡q nvjKv| ✓ †jvKfwZ© nj N‡i k~Y¨ N‡ii †P‡q kã ¶xY nq KviY k~b¨ N‡i
k‡ãi †kvlY Kg nq|
179. ev‡qvM¨v‡mi cÖavb KuvPvgvj- †Mvei I cvwb|
180. cÖvYxi gjgyÎ †_‡K e¨vK‡Uwiqvi dvi‡g‡›Ukb cÖwµqvq Drcbœ ✓ m~‡h© Zvc Drcbœ nq wdDkb c×wZ‡Z|
nq- wg‡_b| ✓ `c©‡b Av‡jvi wbqwgZ cÖwZdjb N‡U|
181. me©‡kl †h Adziš— kw³‡K gvbyl Kv‡R jvM‡”Q- †mŠi kw³| ✓ †nm gnvRvMwZK iwk¥ Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib| mgy`ª c„‡ô evqyi Pvc 76
182. †mŠi †Kv‡l e¨eüZ nq- wmwjKb| †mt wgt|
183. nvB‡WªvB‡jKwUªwmwU ˆZwi Ki‡Z `iKvi nq- cvwb| ✓ wjd&U cv‡¤úi mvnv‡h¨ 10 wgUvi ch©š— cvwb DVv‡bv hvq|
2
184. E=mc AvBb÷vB‡bi w_Dwi Ae wi‡jwUwfwU| ✓ cvigvbweK †evgvi Avwe¯‹viK I‡cb‡ngvi| 105 wW we mxgvi
185. †iwd«Rv‡iU‡i Kg‡cÖm‡ii KvR †d«qb‡K msKzwPZ K‡i Gi Zvc k‡ã gvbyl ewai n‡Z cv‡i|
I ZvcgvÎv evov‡bv| ✓ evqy GKwU wgkª c`v_©|
186. GK MÖvg ZvcgvÎv 200 n‡Z 300 †mjwmqvm e„w×i R‡b¨ GK ✓ MwZi MvwbwZK m~Î cÖ`vb K‡ib M¨vwjwjI| f‡ii Avš—R©vwZK
K¨vjwi Zv‡ci cÖ‡qvRb| GKK †KwR| evZvm †_‡K cvwb 775 ¸b fvwi|
187. we`y¨r we‡ji wnmve Kiv nq wK‡jvIqvU N›Uvq| ✓ m~h© †_‡K c„w_ex‡Z Zvc Av‡m wewKiY c×wZ‡Z| ¯’jfvM
188. Rubber is notable for its elasticity. Av‡c¶A mgy`ª ax‡i ax‡i DZß nq Av‡cw¶K Zvc †ewk e‡j|
 wKQy ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Z_¨ t ✓ Kcvi me‡P‡q fvj Zvc cwievnK| Gfv‡ió ce©‡Zi Dci 700
✓ AvwK©wgwWm wMÖK MwYZwe` wQ‡jb| Rb¥¯’vb- wmwmwj| wZwb †m. ZvcgvÎv cvwb dzU‡Z _v‡K|
c-eZvi m~Î †`b| ✓ K¨v‡giv‡Z Av‡jvi cÖ‡ek wbqš¿Y K‡i Wvqvd«vg| m~h© A¯— hvIqvi
✓ cuPv wWg cvwb‡Z fv‡m KviY G‡Z H2S M¨vm R‡g hvIqvq Gi mgq AvKvk jvj †`Lvq KviY jvj Av‡jvi Zi½ ˆ`N¨© †ewk|
NbZ¡ cvwbi Nb‡Z¡i †e‡q K‡g hvq| ✓ mKj Av‡jv cÖwZdwjZ Ki‡j e¯‘wU‡K mv`v †`Lvq Ges †kvlY
✓ c„w_ex GKwU weivU Pz¤¢K cÖgvY K‡ib weÁvbx W. wMjevU©| Ki‡j Kvj †`Lvq|
✓ AvjUªvm‡bvMÖvwd n‡”Q †QvU Zi½ ˆ`‡N¨©i Øviv B‡gwRs| ✓ Av‡jv †h mvZwU e‡Y©i mgwó Zv cÖgvY K‡ib weÁvbx wbDUb|
✓ eY©vjx Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib weÁvbx wbDUb| ✓ mv`v is jvj AvKvwk I meyR i‡Oi wgkªY| me‡P‡q eo Zi½ ˆ`N¨©
†eZvi Zi‡½i|
✓  Gi gvb 22/7 wnmv‡e cÖPvi K‡ib fv¯‹ivPvh©|
✓ g Gi gvb 9.81 wgUvi/†m2.
 # weÁvb 190
✓ Bw¯¿ Ges wnUv‡i bvB‡µvg Zvi e¨envi Kiv nq| ‰e`y¨wZK ev‡j¦i ❖ d‡bvMÖvd Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib-Ugvm Avjfv GwWmb| we`y¨r‡K
wdjv‡g‡›U U¨vs÷¨vb e¨eüZ nq| e¨vUvwi‡Z wWwm Kv‡i›U _v‡K| mvaviYZ gvby‡li Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi Rb¨ Zuvi Ae`vb me‡P‡q
✓ ZvcgvÎv evo‡j k‡ãi MwZ ev‡o| Mig I wfRv evZv‡m kã `ª“Z †ewk|
†e‡M P‡j| ❖ cvigvYweK †evgvi Avwe¯‹viK I‡cb‡nBgvi|
✓ 1/10 †m‡K‡Ûi g‡a¨ kã wd‡i Avm‡j cÖwZawb †kvbv hv‡e| ❖ gnvRvMwZK iwk¥ Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib weÁvbx †nm|
Avgv‡`i Mjvi g‡a¨ Aew¯’Z ¯^ih‡š¿i `ywU cvZjv c`©vi bvg ❖ U‡jwg GKRb weL¨vZ †R¨vwZwe©`|
†fvK¨vj KW©| ❖ m~h©B †h †mŠiRM‡Zi †K›`ª Ges c„w_ex I MÖn¸‡jv Zvi Pvwiw`‡K
✓ Puv‡` †Kvb e¯‘i IRb c„w_exi 1/6 Ask Ges m~‡h© 27 ¸b| Ny‡i P‡j‡Q GK_v cÖ_g e‡j‡Qb †KvcviwbKvm|
✓ ˆe`y¨wZK †gvUi we`y¨r kw³ hvwš¿K kw³‡Z Ges †Rbv‡iU‡i hvwš¿K ❖ Algebra bv‡gi D™¢e Avj-LvIqvwiRwg bvgK gymwjg weÁvbxi
kw³ we`y¨r kw³‡Z i“cvš—wiZ nq| †jLv weL¨vZ MÖš’ ÔAvj wRei Iqvj gyKvwejvÓ Gi bvg †_‡K|
✓ Ôc„w_ex m~‡h©i Pviw`‡K Ny‡iÕ cÖgvb K‡ib †KvcviwbKvm| wZwb exRMwYZ I w·KvYwgwZi fxZ cÖwZôv K‡ib&
✓ `yiex¶Y hš¿ Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib M¨vwjwjI| ❖ cvwLi Dov †`‡L D‡ovRvnv‡Ri g‡Wj ˆZix K‡ib wjIbv‡`©v `v
✓ ejwe`¨vi RbK wbDUb| wfwÂ|
✓ m~h© †_‡K c„w_ex‡Z Zvc Av‡m wewKiY c×wZ‡Z| ❖ my‡ii †¯‹j welqK AvswkK aviYv †`b wc_v‡Mvivm|
✓ ei‡di NbZ¡ cvwbi NbZ¡ A‡c¶v Kg e‡j eid cvwb‡Z fv‡m| ❖ c`v‡_©i AwefvR¨ GK‡Ki bvg atom †`b MÖxK weÁvbx
✓ k‡ãi †P‡q `ª“ZMwZ m¤úbœ wegvb‡K mycvimwbK wegvb e‡j| †W‡gvwµUvm&
✓ Kv‡Vi Av¸b ev ˆe`y¨wZK Pzjv †_‡K †h iwk¥ †ei nq Zv ❖ Av‡jv Avgv‡`i †Pv‡L Av‡m e‡jB Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB- GB
Ae‡jvwnZ iwk¥| ‰eÁvwbK mZ¨wU Avj nv‡Rb me©cÖ_g cÖwZôv K‡ib|
✓ wWbvgvBU Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib Avj‡d«W †bv‡ej| ❖ c`v‡_©i KYvi bvg ÔcigvYyÕ †`qvi Rb¨ cÖvPxb fviZxq weÁvbx
✓ ˆe`y¨wZK ev‡j¦i †fZ‡i bvB‡Uªv‡Rb M¨vm e¨envi Kiv nq| KYv` weL¨vZ|
✓ k‡ãi ZxeªZv wbY©vqK hš¿ AwWIwgUvi| ❖ Nwoi hvwš¿K †KŠk‡ji weKvk NUvb nvB‡Mb|
✓ w¯’wZRoZvi Kvi‡Y †_‡g _vKv evm nVvr Pj‡Z ïi“ Ki‡j ❖ Av‡jvi ‡eM me©cÖ_g cwigvc K‡ib †ivgvi|
evmhvÎx †cQ‡bi w`‡K †n‡j c‡ob| ❖ ev¯úxq BwÄb Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib †Rgm IqvU|
✓ †gNjv w`‡b Mig ‡ewk jv‡M, KviY f~-c„‡ôi Zvc wewKi‡Y †gN ❖ m~‡h©i AwZ †e¸bx iwk¥i Kvi‡Y gvbe‡`‡n Vit-D Drcbœ nq|
evav †`q| ❖ me‡P‡q eo Zi½ ˆ`‡N¨©i wewKiY n‡”Q †iwWI I‡qf|
✓ †fRv Kvco Mv‡q †Mqv ¯^v‡¯’¨i c‡¶ ¶wZKi KviY Kvc‡oi cvwb ❖ Avgiv cÖvZ¨wnK Rxe‡b †h Avqbv e¨envi Kwi †mwU mgZj
ev¯úvq‡bi mgq kixi †_‡K Zvc †kvlY K‡i| `c©b|
❖ jvj Av‡jv‡Z Avgv‡`i `k©b ¶gZv cÖvq ïY¨|
ms‡¶‡c ‘g’ Gi gvb ❖ †gi“ A‡j Pz¤^‡Ki AvKl©Y ¶gZv me‡P‡q †ekx|
❖ c„w_ex c„‡ô †gi“ A‡j Gi gvb me‡P‡q †ewk| ❖ †iv‡M ivLv GK LÛ †jvnv GK LÛ KvV A‡c¶v AwaK Mig nq
❖ c„w_ex c„‡ô welye A‡j ‘g’ Gi gvb me‡P‡q Kg| KviY †jvnv Zv‡ci mycwievnx Ges KvV Kzcwievnx|
❖ c„w_exi †K‡›`ª ‘g’ Gi gvb ïY¨| ❖ GU‡gi bvg †`b ‡W‡gvwµUvm|
❖ Lwbi †fZ‡i f~-cÖ‡ôi Zzjbvq ‘g’ Gi gvb Kg| ❖ B‡jKUªb me©`v wbDwK¬qv‡mi Pvwiw`‡K wbw`©ó c‡_ cwiågY K‡i|
❖ P‡›`ª ‘g’ Gi gvb c„w_exi ‘g’ Gi gv‡bi Qq fv‡Mi GK fvM| ❖ Aa© cwievnx wmwjKb, Rv‡g©wbqvg, Av‡m©wbK, †evib, K¨vWwgqvg
❖ m~‡h© ‘g’ Gi gvb c„w_exi ‘g’ Gi gv‡bi 27 ¸b| BZ¨vw`|
❖ Aš—iK- KuvP, †ikg, ckg, ievi, Aå BZ¨vw`|
c`v_©we`¨vq K‡qKRb weÁvbxi Ae`vb ❖ †hme cigvbyi cvigvbweK msL¨v 92 ev Zvi AwaK Zviv
❖ AvwK©wgwWm cÖvPxb wMÖK MwYZwe`; c-eZvi m~Î Avwe¯‹v‡ii Rb¨ mvaviYZ wdkb wewµqvq Ask wb‡Z cv‡i|
wZwb we_¨vZ| ❖ UªvbwR÷‡i †mwgK›Uv±i wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq Rv‡g©wbqvg|
❖ wb‡Kvjvm †KvcviwbKvm †cvj¨v‡Ûi GKRb †R¨vwZwe©` wQ‡jb| ❖ †c‡Uªvj Bwćb Kve©y‡iUi _v‡K|
❖ M¨vwjwjI mij †`vj‡Ki myÎvejx, `~iex¶Y hš¿ I ZvcgvÎv hš¿ ❖ ‡mŠi‡Kv‡li we`y¨r iv‡ZI e¨envi Kiv m¤¢e hw` Gi m‡½ _v‡K
Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib| †÷v‡iR e¨vUvix|
❖ m¨vi AvBR¨vK wbDUb ejwe`¨vi RbK| ❖ 1 Ub = 1016 †KwR|
❖ †eZvi ev †iwWI Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib gvK©wb| ❖ GKwU †gvUv Zv‡ii †iva GKwU wPKb Zv‡ii †iv‡ai Zzjbvq
❖ Zwor Pz¤^Kxq Av‡ek Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib gvB‡Kj d¨viv‡W| †ewk|
 # weÁvb 191
❖ GKRb †jv‡Ki D”PZv 6 dzU| †jvKwU Avqbvq wb‡Ri c~Y©
cÖwZwe¤^ †`L‡Z PvB‡j Avqbvi ˆ`N¨© n‡e 3 dzU| Lecture No- 07
❖ GKwU nvjKv I GKwU fvix e¯‘i fi‡eM mgvb| G‡`i g‡a¨ Av‡jvP¨ welq t wPwKrmv weÁvb, Lv`¨ I cywô weÁvb, gnvKvk weÁvb,
fvixwUi MwZ kw³ †ewk n‡e| gvbe‡`n, hy× weMÖn, cÖ‡KŠkj weÁvb, K…wl weÁvb, wewfbœ weÁvbx I
❖ ZvcgvÎv evo‡i e¯‘i c„ôUvb n«vm cvq| Zv‡`i Avwe¯‹vi|
❖ nvB‡Wªv‡Rb †evgvq gvbyl g‡i wKš‘ `vivb I ¯’vei m¤úwËi ¶wZ we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv t
nq bv| GBWm, wdwRK¨vj, †gwWwmb, †K‡gv‡_ivwc, D”P i³Pvc, †÷ªvK,
❖ Avgv‡`i wK‡jvIhv-AvIhvi BDwb‡U we`y¨r wej w`‡Z nq| †cvwjI gvB‡jwUm, Gw›Uev‡qwUK, †cwbwmwjb, BwmwR, †ncvUvBwUm,
❖ evsjv‡`‡ki evmv-evwo‡Z we`y¨‡Zi mvc-vB †fv‡ëR n‡jv 220 K¨vÝvi, EPI, EDD, MjMÛ, wmb‡_wUK i³, wRb e¨vsK, GwWm,
†fvë G.wm| Gw›UewW, wK¬wbK¨vj _v‡g©vwgUvi, †÷‡_v‡¯‹vc, evBIcwm, g¨v‡jwiqv,
❖ †Kv‡Yi GKK †iwWqvb| †c-M, Wvqv‡ewUm, M¨vswMÖY, Lv‡`¨i Dcv`vb, †k¦Zmvi Lv‡`¨i Drm,
❖ †iv‡ai GKK Ing| †øn RvZxq Lv‡`¨i Drm, wfUvwgb I wewfbœ cÖKvi wfUvwg‡bi Drm,
❖ Zwor cÖev‡ni GKK Av¨vw¤úqvi| mylg Lv`¨|
❖ K¤úv¼ Gi GKK nvR©|  wewfbœ mv‡j AvMZ cÖkœ mswk-ó Z_¨vejx t
❖ KvR, kw³, Zvc Gi GKK Ryj| 1. Entomology A_© → KxUcZ½ we`¨v|
❖ ¶gZv Gi GKK IqvU| 2. cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ Rxe‡`‡ni m¤úK© m¤^Üxq we`¨v‡K e‡j
❖ ej Gi GKK wbDUb| B‡KvjwR|
evwoi KvR t 3. cÖvYxRM‡Zi DrcwË I esk m¤^Üxq weÁvb B‡fvwjDkb|
1. †Kvb hš¿‡K B‡jKUªwbK P¶z ejv nq? 4. Osteology A_© nvo welqK weÁvb|
2. ISD wK? 5. wcwmKvjPvi A_© → grm Pvl|
3. ˆe`y¨wZK gUi wK? 6. GwcKvjPvi A_© → †gŠgvwQ cvjb|
4. wdDR wK? 7. GwfKvjKvi A_© → cvwL cvjb msµvš— welqv`x|
5. AvKv‡k weRjx PgKvq †Kb? 8. c~Y©eq¯‹ gvby‡li †`‡n i‡³i cwigvY 4.5-5 wgUvi|
6. `ycyi‡ejv m~h©‡K nj‡` †`Lvq †Kb? 9. wn‡gv‡M-vweb _v‡K †jvwnZ i³ KwbKvq|
7. wm‡bgvi c`©v mv`v nq †Kb? 10. †jvwnZ KwbKvi c~Y©Zv cÖvw߇Z mnvqZv K‡i wfUvwgb B12 |
8. wU‡bi N‡i †ewk Mig jv‡M †Kb?
11. wn‡gv‡M-vweb ˆZix Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i Avwgl|
9. 1 K¨vjwi = KZ Ryj?
12. i‡³ wn‡gv‡M-vwe‡bi KvR Aw·‡Rb mieivn Kiv|
10. k‡ãi cÖwZaŸwb †kvbvi Rb¨ Drm I cÖwZdj‡Ki ga¨eZx© `yiZ¡
13. Kve©b g‡bv·vBW Òi‡³i Aw·‡Rb cwienb ¶gZv Le© K‡i|
b~b¨Zg KZ nIqv cÖ‡qvRb?
11. ï‡b¨ k‡ãi †eM KZ? 14. i³ k~b¨Zv ej‡Z †evSvq wn‡gv‡M-vwe‡bi cwigvY n«vm cvIqv|
12. †Kvb h‡š¿i Kvh©¶gZv 90% ej‡Z wK †evSvq? 15. †k¦Z KwbKv A¯^vfvweK e„w× †c‡j e-vW K¨vÝvi nq|
13. c„w_exi †K‡›`ª AwfKl©R Z¡i‡Yi gvb KZ? 16. †ncvwi‡bi R‡b¨ i³ RgvU euv‡a bv|
14. †Kvb b¶‡Îi MÖnbmg~n Zvi Pviw`‡K Ny‡i †Kb? 17. i³ RgvU evavi Rb¨ ni‡gv‡bi †Kvb KvR †bB|
15. coš— e¯‘i m~Î †Kvb weÁvbx cÖ`vb K‡ib? 18. Avgv‡`i †`n‡Kvl i³ n‡Z O2 I †M-v‡KvR MÖnY K‡i|
16. h¶èvi RxevYy †K Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib? 19. me©Rbxb `vZv MÖ“c O I MÖnxZv MÖ“c AB|
17. em‡š—i UxKv Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib †K? 20. bvoxi ¯ú›`b cÖevwnZ nq agbxi wfZi w`‡q| ZvB †ivMxi bvox
18. e-vW MÖ“c †K Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib? †`Lvi mgq Wv³vi bvoxi ¯ú›`b †`‡Lb, c~Y©eq¯‹ e¨w³i bvox
19. g‡bvweÁv‡bi RbK †K? ¯ú›`b wgwb‡U 72 evi|
20. 1 gb = KZ †KwR? 21. gvby‡li ü`wc‡Ûi cÖ‡Kvó 4wU|
21. Be‡b wmbv †K wQ‡jb? 22. ü`wc‡Ûi cÖmviY‡K Wvqv‡÷vj I ms‡KvPb‡K wm‡÷vj e‡j|
22. K¤ú‡¼i GKK wK? 23. nvU© mvDÛ `yB ai‡bi|
23. ZvcgvÎvi GKK wK? 24. GbwRI c-vw÷ n‡”Q ü`wc‡Ûi eÜ wkiv †ejy‡bi mvnv‡h¨
24. K‡qKwU †¯‹jvi ivwki D`vniY w`b? dzjv‡bv|
25. Pjš— evm †eªK Kl‡j hvÎxiv mvg‡bi w`‡K Sz‡K c‡o †Kb? 25. jwmKv ¶vixq I †jvwnZ i³KwYKvq Abycw¯’Z|
26. e¯‘i fi wZb¸b Ki‡j fi‡eM n‡e KZ¸Y? 26. gvby‡li gw¯—‡¯‹i IRb 1.36 †KwR|
27. †Kvb bxwZi Dci wfwË K‡i i‡KU ‰Zix nq ? 27. bvifvm wm‡÷‡gi ÷ªvKPvivj I dvskvbvj BDwbU‡K e‡j
28. e¯‘i IRb wK‡mi Dci wbf©ikxj? wbD‡ivb|
29. k‡ãi DrcwËi KviY wK?
30. cig k~b¨ ZvcgvÎv KZ wWMÖx †mjwmqvm?
 # weÁvb 192
28. gw¯—‡¯‹i ¶gZv ¶q †c‡Z _v‡K øvqy †Kv‡lb 1/4 Ask aŸsk n‡q
†M‡j|
29. wPš—vi ms‡M gw¯—‡¯‹i †h As‡ki m¤úK© Z‡K e‡j gvby‡li
†mwieªvg|
30. gw¯—‡¯‹i i³¶iY‡K †÷ªvK e‡j|
31. Ò‡÷ªv‡Ki gyj KviY nvU© GUvKÓ GwU wVK bq|
32. †`‡ni me‡P‡q KwVb Ask Gbv‡gj|
33. cvK¯’wj‡Z `y× RgvU evah †iwbb|
34. i‡³i PH→ 7.35-7.45 (7.4)
35. HCL c¨vivBUvj †Kvl †_‡K wb:m„Z nq|
36. AMœvkq im kK©iv I Avwgl Dfq‡K cwicvK K‡i|
37. Avwgl cwicvK nq A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW n‡q|
38. wewji“web ˆZix nq → M-xnvq|
39. †iPb Z‡š¿ mnvqZv K‡i A_©vr kixi †_‡K DBwiqv †ei K‡i †`q
wKWbx (e„°)|
40. gvbe‡`‡n ivmvqwbK `yZ wnmv‡e KvR K‡i ni‡gvb|
41. kix‡ii me©e„nr MÖwš’ wjfvi|
42. †Pv‡Li cvwbi Drm j¨vwµgvj MÖwš’|
43. wPwbi wecvK wbqš¿YKvix ni‡gvb Bbmywjb hvi Afv‡e Wvqv‡ewUm
nq|
44. wPwb RvZxq Lvevi †ekx †L‡j Wvqv‡ewUm nq GwU mZ¨ bq|
45. i‡³ K¨vjwmqvg wbqš¿Y K‡i nvB‡ivK¨vjwm‡Uvbwbb|
46. `vwo †Mvud MRvq †Um‡Uv‡÷ib ni‡gv‡bi Rb¨|
47. gvbe †`‡n †gvU nvo → 206 wU|
48. gvby‡li Mv‡qi is wbf©i K‡i †gjvwb‡bi Dci|
49. avb MvQ Nvm RvZxq Dw™¢`|
50. cvwb aviY ¶gZv †ekx G‡Uj gvwUi|
51. Acid gvwU Abye©i|
52. bvB‡Uªv‡Rb M¨vm †_‡K BDwiqv mvi cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq|
53. BDwiqv mv‡ii KuvPvgvj wg‡_b ev cÖvK…wZK M¨vm|
54. BDwiqv mv‡i bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi cwigvY 44-46%| bvB‡Uªv‡Rb
gvwUi De©iZv e„wׇZ mnvqZv K‡i|
55. wUªcj mycvi dm‡dU GK RvZxq mvi|
56. cÖ_g K…wÎg DcMÖn DÇqb K‡i ivwkqv (¯úyUwbK-1, 1957 mv‡j)
57. cÖ_g gnvKvkPvix ivwkqvi BDwi M¨Mwib|
58. 20 RyjvB 1969 mv‡j cÖ_g gvbyl Puv‡` AeZiY K‡i| cÖ_g
AeZiYKvix bxj Avg©÷s (Av‡gwiKv)|
59. fvBwKs/cv_ dvBÛvi g½‡j †cÖwiZ GKwU b‡fvhvb|
60. M¨vwjwjI e„n:cwZi D‡Ï‡k¨ cvVv‡bv GKwU K…wÎg DcMÖn|
61. bvmv USA Gi gnvKvk M‡elYv ms¯’v|
62. wi‡gvU †mwÝs ej‡Z DcMÖ‡ni mvnv‡h¨ `~i †_‡K f~gÛ‡ji
Ae‡jvKb‡K †evSvq|
63. VSAT e¨envi Kiv nq f~c„ô †_‡K m¨v‡UjvB‡U †hvMv‡hvM
Kivi Rb¨|
64. Hubble Telescope Gi ΓwU ms‡kva‡bi Rb¨
b‡fvPvixMY‡K gnvk~‡Y¨ Endeavour b‡fvhvb †cÖiY Kiv
n‡qwQj|
 # weÁvb 193
65. wgi c„w_ex‡K 15 eQi 1 g‡m 86 nvRvi 331 evi cÖ`w¶Y K‡i|
66. wbD‡gvwbqv †iv‡M Avµvš— nq dzmdzm| Gi c‡iv¶ KviY →
†Mvj K…wg|
67. nsKs fvBivm SARS bv‡g cwiwPZ hv cÖ_g Px‡b †`Lv hvq|
68. fvBivm GKwU A‡Kvlx Rxe hv cÖvYxi †`‡n cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cvi‡j
0AbyKzj cwi‡e‡k cÖvYxi gZ AvPiY K‡i|
69. GBWm GKwU fvBivm NwUZ †ivM hvi fvBiv‡mi bvg
GBPAvBwf| GBWm Gi c~Y©iƒc Acquired Immune
Deficiency Syndrome GB †iv‡M †`‡ni †ivM cÖwZ‡iva
¶gZv †jvc cvq|
70. †ncvUvBwUm †iv‡Mi cÖavb KviY fvBivm|
71. Rjem‡š—i †ivM Rxevbyi bvg Varicella|
72. KzKzi Kvgov‡j RjvZ¼ †ivM n‡Z cv‡i|
73. †W½y„ R¡‡ii evnK GwWm BwRcUvB gkv|
74. w÷ªU fvBivm †iweb †iv‡Mi Rxevb~i bvg|
75. †h me AbyRx‡e †ivM m„wó K‡i Zv‡`i ejv nq c¨v_‡RvwbK|
76. K‡jiv, UvBd‡qW Ges h¶v †ivM m„wó K‡i e¨vK‡Uwiqv|
77. †c-M †iv‡Mi e¨vK‡Uwiqvi bvg Yersenia pestis.
78. †j‡cÖvwm ev Kzô‡ivM GKwU e¨vK‡Uwiqv RwbZ †ivM|
79. `ya‡K UK K‡i- e¨vK‡Uwiqv|
80. h¶v †ivM cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨ we.wm.wR wUKv e¨envi Kiv nq|
81. kxg RvZxq Dw™¢‡` ivB‡Rvwiqvg bvgK e¨vK‡Uwiqv bvB‡Uªv‡Rb‡K
bvB‡Uª‡U cwiYZ K‡i|
82. cÖvwY‡`‡n RxevYyRvZ wel wbw¯ŒqKvix ivmvqwbK c`v‡_©i bvg
A¨vw›UewW|
83. me© cÖ_g Ôg¨vwjwiqvÕ kãwU cÖ‡hvM K‡i j¨v‡fib|
84. Ô¯¿x G¨vwbwdwjm gkv g¨v‡jwiqv RxevYy enb K‡iÕ- Dw³ †gRi
†ivbv‡ìi|
85. dvB‡jwiqvwmm †ivM m„wó K‡i gkv|
86. †Mv` †iv‡Mi Rb¨ `vqx dvB‡jwiqv wµwg|
87. welai mv‡c Kvgov‡j ¶Z¯’v‡b _v‡K cvkvcvwk `y‡Uv `uv‡Zi
`vM|
88. Gw›Uev‡qvwUK Ilya ˆZwi nq QÎvK w`‡q|
89. Ôwm‡¼vbvÕ g¨v‡jwiqv †iv‡Mi wPwKrmvq e¨eüZ nq|
90. kix‡i kw³ †RvMv‡Z `iKvi Lv`¨| mylg Lv‡`¨i Dcv`vb 3wU|
91. mylg Lv‡`¨ kK©iv, Avwgl I Pwe© RvZxq Lv‡`Z¨i AbycvZ
4:1:1|
92. GKRb c~Y© eq¯‹ e¨w³i cÖvq M‡o 2500 K¨vjwi kw³i
cÖ‡qvRb|
93. Kv‡e©vnvB‡Wª‡U C, H, O Gi AbycvZ 1 : 2 : 1|
94. M-y‡KvR GKwU g‡bvm¨vKvivBW|
95. my‡µvR MwVZ nq 1 AYy M-y‡KvR Ges 1 AYy d«z‡±vR Øviv|
96. AwZwi³ kK©iv †`‡n Rgv _v‡K M-vB‡Kv‡Rbiƒ‡c| Pvj Kv‡e©v-
nvB‡WªU RvZxq Lv`¨|
97. `y‡ai †k¦Zmvi ev kK©iv‡K ejv nq j¨vK‡UvR| Natural
protein Gi †Kvb bvg protein- P49.
98. gvbe‡`‡n AZ¨vek¨Kxq GgvB‡bv GwmW wdbvBj Gjvwbb| ïUKx
gv‡Q Avwg‡li cwigvY me‡P‡q †ewk|
 # weÁvb 194
99. Mi“i †Mv‡¯— me‡P‡q †cÖvwUb †ewk| †`n MV‡b Avwg‡li
cÖ‡qvRb me‡P‡q †ewk|
100. †øn c`v_© †Z‡j `ªeYxq| me©vwaK †øn RvZxq Lv`¨ `ya|
101. i‡³ †Kv‡j‡÷i‡ji cwigvY †e‡o †M‡j Lvwki gvsk LvIqv ✓
G‡÷ªv‡Rb ni‡gv‡bi wewkóZv nj mš—vb Rb¥`v‡bi AwaK
DwPZ bq| ¶gZv|
102. wfUvwgb ÔwmÕ Gi Aci bvg G¨vmKiweK GwmW| me‡P‡q †ewk ✓
Pvi †kªYxi †jv‡Ki Wvqv‡ewUm nIqvi m¤¢vebv †ewk: (K) hv‡`i
wfUvwgb wm mgy× dj AvgjKx| es‡k (i³ m¤úK©hy³ AvZœxq-¯^R‡bi) Av‡Q| (L) hv‡`i IRb
103. Avgv‡`i †`‡k wfUvwgb ÔwmÕ mg„× me‡P‡q jvfRbK dj KvRx Lye †ewk| (M) hviv kvixwiK cwikªg K‡ib bv| (N) hv‡`i eqm
†cqviv| Pwj-k Gi Dci|
104. wW‡g wfUvwgb wm †bB| wfUvwgb ÔwmÕ Gi Afv‡e ¯‹vwf© †ivM ✓
gvB‡MÖBb GK ai‡bi gv_v e¨v_v †iv‡Mi bvg|
nq| ✓
B‡jK‡UªvKvwW© MÖvd e¨eüZ nq nv‡U©i Ae¯’v I †Kvb Ask
105. gv‡Qi gv_v †_‡K wfUvwgb ÔGÕ cvIqv hvq| wfUvwgb ÔGÕ MvR‡i A‡K‡Rv n‡q‡Q wKbv Zv Rvbvi Rb¨|
me‡P‡q †ewk cwigv‡Y _v‡K| ✓
wKWbx bó n‡q‡Q wKbv Wvqvwjwmm Gi gva¨‡g Rvbv hvq|
106. wfUvwgb ÔGÕ Gi Afv‡e ivZKvbv †ivM nq| nvo I `uvZ ˆZwii ✓
ZvcgvÎv wbY©q Ki‡Z _v‡g©vwgUvi †`‡ni ms¯ú‡k© ivL‡Z nq 30-
Rb¨ wfUvwgb ÔwWÕ cÖ‡qvRb| 35 †m‡KÛ|
107. m~h©wKiY n‡Z wfUvwgb ÔwWÕ cvIqv hvq| wfUvwgb ÔBÕ Gi KvR ✓
gv_vi UvKcov †iv‡Mi bvg A¨v‡j‡cwmqv|
cÖRbb mnvqZv Kiv| ✓
†gwWwm‡bi RbK wn‡cvwµUvm|
108. wfUvwgb Ô†KÕ ¶Z¯’vb n‡Z i³ cov eÜ Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| ✓
cÖ‡qvRbxq GgvB‡bv GwmW cvIqv hvq e‡j D”Pgv‡bi Avwgl e‡j
109. KuPz k‡K †jŠn _v‡K| kix‡ii nvo I `uv‡Zi MV‡bi Kv‡R †ewk cÖvwYR Avwgl‡K|
cÖ‡qvRb K¨vjwkqvg| ✓
kK©iv RvZxq Lv`¨ wZb cÖKvi- g‡bvm¨AKvivBW, WvBm¨vKvivBW
110. nvo I `uvZ‡K gReyZ K‡i djdivm| I cwjm¨vKvivBW|
111. gvby‡li kix‡i †ewki fvM dm‡dm nv‡o i‡q‡Q| ✓
Zvc Drcv`b ¶gZv me‡P‡q †ewk †øn RvZxq Lv‡`¨i|
112. Av‡qvwW‡bi Afv‡e MjMÛ †ivM nq|
✓
`uv‡Zi †cvKv jvMv ej‡Z †evSvq `uv‡Zi ¶qRwbZ †ivM|
113. gvbe‡`‡n cÖwZw`b 3 wjUvi cvwbi cÖ‡qvRb|
✓
Pwe©‡Z `ªeYxq wfUvwgb wfUvwgb- G, wfUvwgb-wW Ges wfUvwgb-
wKQy ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Z_¨ t
B|
✓ A¨vw›Uev‡qwUK AvYyex¶wYK RxevYy ev QÎvK KZ…©K m„ó ivmvqwbK
✓
wfUvwgb- wW cvIqv hvq `ya I wW‡g|
c`v_©|
✓
KPzkv‡K †ewk _v‡K †jŠn|
✓ kix‡i AwZwi³ wewji“we‡bi Dcw¯’wZ‡Z RwÛm aiv c‡o|
✓
†`‡n m‡e©v”P Zvc Drcv`bKvix Dcv`vb Pwe©|
✓ Gwbwgqv (i³k~Y¨Zv) †ivMwU nq †jŠ‡ni Afv‡e|
✓
`y‡ai †k¦Zmvi ev kK©iv‡K ejv nq j¨vK‡UvR|
✓ K¨vÝvi †iv‡Mi KviY †Kv‡li A¯^vfvweK e„w×|
✓
D”P †kªYxi †cÖvwUb mg„× Lv`¨ gvsm|
✓ †ncvUvBwmm (RwÛm) †iv‡Mi cÖavb KviY fvBivm|
✓
wbæ‡kªYxi †cÖvwUb mg„× Lv`¨ Wvj|
✓ ‡ncvUvBwmm (RwÛm) †ivM cÖavbZ msµvwgZ nq cvwbi gva¨‡g|
✓
me‡P‡q †ewk cUvwmqvg cvIqv hvq Wv‡e|
✓ ÔnvgÕ nq fvBivm Øviv|
✓
†øn RvZxq Lv`¨ †ewk _v‡K `y‡a|
✓ nvmcvZv‡j †ivMx‡`i Rb¨ e¨eüZ O2 Gi MVb O2 = 95% |
✓
bvB‡Uªv‡Rb mg„× Lv`¨ gvsm|
✓ g~‡Î BDwiqvi cwigvY 2%|
✓
`y‡ai †cÖvwU‡bi bvg †KwRb|
✓ wb`ªvnxbZv RwbZ †iv‡Mi bvg Bb‡mvgwbqv|
✓
Av‡c‡j _v‡K g¨vwjK GwmW|
✓ ü`¯ú›`b, k¦vmKvh© cÖf~wZi MwZi nvi wb‡`©kK h‡š¿i bvg
✓
wW‡gi mv`v As‡k A¨vjeywgb bvgK †cÖvwUb _v‡K|
KvB‡gvMÖvg|
✓
Lv`¨ kw³ †ewk _v‡K ïUwK gv‡Q|
✓ cyi“l I ¯¿x †m· †µv‡gvR‡gi wm¤^j cyi“‡li XX Ges
✓
wfUvwgb †ewk †L‡j ¯’v¯’¨nvwb N‡U| G‡K nvBcviwfUvwg‡bvwmm
¯¿x‡jv‡Ki XY| e‡j|
✓ gvby‡lj e¨v‡±wiqv MwVZ PviwU †iv‡Mi bvg h¶èv, UvBd‡qW, ✓
`y‡ai †cÖvwU‡bi Rb¨ `ya mv`v †`Lvq|
wbD‡gvwbqv, K‡jiv|
✓
mwilvi †Z‡ji ¶wZKi Dcv`vb B‡ivwmK GwmW|
✓ gvby‡li fvBivm MwVZ wZbwU †iv‡Mi bvg emš—, nvg,
✓
U‡g‡Uvi g‡a¨ cÖPzi cwigvY K¨v‡ivwUb, wfUvwgb we I wm _v‡K|
Bbd¬z‡qÄv|
✓
†cu‡c‡Z Lv‡`¨i cwicv‡K mvnvh¨ Kivi Rb¨ Ôc¨v‡cbÕ bv‡g GK
✓ i‡³i MÖ“c Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib j¨vÛ ÷vBbvi| GRb¨ 1930 mv‡j
cÖKvi GbRvBg Av‡Q|
wZwb †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi cvb|
✓
AwZwi³ wfUvwgb ÔwmÕ ¶wZKi g~Îc‡_ cv_‡ii Rb¥ †`q e‡j|
✓ g¨v‡jwiqvi RxevYy‡K e‡j M-vm‡gvwWqvg|
✓
Lv`¨kw³ Kg _v‡K ZvRv gv‡Q|
✓ we‡k¦i me‡P‡q Kvh©Ki we‡ewPZ g¨v‡jwiqvi be Avwe¯‹…Z
✓
†cuqvR ev †cuqvR RvZxq kvK mewR cvK¯’jxi K¨vÝvi †iv‡a
JlaywUi bvg Av‡U©‡g‡_wi|
mnvqK|
✓ ev`v‡gi g¨vM‡bwmqvg ü`‡ivM cÖwZ‡iv‡a Kvh©Kix f~wgKv cvjb
K‡i|
 # weÁvb 195
✓ mqvweb †Rwb‡÷Bb †hŠM we`¨gvb|
 # weÁvb 196
✓ †Kv‡j‡÷ij GK ai‡bi Pwe©| ✓ Kzô‡ivM e¨vK‡Uwiqvi gva¨‡g Qovq|
✓ †Kv‡j‡÷i‡ji Drm- me ai‡bi cÖvwYR Pwe©‡Z Kg †ewk ✓ †nvwgI c¨w_i Avwe¯‹viK → n¨vwbg¨vb|
†Kv‡j‡÷i‡ji _v‡K| wfUvwg‡bi Afve
cÖavb Drm Aci bvg
✓ i³ KwbKv wZbwU → †jvwnZ i³ KwbKv, †k¦Z i³ KwbKv, bvg RwbZ †ivM
AbyPwµKv| Vit-A MvRi ‡iwUbj ivZKvbv
✓ i‡³i is jvj wn‡gv‡M-vwe‡bi Dcw¯’wZi Rb¨| Vit-B1 ‡XwKKvUv Pvj _vqvwgb ‡ewi‡ewi
✓ i‡³ wn‡gv‡M-vwe‡bi cwigvb †e‡o hvIqv‡K e‡j → Vit-B2 Wvj/ wWg/`ya/Mg wi‡ev‡d¬vwfb gy‡L Nv
cwjmvB‡_wgq I K‡g hvIqv‡K e‡j G¨vwbwgqv (i³ k~Y¨Zv)| Vit-B 3 - wbqvwmb ‡c‡jMÖv
✓ †k¦Z i³ KwYKv‡K i‡³i ˆmwbK ejv nq| Bnv †ivM RxevYy‡K Vit-B6 gvQ/gvsm/`ya/wWg cvBwiWw·b wbD‡ivc¨vw_
aŸsm K‡i †ivM cÖwZ‡iva K‡i Ges i³ bvjxi Af¨š—‡i i³ Vit-B 12 gvQ/gvsm/wWg ‡Kvevjwgb/dwjK i³k~Y¨Zv
RgvU eva‡Z †`q bv| Vit-B 17 - GwmW -
✓ AbyPwµKv i³ RgvU eva‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| Vit-C AvgjwK ev‡qvwUb ¯‹vwf©
Vit-D gv‡Qi †Zj, hK…Z GmKiweK GwmW wi‡KUm
✓ i‡³i MÖ“c PviwU → A, B, AB I O|
Vit-E kvKmewR/ˆZjexR/ K¨vjwm‡dij eÜvZ¡
✓ Coronary angioplasty ü`‡iv‡Mi wPwKrmv c×wZ|
KW wjfvi A‡qj ‡Uv‡Kv‡dij - i³cvZ
✓ dzmdz‡mi cÖ`vn‡K wbD‡gvwbqv e‡j| Vit-K wW‡gi Kzmyg eÜ nq bv|
✓ SARS (Severe acute respiratory syndrome) †ivMwU
dvB‡jvKzBbyb
2002 mv‡j Px‡bi IqvbWbM cÖ‡`‡k cÖ_g aiv c‡o|
✓ c~Y©eq¯‹ gvby‡li `v‡Zi msL¨v → 32 wU (`ya `vZ → 20)|
d‡ji bvg Gwm‡Wb bvg d‡ji bvg Gwm‡Wi bvg
✓ cvwK¯’wj‡Z HCI Gwm‡Wi KvR †ivM RxevYy aŸsm Kiv|
Av½yi UviUvwiK GwmW mwlvi ˆZj B‡ivwmK GwmW
✓ wc‡Ëi e‡Y©i Rb¨ `vqx wewji“web| ‡ZZzj UviUvwiK GwmW m~h©gyLx †Zj ‡j‡bvwjK GwmW
✓ i‡³ wewji“we‡bi gvÎv †e‡o hvIqvB RwÛm| ‡jey mvBwUªK GwmW ‡c‡c c¨v‡cb
✓ gy‡Îi pH → 6| Av‡cj m¨vwjK GwmW Wve cUvwkqvg
✓ wcUzBUvix‡K cÖfy MÖwš’ ejv nq| `ya j¨vKwUK GwmW KPz kvK ‡jŠn
✓ c Bw›`ªq n‡”Q → †PvL, Kvb, bvK, wRnŸv Ges Z¡K| U‡g‡Uv m¨vwjK GwmW Kgjv‡jey A¨vmKiweK
✓ †Pv‡Li Av‡jv‡K ms‡e`x Ask †iwUbv| ev`vg GwmW
✓ me‡P‡q †QvU nvo (Aw¯’) †÷cm| g¨vM‡bwmqvg
✓ †`‡ni me‡P‡q eo A½ Z¡K| ✓ HYV – High Yield variety.
✓ B, C †ncvUvBwUm fvBivm †ekx Lvic| ✓ G‡iv‡c-b Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib → Aiwfj I Djevi ivBU|
✓ EPI †cÖvMªv‡gi AvIZvwab 7wU †ivM n‡jv → nvg, wWc‡_wiqv, ✓ †UwjMÖvd → †gvm|
ûwcs Kvwk, abyósKvi, †cvwjI, h¶v I †ncvUvBwUm| WHO ✓ †iwWI → gvK©bx|
KZ…©K Bnv cwiPvwjZ| ✓ †Uwj‡¯‹vc → M¨vwjwjI|
✓ cÖ_g gymwjg b‡fvPvix †mŠw` kvnRv`v myjZvb mvjgb Be‡b ✓ wc¯—j → m¨vgy‡qj †Kv›U|
Avãyj AvwRR|
✓ †Uwj‡dvb → MÖvnvg †ej|
✓ gnvk~‡b¨ cÖ_g ch©UK → gvwK©b abKz‡ei †Wwbm wU‡Uv|
✓ †Uwjwfkb → ‡eqvW©|
✓ f‡qRvi GKwU gvwK©b gnvKvk hvb|
✓ i³ msenb → DBwjqvg nv‡f©|
✓ wgi i“k wbwg©Z gnvKvk †ókb hv 1986 mv‡j ¯’vwcZ nq I
2001 mv‡j aŸsm Kiv nq| ✓ D”PZv wbY©vqK hš¿ → AjwUwgUvi|
✓ ISS → International Space Station. ✓ `y‡ai weï×Zv wbY©vqK hš¿ → j¨v‡±vwgUvi|
✓ †gi“`‡Ûi Aw¯’LÛ‡K e‡j K‡ki“Kv| ✓ evqyi Pvc wbY©vqK hš¿ → e¨v‡ivwgUvi|
✓ AbyPwµKvi Mo Avqy 5-10 w`b| ✓ D‡ovRvnv‡Ri MwZ wbY©vqK hš¿ → U¨v‡KvwgUvi|
✓ †gi“`‡Û Aw¯’i msL¨v → 20| ✓ †gvUi Mvoxi MwZ wbY©vqK hš¿ → I‡WvwgUvi|
✓ KzBbvb Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib †iwW I K‡jivi Rxevby Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib ✓ Zi‡ji Av‡cw¶K ¸i“Z¡ wbY©vqK hš¿ → nvB‡WªvwgUvi|
→ ievU© KP| ✓ e„wó cwigvcK hš¿ → †ib‡MR|
✓ g¨vW KvD †ivM Mi“ii gvs‡mi gva¨‡g Qovq| ✓ `y‡ai wRwbm †`Lvi hš¿ → †Uwj‡¯‹vc|
✓ K¨vÝvi‡K KK©U †ivM ejv nq|
✓ e-vW e¨vs‡Ki ZvcgvÎv → 4-60 †m.|
 # weÁvb 197
✓ `y‡a Lv‡`¨i me Dcv`vb we`¨gvb|
✓ ¯^vfvwK Ae¯’vq GKRb gvby‡li Dci cÖwZ eM© Bw‡Z evqyi Pvc
15 cvDÛ (cÖvq)|
✓ i‡³i †jvwnZ KwYKv ˆZwi nq Aw¯’g¾vq|
✓ gvbe‡`‡n cvwbi cwigvb 60%-70%|
✓ i‡³ i³i‡mi cwigvb 55%-60%|
✓ wn‡gv‡M-vwe‡bi KvR Aw·‡Rb I Kve©b WvB-A·vBW eni Kiv|
✓ †jvwnZ KwYKvi Avqy¯‹vj 120 w`b|
✓ i³ ïb¨Zv ej‡Z eySvq wn‡gv‡M-vwe‡bi cwigvb K‡g hvIqv|
✓ wKWbxi Kvh©Kix GKK †bdib|
✓ g~Î njy` †`Lvq wewji“we‡bi Rb¨|
✓ gvbe †`‡ni e„nËg MÖwš’ hK…r (wjfvi)|
✓ †Pv‡Li Rj wbrm„Z nq j¨vKwigvj MÖwš’ n‡Z|
✓ gvbe‡`‡n †gvU †Kvl 1013|
✓ gvbe‡`‡ni ¶z`ªZg †Kvl †k¦ZKwYKv|
✓ wjD‡Kvwgqv †iv‡Mi KviY i‡³i †k¦ZKwYKvi cwigvY †e‡o
hvIqv|
✓ gvbe‡`‡ni me‡P‡q eo Aw¯’i bvg wdgvi|
✓ me©v‡c¶v e„nr †k¦ZKwYKv g‡bvmvBU|
✓ Rx‡ei ivmvqwbK MVb Dcv`vb DNA|
✓ we-52 GK ai‡bi †evgvi“ wegvb|
✓ BD‡iwbqvg-235 w`‡q cvigvYweK †evgv ˆZwi Kiv nq|
✓ g¨vb Ae Iqvi †bŠhy‡× AskMÖnYKvix RvnvR|
✓ KbKW© wegvbwU Avwe¯‹vi K‡i Bsj¨vÛ I d«vÝ|
✓ KvwV‡b¨i gv‡bi †¯‹‡j me©v‡c¶v Kg KwVb e¯‘ U¨vjK|
✓ GKexRcÎx Dw™¢‡`i GKwU D`vniY- avb|
✓ †d¬v‡qg Zš‘ †_‡K cv‡Ui †mvbvjx Avuk Drcbœ nq|
✓ meyR wec-‡ei m~Pbv nq 1960 mvj †_‡K|
✓ me‡P‡q †ewk wWg †`q †nvqvBU nY© †jM gyiMx|
✓ gyiwMi ivbx‡¶Z †ivM fvBivm RwbZ|
✓ †U‡j· GK ai‡Yi †Uwj‡dvb e¨e¯’v|
✓ Aeronautics- wegvb PjvPj we`¨v|
✓ Antomology- †cvKvgvKo I KxU cZ½ m¤^Üxq weÁvb|
✓ Apiculture- †gŠgvwQ cvjb weÁvb|
✓ Archeology- cÖZœZË¡, gvbyl I cÖvPxb aŸsmve‡kl m¤^Üxq
weÁvb|
✓ Astrology- †R¨vwZl kv¯¿|
✓ Astronomy- †R¨vwZwe©Ávb|
✓ Aviculture- cvwL cvjb we`¨v|
✓ Ethnojlogy- gvbe RvwZi Ae¯’vb, Dbœqb Ges is Abyhvqx
†kªYx‡f` m¤^Üxq weÁvb|
✓ Evolution- cÖvYxi DrcwË I weKvk m¤úwK©q weÁvb|
✓ Geodesy- c„w_exi AvKvi I AvqZb wbY©qKvix weÁvb|
 # weÁvb 198
✓ Histology- A‡½i AvYyex¶wYK MVb c×wZ m¤^Üxq weÁvb|
✓ Horticulture- D`¨vb we`¨v|
✓ Hydrology- cvwb weÁvb|
✓ Hygiene- ¯^v¯’¨ weÁvb|
✓ Metereology- Rjevqy weÁvb|
✓ Philately- WvK wUwKU msMÖn m¤^Üxq weÁvb|
✓ Philology- fvlv weÁvb|
✓ Phonetics- aŸwb m¤^Üxq weÁvb|
✓ Genetics- eskMwZ we`¨v|
✓ Morphology- A½ ms¯’vb we`¨v|
✓ Anatomy- kixi ¯’vb we`¨v|
✓ Cytology- Kjv¯’vb we`¨v|
✓ Taxonomy- †kªYxe× we`¨v|
✓ dvB‡KvjwR- ˆkevj m¤úwK©Z we`¨v|
✓ Mycology- QÎvK m¤úwK©Z we`¨v|
✓ ‡mwiKvjPvi- †ikg Pvl we`¨v|
✓ Neurology- øvqy m¤úwK©Z we`¨v|
✓ `yiexb M¨vwjwjI Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib|
✓ gvbgw›`i GK ai‡bi evox †hLv‡b n‡Z wewfbœ †R¨vwZ¼ `yiexb I
Ab¨vb¨ hš¿cvwZ w`‡q ch©‡e¶Y Kiv nq| Bsj¨v‡Ûi weL¨vZ gvb
gw›`i n‡jv Ôw` wbD iq¨vj MÖxwbP gvb-gw›`iÓ| Gi Dci w`‡q
g~jga¨‡iLv Kíbv Kiv nq|
✓ NOAA= National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration GKwU AvenvIqv DcMÖn|
✓ A¨v‡÷ªvKvjPvi gnvï‡Y¨ Dw™¢` Rb¥v¯’v‡bvi cÖwµqv|
✓ cv_ dvBÛvi gvwK©b gnvKvkhvb hv 1997 mv‡ji 4 RyjvB g½‡j
mdj fv‡e AeZiY K‡i| 1996 mv‡j cvVv‡bv nq| 22 cvDÛ
IR‡bi †mvRvb©vi bvgK GKwU †ivKU Gi ms‡M cvVv‡bv nq|
✓ †¯úm kvUj cybt e¨envi‡hvM¨ b‡fvhvb|
✓ ¯úcwbK-1 gvbe wbwg©Z cÖ_g gnvk~b¨hvb| 1957 mv‡j cvVv‡bv
nq|
✓ ¯úyUwbK-2 G jvBKv bvgK KzKzi cvVv‡bv nq 1957 mv‡j|
✓ gnvk~‡b¨i cÖ_g hvÎx BDwi M¨vMvwib, f÷K-1 G P‡o 1961
mv‡j gnvk~‡Y¨ Mgb K‡ib|
✓ cÖ_g gwnjv gnvKvk hvÎx f¨v‡bvw¯—bv †Z‡im‡Kvfv|
✓ †mvwf‡qZ gnvKvk hvÎx‡`i ÔKm‡gvbUÕ e‡j|
✓ gvwK©b gnvKvkhvÎx‡`i‡K Gm‡UªvbU e‡j|
✓ †gwibvi-2- ïµMÖ‡n 1962 mv‡j cvVv‡bv gnvKvkhvb|
✓ 21 RyjvB 1969 mv‡j G¨v‡cv‡jv 11 †Z P‡o Puv‡` †cŠQvb
Avg©÷ªs, AjwWªb, gvB‡Kj KwjÝ| KwjÝ Puv‡` bv‡gb wb|
cÖ_g bv‡gb Avg©÷ªs|
✓ fvBwKs-1 gnvKvkhvb g½jMÖ‡n bv‡g 1976 Gi 22 RyjvB|
 # weÁvb 199
✓ Ah©fÆ n‡”Q gnvKvk fvi‡Zi cvVv‡bv DcMÖn hv 1975 mv‡j ✓ gvbe †Pv‡Li †jÝwU wØ DËj|
cvVv‡bv nq|
✓ gvbyl¨evnx b‡fvhvb G ch©š— cvVv‡Z m¶g n‡q‡Q we‡k¦i wZbwU ✓ gvby‡li i³ mÂvjb 5 wgwbU eÜ _vK‡j gvby‡lj g„Zz¨ nq|
†`k- USSR, USA I Pxb| ✓ 3wg. 30†m. k¦vm cÖkv¦ m eÜ _vK‡j gvby‡li gyZy¨ nq|
✓ M¨vwjwjI e„n¯úwZi D‡Ï‡k¨ cvVv‡bv DcMÖn| ✓ †Pv‡Li GK cvjK †dj‡Z mgq jv‡M 0.4 †m‡KÛ|
✓ MÖn-b¶‡Îi DbœwZ cwigvcK hš¿ G¨v‡÷ªvjvi| ✓ AwZwi³ Avwgl MÖn‡bi d‡j cv‡q †j_vwiRg †ivMnq| †Lmvixi
✓ gnvKvkhvb Kjw¤^qv 2003 mv‡ji 1 †deª“qvix weaŸ¯’ nq| Wvj AwaK MÖn‡b G †ivM n‡Z cv‡i|
G‡Z GKRb BmivBjx I 1 Rb fviZxq gnvKvkhvÎx wQj| ✓ K¨v‡ivwUb hy³ kvK mewR ivZKvbv †ivM †Z‡K i¶v Ki‡Z
fviZxq gnvk~Y¨Pvixi bvg Kíbv PvIjv Ges Zvi evox fvi‡Zi cv‡i|
cvÄve iv‡R¨| ✓ wkiv Kve©b WvB A·vBW . mg„× i³ cwienb K‡i|
✓ ¯—b¨cvqxi øvqy †Kvl me‡P‡q j¤^v|
✓ cÖ_g A¨vgey‡jÝ e¨eüZ nq d«v‡Ý|
✓ bvweK‡`i ¯‹vwf© †ivM †ewk nq|
✓ gvby‡jl †`M n‡Z †iPb Ges Ab¨vb¨ ¶wZKi c`v_© wb¯‹vk‡b
✓ Avwg‡li ¯^íZvi Kvi‡b †givmgvm I †KvqvwkqiKi †ivM nq|
mvnvh¨ K‡i -
✓ meyR ZiKvwi‡Z me‡P‡q †ewk _v‡K LwbR jeY I wfUvwgb|
Z¡K- cvwb, jeb I wKQy cwigvY BDwiqv ✓ †`v-Ave-`yB b`xi ga¨eZx© De©i km¨vÂj|
dzmdzm- Kve©b WvB A·vBW wPwKrmv welqK Avwe¯‹vi
e„¶- bvB‡Uªv‡Rbhy³ Zij c`v_©, AwZwi³ jeb I cvwb hK…Z- Avwe¯‹vi Avwe¯‹viK
wcËi‡mi wcËiÄK| †cwbwmwjb Av‡jKRvÛvi †d¬wgs
✓ gvbeP¶zi †jÝ Df DËj| fvBivm Pvj© AvB BKjyR
✓ K‡qKwU †Quvqv‡P †ivM- Rjemš—, ûwcsKvwk, K‡jiv, h¶èv, e¨v‡±wiqv wjD‡qb ûK
gv¯úm, wU‡Ubvm, dvB‡jwiqv cÖf„wZ| emš— wUKv †Rbvi
✓ i‡³ †jvwnZ I †k¦Z KwYKvi AbycvZ 500 : 1| i³ mÂvjb DBwjqvg nv‡f©
g¨v‡jwiqv RxevYy †ivbvì im
✓ nvBweªW av‡bi RbK BDqvb js wKs (Pxb)| h¶èvi RxevYy ievU© KP
✓ meyR wec-‡ei m~Pbv nq 1960 mv‡j (†gw·‡Kv‡Z)| UvBd‡qW RxevYy wdb‡j
✓ cvn‡oi Xv‡j AvovAvwo Rwg Pvl K‡i †h dmj Rb¥v‡bv nq KzBbvBb ‡iwf
Zv‡K e‡j Ryg| G·-‡i i›U‡Rb
✓ ˆRe c`v_©‡K gvwUi Rxeb ejv nq| RjvZ¼ †iv‡Mi wPwKrmv jyB cv¯—i
✓ Av`k© gvwU‡Z 5% ˆRe c`v_© _v‡K| ü`wcÛ ms‡hvRb wµwðqvb evb©vW
†nvwgIc¨vw_ n¨vwbg¨vb
✓ weÁvb m¤§Z Dcv‡q jv¶v †cvKvi Pvl c×wZ‡K Lacculture
K…wÎg wRb ni‡Mvwe›` †Lvivbv
e‡j|
evoxi KvR t
✓ nxiv, aviv, †cwUªbvm, jwjZv BZ¨vw` DbœZ Rv‡Zi Avjy| 1. me‡P‡q †ewk Vit-C mg„× d‡ji bvg wK?
✓ †mvnvM, eªvM, wWwfwm BZ¨vw` DbœZ Rv‡Zi mqvweb| 2. Vit-C Gi Ab¨ bvg wK?
✓ †mvbvjx, m¤^j, m¤ú`, †`ŠjZ BZ¨vw` DbœZ Rv‡Zi mwilv| 3. †Kvb RvZxq wfUvwgb A¨vw›U Aw·‡Rb wnmv‡e KvR K‡i?
✓ DbœZ Rv‡Zi U‡gv‡Uv n‡jv- gvwbK I iZb BZ¨vw`| 4. cvwb‡Z `ªebxq wfUvwg‡bi bvg wjL|
✓ KvRx, ¯^iƒcKvVx, gyK›`cyix BZ¨vw` DbœZ Rv‡Zi †cqviv| 5. †Z‡ji `ªebxq wfUvwg‡bi bvg wjL|
6. †Kv‡j‡÷ij wK?
✓ kK©ivi †gŠwjK Dcv`vb 3wU h_v- Kve©b,nvB‡Wªv‡Rb I
7. `y‡ai †k¦Zmvi Ask‡K wK e‡j?
Aw·‡Rb|
8. fvqvMÖv wK?
✓ Dw™¢‡`i kK©iv _v‡K óvP© iƒ‡c Avi cÖvYx‡Z _v‡K M-vB‡Kv‡Rb 9. ICDDR, B- Gi c~Y© iƒc wK?
iƒ‡c| 10. KvjvR¡‡ii evnK ‡K?
✓ Lv‡`¨i g~L¨ Dcv`vb- kK©iv, Avwgl I †øn| 11. g¨v‡jwiqv k‡ãi A_© wK?
✓ Lv‡`¨i mnvqK Dcv`vb- wfUvwgb, LwbR jeb I cvwb| 12. cÖvwY‡`‡n RxevYyRvZ wel wbwµqKvix ivmvqwbK c`v‡_©i bvg wK?
✓ Zš—hy³ Lvevi ¯’jZv n«vm K‡i, Pwe© Revi cÖeYZv n«vm K‡i Ges 13. mgy‡`ªi cvwb‡Z fvmgvb †Zj wKfv‡e AcmviY Kiv nq?
¶zav `~i K‡i| 14. bvbv cÖKvi UvUKv I msiw¶Z Lv`¨ `ª‡e¨i cPb NUvq †K?
✓ wfUvwgb Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib m¨vi †d«WwiK ncwKbm| 15. A¨vbv‡ivweK e¨v‡±wiqv wK?
16. †h me AYyRxe †ivM m„wó K‡i Zv‡`i ejv nq-
✓ 33wU Aw¯’ LÛ hy³ n‡q †gi“`Û MwVZ|
17. w÷ªU fvBivm Kv‡K e‡j?
✓ c~Y© eq¯‹ cyi“‡li †`‡n 5-6 wjUvi I bvixi †`‡n 4.5-5 wjUvi
i³ _‡K|
# weÁvb 200
 # weÁvb 201
18. RjvZ¼ †iv‡Mi KviY wK? 18. c„w_exi AvqZ‡bi Zzjbvq m~‡h©i AvqZb †gvUvgywU 13,00,000
19. i³ I †hŠb msM‡gi gva¨‡g Qovq †Kvb Hepatitis fvBivm| ¸b|
20. fvBivm k‡ãi A_© wK? 19. m~h© †_‡K c„w_ex‡Z Av‡jv Avm‡Z 8 wgwbU 32 †m‡KÛ mgq
21. ¯^Y©v mv‡ii Avwe¯‹viK †K? jv‡M|
22. ivbx‡¶Z †ivM †Kvb ai‡bi? 20. †mŠiRM‡Zi ¶z`ªZg MÖn eya|
23. Pv Pv‡li Dc‡hvMx †Kvb gvwU? 21. †mŠiRM‡Zi me©e„nr MÖn e„n¯úwZ|
24. meyR wec-‡ei m~Pbv nq KZ mv‡j? 22. †mŠiRM‡Zi `ª“ZZg MÖn n‡jv eya|
25. j¨v_vwiRg wK? 23. m~‡h©i wbKUZg MÖ‡ni bvg eya|
26. nvo I `vZ‡K gReyZ K‡i ‡KvbwU? 24. c„w_ex †mŠiRM‡Zi GKwU MÖn|
27. gvBj÷vi wK? 25. c„w_ex †mŠiRM‡Zi Z…Zxq b¤^i MÖn|
28. BDwi M¨vMwib KZ mv‡j gnvk~‡Y¨ hvb? 26. c„w_exi wbKUZg MÖn ïµ|
29. gnvk~‡b¨ cÖ_g Mjd †L‡jb †K? 27. c„w_exi e¨vmva© 6434 wKt wgt|
30. gnvKv‡k K…wÎg DcMÖn †cÖiYKvix cÖ_g †`k †KvbwU? 28. c„w_exi cwiwa 24902 gvBj|
29. c„w_ex n‡Z Puv‡`i `~iZ¡ M‡o cÖvq 2 j¶ 39 nvRvi gvBj|
Lecture No- 08/09 30. kwb MÖ‡ni DcMÖn me‡P‡q †ewk|
 Av‡jvP¨ welq t f~‡Mvj I cwi‡ek weÁvb 31. me‡P‡q eo DcMÖn UvBUvb|
we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv t 32. ÔïKZvivÕ GKwU MÖn|
Av‡m©wbK `~lY, cwi‡ek `~lY, cÖwZcv` ¯’vb, MÖxb nvDR, I‡Rvb ¯—i 33. m~h© I c„w_exi g‡a¨ Puv` Ae¯’vb Ki‡j m~h©MÖnY nq|
¶q, B‡KvjwR, †mŠiRMZ, g~jga¨ †iLv, ¯’vbxq mgq/ cÖgvY mgq, 34. P›`ªMÖn‡Yi mgq c„w_ex, m~h© I P‡›`ªi gv‡S Ae¯’vb K‡i|
Acm~i/Ab~myi, AvwýK ZvwiL †iLv, wbi¶‡iLv/mgv¶‡iLv, 35. welyg‡iLv †_‡K A¶vsk MYbv Kiv nq|
P›`ªMÖnY/m~h©MÖnY, AvwýK MwZ/evwl©K MwZ, KK©Uµvwš—/gKiµvwš—, 36. KK©U µvwš—i A¶vsk 230 33ÕÕ|
Awael©, Dlv/†Mvaywj, Rxev®§, f~ZK ¡ , AvenvIqv/Rjevqy, Av‡cw¶K 37. evsjv‡`k UªvwcK Ad K¨vbmv‡ii Dci Aew¯’Z|
Av`ª©Zv, †gŠmygx evqy, U‡b©‡Wv/N~YxSo, evqyi Dcv`vb, MR©bkxj 38. KK©Uµvwš— †iLv evsjv‡`‡ki ga¨Lvb w`‡q wM‡q‡Q|
Pwj-kv, mgy`ª †mªvZ, †Rvqvi/fvUv, DcmvMi/n«`, ˆkevj mvMi| 39. MÖxwb‡Pi `ªvwgNv 00 wWwMÖ|
 wewfbœ mv‡j AvMZ cÖkœ mswk-ó Z_¨vejx t 40. MÖxwbP kniwU Bsj¨v‡Û Aew¯’Z|
1. U‡jwg GKRb †R¨vwZwe©` wQ‡jb| 41. MÖxwbP mgq A‡c¶v evsjv‡`k 6 N›Uv Av‡M|
2. weÁvbx nvej gnvwek¦ m¤ú‡K© e‡jb Ògnvwek¦ cwZwbqZB 42. Avš—R©vwZK ZvwiL †iLv AwZµg Ki‡j w`b I Zvwi‡Li
m¤cÖmvwiZ n‡”Q| cwieZ©b nq|
3. w÷‡db nwKs ÔweM e¨vOÕ Z‡Ë¡i e¨vL¨v Dc¯’vcb K‡ib| 43. 1800 `ªvwNgvsk cvi n‡j bvweK‡`i ZvwiL e`jv‡Z nq|
4. AvKv‡k D¾¡jZg b¶ÎwU n‡”Q jyãK| 44. Avš—R©vwZK ZvwiL †iLv m¤ú‡K© †h Z_¨wU mwZ¨ bq †mwU nj
5. cÖw·gv †m‡›UivB m~h© Qvov c„w_exi wbKUZg b¶Î| †iLvwU Rvcv‡bi K‡qKwU Øx‡ci Dci w`‡q wM‡q‡Q|
6. Qvqvc‡Îi wbR A‡¶ AveZ©bKvj‡K ÔKbwgK Bqvi e‡j| 45. XvKvi cÖwZcv` ¯’vb wPwji wbKU cÖkvš— gnvmvM‡i Aew¯’Z|
7. Milky way GKwU bxivwiKv gÛj| 46. MÖxwb‡P hLb iweevi mKvj 6wU ZLb 1800 c~e© I cwðg
8. GB kZvãxi me‡P‡q D¾¡j ayg‡KZz n‡jv ‡njec ayg‡KZz| `ªvwNgvq mgq iweevi mÜv 6Uv I kwbevi mÜv 6Uv|
9. Ô‡njecÕ ayg‡KZz 1995 mv‡j Avwe¯‹…Z nq| 47. XvKvq hLb eviUv ZLb Gi †_‡K 200 `ªvwNgvsk cwð‡g Aew¯’Z
10. n¨vwji ayg‡KZz 75 eQi ci ci †`Lv hvq| ¯’v‡bi mgq mKvj 10 Uv 40 wgt|
11. n¨vwji ayg‡KZz 2062 Lªx: Avevi †`Lv hv‡e| 48. AvwýK MwZ bv _vK‡j c„w_exi Aa©vsk wPiKvij w`b I wecixZ
12. Ôn¨vjxi ayg‡KZz me©‡kl 1986 mv‡j †`Lv hvq| Aa©vsk wPiKvj ivZ _vKZ|
13. ayg‡KZz ï‡gKvi †jfx-9 Gi cÖ_g fvOv UzKivwU 16 RyjvB 49. c„w_ex m~‡h©i Pvwiw`‡K 18.5 gvBj/†m‡KÛ MwZ‡Z AveZ©b
1994 mv‡j e„n&¯úwZ MÖ‡n AvNvZ nv‡b| Ki‡Q|
14. Dév e„wó nj †Kvb ayg‡KZzi Ask we‡kl K¶c_ wePz¨Z e¯‘ KYv 50. c„w_ex m~‡h©i Pviw`‡K N›Uvq 67,000 gvBj †e‡M †Nv‡i|
hv c„w_exi evqygÛ‡j cÖ‡ek K‡i Nl©‡Y R¡‡j I‡V| 51. c„w_ex cÖK…Zc‡¶ GKwU AwfMZ †MvjK|
15. gnvRvMwZK iwk¥ Avwe¯‹vi K‡i weÁvbx †nm †bv‡ej cyi¯‹vi 52. f~-c„‡ôi †mŠi`xß I AÜKviv”Qbœ As‡ki ms‡hvM ¯’j‡K Qvqve„Ë
cvb| e‡j|
16. Avgv‡`i M¨vjvw·‡Z m~‡h©i MwZ‡eM cÖwZ †m‡KÛ 18.7 wKtwgt| 53. m~‡h©v`‡qi Ges m~h©v‡¯—i Ae¨ewnZ Av‡Mi mgq‡K Dlv I
17. m~h©c„‡ôi DËvc 60000 †mt| †Mvayjx e‡j|
54. wbi¶‡iLvq w`bivwÎ memgq mgvb|
55. c„w_ex‡Z me©Î w`b-ivZ mgvb nq 21 gvP© I 23 †m‡Þ¤^i|
56. DËi †Mvjv‡a© `xN©Zg w`b 22 Rb|
 # weÁvb 202
57. `w¶Y †Mvjv‡a© me‡P‡q eo w`b 22 wW‡m¤^i|
58. `w¶Y †Mvjv‡a© me‡P‡q ‡QvU w`b 22 Ryb| 96. `ywU N‡ii ZvcgvÎv mgvb wKš‘ Av‡cw¶K Av`ª©Zv h_vµ‡g 50%
59. †gi“‡Z w`e‡mi msL¨v GKUvbv 145 w`b| I 75% n‡j cÖ_g NiwU Zzjbvg~jK fv‡e Avivg`vqK n‡e|
60. 1600 mvjwU Òjxc BqviÓ| 97. Av‡cw¶K Av`ª©Zv Kg _v‡K e‡j kxZKv‡j Avgv‡`i †`‡k wfRv
61. mgy`ª †mªv‡Zi Ab¨Zg KviY evqy cÖevn| Kvco `ª“Z ïKvq Ges Mv‡qi Pvgov ev †VvU †d‡U hvq|
62. msw¶ß c‡_ Pj‡Z n‡j Rvnv‡Ri Pvj‡K mgy`ª‡mªvZ AbymiY 98. Av`ª©Zvi Afv‡e kxZKv‡j Pvgov †d‡U hvq|
Ki‡Z n‡e| 99. c„w_exi ewniveiY‡K f~-Z¡K e‡j&
63. †Rvqvi fvUvi †ZRKUvj Aevem¨vq nq| 100. f~-Z¡‡Ki cÖavb Dcv`vb n‡”Q Aw·‡Rb|
64. cÖej †Rvqv‡ii KviY, G mgq m~h©, P›`ª I c„w_ex GK mij‡iLvq 101. c„w_ex ˆZwii cÖavb Dcv`vb n‡”Q wmwjKb|
_v‡K| 102. f~-c„ô †_‡K MZ© K‡i wb‡P †h‡Z _vK‡j Zvc I Pvc DfqB
65. Puv‡`i AvKl©Y †Rvqvi- fvUvi cÖavb KviY| evo‡e|
66. evqygÛ‡j me©vwaK bvB‡Uªv‡Rb cvIqv hvq| 103. cvgxi gvjf~wg‡K c„w_exi Qv` ejv nq|
67. bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi cÖavb Drm n‡jv evqygÛj| 104. `vw¶YvZ¨ jvfv MwVZ gvjf~wg|
68. evqygÛ‡j Aw·‡R‡bi cwigvY 20.71%| 105. wi±i †¯‹j w`‡q f~wgK‡¤úi ZxeªZv gvcv nq|
69. evqy‡Z Kve©b WvB-A·vBW Gi cwigvY 0.03%| 106. dzwRqvgv myß Av‡MœqwMwi|
70. evZv‡m wg‡_‡bi cwigvY 0.00002%| 107. nvIqvB ØxccyÄ mvMi M‡f© wbM©Z jvfv ¯‘cxK…Z n‡q m„wó
71. Rjxq ev¯ú evqyi Dcv`vb bq| n‡q‡Q|
72. f~-c„‡ôi wbKUZg evqy ¯—i‡K Uª‡cvw¯‹qvi e‡j| 108. MÖvbvBU Av‡Mœq wkjv|
73. evqygÛ‡ji wØZxq ¯—iwUi bvg n‡jv ÷ª¨v‡UvgÛj| 109. cvjwjK wkjv cwj Øviv MwVZ|
74. evqygÛ‡ji ÷ªv‡UvgÛj ¯—‡i I‡Rvb ¯—i i‡q‡Q| 110. cvjwjK wkjvq ¯—i I Rxevk¥ `y‡UvB Av‡Q|
75. evqygÛ‡ji D”PZvi ¯—i n‡jv Avq‡bvwùqvi| 111. dwjIjwR Rxevk¥ m¤^‡Ü Av‡jvPbv K‡i|
76. evqygÛ‡ji Avq‡bvwùqvi ¯—‡i †eZvi Zi½ cÖwZdwjZ nq| 112. gv‡e©j cv_i iƒcvš—wiZ wkjvi D`vniY|
77. Dév I KmwgK KYvi mÜvb cvIqv wM‡q‡Q Avq‡bvgÛ‡ji Da©¯— 113. Pzbvcv_i cwieZ©b n‡q gv‡e©j nq|
‡i 114. wek¦¯^v¯’¨ ms¯’v KZ…©K wba©vwiZ Av‡m©wb‡Ki wbivc` gvÎv n‡”Q
78. †gvwUI‡ivjwR AvenvIqv m¤úKx©q weÁvb| cÖwZ wjUvi cvwb‡Z 0.01 wg. MÖv.|
79. Rjevqy wbY©‡q `ªvwNgv †iLv AcÖ‡qvRbxq| 115. MÖxb nvDR G‡d± ej‡Z Zvc AvU‡K c‡o mvwe©K ZvcgvÎv
80. m~h© Zv‡ci cÖavb Drm| e„wׇK †evSvq|
81. m~h© †_‡K c„w_exi wewKiY cÖwµqvq Zvc Av‡m| 116. Rxevk¥ R¡vjvbx `n‡bi d‡j evqygÛ‡j †h M¨v‡mi cwigvY me
82. f~-c„‡ói cÖwZ eM© Bw‡Z ¯^vfvweK evqygÛjxq Pvc 14.72 cvDÛ PvB‡Z †ewk Zv n‡jv Kve©b WvB A·vBW|
83. ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq GKRb gvby‡li Dci cÖwZ eM© Bw‡Z evqyi 117. cwi‡ek `yl‡bi †¶‡Î CO2 M¨vmwU MÖxY nvDR G‡d± Gi
Pvc c‡o cÖvq 15 cvDÛ| Rb¨ cÖavbZ `vqx|
84. mgy`ª c„‡ô evqyi Pvc cÖwZ eM© †m.wg. G 10 wbDUb| 118. MÖxb nvDR G‡d‡±i cwiYwZ‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki me‡P‡q †ekx
85. mgy`ªc„‡ô evqyi ¯^vfvweK Pvc 76 †m.wg.| ¶wZMÖ¯’ n‡e wbæf~wg|
86. evqygÛ‡ji Pv‡ci d‡j f~-Mf©¯’ cvwb wjdU cv‡¤ú mvnv‡h¨ 119. wMÖY nvDR cÖwZwµqv GB †`‡ki Rb¨ fqven Avk¼vi KviY
m‡e©v”P 10 wgUvi D”PZvq DVvb hvq| n‡q `uvwo‡q‡Q| Gi d‡j mgy`ªZ‡ji D”PZv †e‡o †h‡Z cv‡i|
87. e¨v‡ivwgUvi h‡š¿ cvi` e¨envi Kiv nq| 120. evqy `~l‡Yi Rb¨ CO2 M¨vm `vqx|
88. e¨v‡ivwgUv‡ii cvi` ¯—‡¤¢i D”PZv nVvr n«vm †c‡j S‡oi 121. Mvwo †_‡K wbM©Z Kv‡jv †au©vqvq †h welv³ M¨vm _v‡K, Zv
c~e©vfvm cvIqv hvq| n‡jv Kve©b g‡bv·vBW|
89. †h evqy me©`vB D”PPvc AÂj †_‡K wbæPvc A‡ji w`‡K 122. Avgv‡`i †`‡k ebvq‡bi f~wgKv AZ¨š— ¸i“Z¡c~Y©| KviY
cÖevwnZ nq Zv‡K wbqZ evqy e‡j| MvQcvjv Aw·‡Rb Z¨vM K‡i cwi‡ek‡K wbg©j iv‡L I Rxe
90. †gŠmygx evqy m„wói g~j KviY n‡jv DËi Avqb I `w¶Y Avqb| RMZ‡K euvPvq|
91. mgy`ªevqy we‡K‡j cÖej †e‡M cÖevwnZ nq| 123. SMOG n‡”Q †avqvkv|
92. mvBgyg ¯’vbxq evqy| 124. I‡Rv‡bi is n‡jv Mvp bxj&
93. DËi †Mvjv‡a© mvB‡K¬v‡bi evqy Nwoi KvuUvi wecixZ w`‡K cÖevwnZ 125. AwZ †e¸wb iwk¥ m~h© n‡Z Av‡m|
nq| 126. †iwd«Rv‡iU‡ii K‡¤cÖmv‡ii g‡a¨r †d«qb e¨envi Kiv nq|
94. evZv‡mi ZvcgvÎv n«vm †c‡j Av`ª©Zv ev‡o| 127. evqygÛ‡ji IRb ¯—i Ae¶q wQ`ª/ dvU‡ji Rb¨ CFC ev
95. AvenvIqvi 90% Av`ª©Zv gv‡b evZv‡m Rjxq ev‡¯úi cwigvY †K¬v‡iv †d¬v‡iv Kve©b M¨v‡mi f~wgKv me‡P‡q †ewk|
mg„³ Ae¯’vq 90%| 128. †K¬v‡iv †d¬v‡iv Kve©b M¨vm I‡Rvb ¯—i bó Kivi Rb¨ `vqx|
129. cwjw_b e¨envi wbwl× Kivi eo KviY n‡jv cwi‡ek `~lY
n«vm Kiv|
 # weÁvb 203
130. kã `~l‡Yi d‡j D”P i³Pvc nq| ✓ kwbi me‡P‡q eo DcMÖn → UvBUvb → wLªwóqvb †n‡Mbm
131. †h m‡e©v”P mxgvi Dc‡i gvbyl ewai n‡Z cv‡i Zv n‡”Q 105 Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib|
wWwe| ✓ kZvãxi D¾¡jZg ayg‡KZz †njec 1995 mv‡j Av‡gwiKvi
132. IUCN Gi KvR n‡jv wek¦e¨vcx cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` msi¶Y †R¨vwZwe©`-Gjvb †nj I Ugvm ec Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib| 1997 mv‡j
Kiv| Bnv evsjv‡`‡k †`Lv hvq|
133. MÖxb wcm GKwU cwi‡ek Av‡›`vjb MÖ“c| ✓ ïKZviv I mÜvZviv n‡”Q ïµMÖn|
134. RbmsL¨v e„w×i d‡j e¨vcKfv‡e ¶wZMÖ¯— n‡”Q cÖvK…wZK ✓ m~‡h©i DbœwZ cwigvcK hš¿ → †m·U¨v›U|
cwi‡ek ✓ †gvU MÖn-12| eya I i †Kvb DcMÖn †bB|
135. Qvqvc_ Zvi wbR A¶‡K †K›`ª K‡i Ny‡i Avm‡Z †h mgq ✓ H2- 55%, He- 44% I 1% Ab¨vb¨ M¨vm w`‡q m~h© MwVZ|
jv‡M Zv‡K e‡j KmwgK Bqvi| Gi c„‡ôi DËvc mv‡o Qq nvRvi wWwMÖ †m.|
136. A rocket flying to the moon does not need ✓ †mŠiKj¼ Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib → M¨vwjwjI|
wings because – space is airless. ✓ g½j MÖ‡ni Aci bvg †jvwnZ MÖn| Gi gvwUi is jvj Ges
137. The South Pole is located in the Antarctic. AvKv‡ki is †Mvjvcx| Gi `ywU Puv`→ †dv‡evm I wW‡gvm|
†mŠiRM‡Zi me‡P‡q eo k„½ ÒAwj¯úvm gÝÓ g½‡j Aew¯’Z|
 wKQy ¸i“Z¡c~Y© Z_¨ t ✓ me‡P‡q eo MÖn → e„n¯úwZ|
✓ Av‡m©wb‡Ki ms‡KZ AS3 | evsjv‡`k cwi‡ek Awa`ßi KZ…©K ✓ me‡P‡q †ekx DcMÖn → kwbi|
evsjv‡`‡ki gvby‡li Rb¨ Av‡m©wb‡K MÖnY‡hvM¨ gvÎv 0.05 ✓ c-y‡Uv Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib 1930 mv‡j weÁvbx K¬vBf Uge¨vK|
ppm. WHO KZ©„K 0.01 ppm|
✓ †mŠiRM‡Zi `kg MÖn fjKvb, 11Zg G·, 12Zg m¨vwjP|
✓ 1896 mv‡j MÖxb nvDm K_vwU me©cÖ_g e¨envi K‡ib → myBwWm ✓ Puv‡`i me‡P‡q eo MZ©-‡K¬wfqvm|
imvqbwe` †mvfb‡U Avi‡nwbqvm| MÖxb nvDm M¨vm : CO2 -
✓ P›`ª MÖnY nq c~wY©gvq| c„w_ex m~h© I P‡›`ªi gv‡S Avm‡j|
49%, CFC- 14%, CH4-18%| Gi d‡j c„w_exi DòZv
✓ m~h© MÖnY nq Avgvem¨vq| P›`ª, c„w_ex I m~‡h©i gv‡S Avm‡j|
e„w× cv‡e Ges wbævÂj Wy‡e hv‡e|
✓ w`ev-ivwÎ msMwVZ nq AvwýK MwZi Rb¨|
✓ ÒMÖxb wcmÓ wbDwRj¨vÛwfwËK cwi‡ekev`x Av‡›`vjb| 1985
mv‡j ïi“ nq| ✓ FZz cwieZ©b nq evwl©K MwZi Rb¨|
✓ XvKv kn‡ii k¦` `~lY 105 †Wwe‡ej| wKš‘ gvby‡lj mnbxq gvÎv ✓ 21 gvP© I 23 †m‡Þ¤^i w`ev ivwÎ mgvb nq|
45-60 D.B| ✓ 22 wW‡m¤^i DËi †Mvjv‡a© w`b ‡QvU I ivZ eo|
✓ 1870 mv‡j Av‡b©ó †n‡Kb wMÖK kã B‡KvjwR e¨envi K‡ib| ✓ kvš— mgy`ª Puv‡` Awew¯’Z|
GwU cwi‡e‡ki m‡½ m¤úK© hy³| ✓ wbi¶‡iLvq w`ev-ivwÎ mgvb|
✓ I‡Rvb ¯—‡ii ¶‡qi Rb¨ CFC `vqx| Gi d‡j m~‡h©i ✓ c„w_exi wbKUZg MÖn→ïµ I m~‡h©i wbKUZg MÖn → eya|
AwZ‡e¸bx iwk¥ c„w_ex‡Z P‡j Avm‡e Ges gvbylmn Ab¨vb¨ ✓ 10 `ªvwNgvi cv_©‡K¨i Rb¨ mg‡qi e¨eavb →4 wgwbU|
cÖvYxKz‡ji Pg© K¨vÝvi mn Ab¨vb¨ †ivM-e¨vwa †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| ✓ Av‡jvi MwZ →186282 gvBj †m‡KÛ|
Aw·‡R‡bi iƒc †f` O3 Øviv I‡Rvb ¯—i MwVZ| ✓ cÖwZcv` ¯’vb `ywUi mg‡qi cv_©K¨ → 12 N›Uv|
✓ XvKv kn‡ii evZv‡m mxmvi cwigvY me‡P‡q †ekx (we‡k¦)| ✓ f~Z‡¡ Ki Dcv`vb- 47%, wmwjKb-28%, Gjywgwbqvg-8%|
✓ cwi‡ekev`x Av‡›`vj‡bi m~Pbv K‡ib → ‡WwfW _¨v‡iv| ✓ evsjv‡`‡ki Rxeš— Rxevk¥→ ivRKvKov|
✓ WWF- World Wide Fund for Nature. ✓ evqygÛ‡ji MfxiZv → 1610 wK.wg.|
✓ WRI- Wild Resources Institute.
✓ f~wgK¤ú gvcvi hš¿ → wmm‡gvMÖvd/wmm‡gvwgUvi|
✓ cwi‡ekev`x wd«R n‡jv CFC wenxb wd«R| CFC Gi e`‡j
✓ 40-700 `. A¶vsk‡K MR©bkxj Pwj-kv e‡j|
GLv‡b M¨v‡Wvwjqvg e¨envi Kiv nq|
✓ Gj-wb‡bv/jv-wb‡bv †¯úbxq kã| Gi A_© wkï hxï/`~iš— ✓ `ywU †Rvqv‡ii e¨eavb → 12 N›Uv|
evwjKv| ✓ Avgvem¨v wZw_‡Z P›`ª, m~h© I c„w_ex GKB mij †iLvq _v‡K e‡j
`ywUi Uv‡b †h †Rvqvi nq ZvB †ZR KUvj|
✓ CFC Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib → T. Midgley
✓ Aógx wZw_‡Z P›`ª I m~h© mg‡Kv‡Y _v‡K e‡j P‡›`ªi AvKl©‡Y †h
✓ wek¦ cwi‡ek w`em → 5 Ryb| †Rvqvi nq m~‡h©i AvKl©‡b Zv K‡g hvq| G‡K e‡j giv KUvj|
✓ myiM½v, AvKvkM½v, ¯^M©M½v, g¨vwRjvwbK K¬vDWm BZ¨vw` ✓ †Rvqv‡ii 6 N›Uv c‡i fvUv nq|
QvqvcÎ|
✓ Nb‡Z¡i Rb¨ mvM‡i mvZvi KvUv mnR|
✓ mßwl©gÛj/Av`gm~iZ/Kvjcyi“l → b¶Î gÛwj| ✓ weM e¨vO Z‡Ë¡i cÖe³v †ejwRqA‡gi †RvwZwe©Ávbx→wR
✓ AvKv‡ki D¾¡j Zviv → jyäK ev wmwiqvm| †j‡gUvi|
 # weÁvb 204
✓ me‡P‡q eo b¶Î †e‡UjMg| ✓ evqyi w`K wbY©q Kivi h‡š¿i bvg DWj DBb|
✓ c„w_exi me‡P‡q Kv‡Qi Qvqvc_→ g¨vwMjvwbK K¬vDWm| ✓ evqyi †eM wbY©q Kiv h‡š¿i bvg e-y‡dvU© †¯‹j|
✓ aª“e Zviv ïaygvÎ DËi †Mvjv‡a© †`Lv hvq| ✓ †d‡i‡ji m~Î Abyhvqx evqycÖevn DËi †Mvjv‡a© Wvb w`‡K Ges
✓ ï‡Kvi †bfx-9 GKwU ayg‡KZz| `w¶Y †Mvjv‡a© evg w`‡K †eu‡K hvq|
✓ 51- †cMvmvm †mŠiRM‡Zi evB‡i Avwe¯‹…Z cÖ_g MÖn| ✓ mgy`ª evqy cÖej †e‡M cÖevwnZ nq Aciv‡ý|
✓ m~h© †_‡K me‡P‡q `y‡ii MÖn c-y‡Uv| ✓ AvUjvw›UK gnvmvM‡ii cvwbi iO meyR KviY RjR Dw™¢‡`i
✓ BD‡ibvm‡K meyR MÖn ejv nq| njy` I cvwbi bxj is wg‡k meyR †`Lvq|
✓ ïµ MÖ‡n m~h© cwð‡g D‡V Ges c~‡e© A¯— hvq|
✓ me‡P‡q Aby¾j MÖn c-y‡Uv|
✓ me‡P‡q eo DcMÖn e„n¯úwZi M¨vwb‡gW|
evwoi KvR t
✓ c-y‡Uvi DcMÖn K¨vib| 1. m~‡h©i †gŠwjK c`v_© wKZ?
✓ welye‡iLvi Av‡iK bvg gnve„Ë/wbi¶e„Ë/wbi¶‡iLv| 2. †R¨vwZweÁv‡bi RbK †K?
✓ AvwýK MwZi d‡j †Rvqvi fvUv nq| 3. c-v¼ Iqvj wK?
✓ w`ev-ivwÎi n«vm-e„w× nq evwl©K MwZi d‡j| 4. m~‡h©i †K‡›`ªi ZvcgvÎv KZ?
✓ 1-3 Rvbyqvix Abymyi Ae¯’vb I 1-2 RyjvB Acmyi Ae¯’vb| 5. f~-Z¡ MVbKvix avZz me‡P‡q †ewk †KvbwU?
✓ DËi AvUjvw›UK gnvmvM‡ii †mªvZnxb Ask‡K e‡j ˆkevj 6. MÖxY nvDm cÖfv‡ei Rb¨ `vqx †Kvb M¨vm?
mvMi| 7. AwZ †e¸bx iwk¥‡Z †Kvb wfUvwgb cvIqv hvq?
✓ GK gv‡m `yB evi †ZRKUvj I `yBevi givKUvj nq| 8. e„n¯úwZi me‡P‡q eo DcMÖn †KvbwU?
✓ m~‡h©i DËi Avqb I `w¶Y Avq‡bi d‡j †gŠmygx evqy m„wó nq| 9. Abymyi KZ ZvwiL nq?
✓ ce©‡Zi D”PZv mvaviY 600 wgUv‡ii AwaK nq| 10. P›`ª MÖn‡bi megq gv‡S Ae¯’vb K‡i †KvbwU?
✓ I‡Rvb ¯—‡i wQ`ª m„wói K_v weÁvbxiv Rvb‡Z cv‡i 1883
mv‡j|
✓ fvi‡Zi fycv‡j M¨vm `~N©Ubv N‡U 1984 mv‡j|
✓ GwmW e„wói Rb¨ `vqx - nv&B‡Wªv‡Rb mvjdvBW|
✓ i¨vWwK¬K- 136 GKwU b¶Î|
✓ wMÖwbP gvb mgq hy³iv‡R¨i cÖgvb mgq|
✓ kwbi me‡P‡q eo DcMÖn UvBUvb Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib wLªwóqvb
†n‡Mbm|
✓ m~‡h©i †K‡›`ªi DËvc cÖvq wZb †KvwU wWMÖx †mjwmqvm|
✓ I‡Rvb ¯—‡i me‡P‡q †ewk ¶wZ K‡i †K¬vwib M¨vm|
✓ ÔB‡KvjwRÕ kãwU G‡m‡Q MÖxK fvlv †_‡K|
✓ gvbyl me‡P‡q †ewk †ivMvµvš— nq cvwb `~l‡bi gva¨‡g|
✓ G›UvK©wUKvi Dc‡i I‡Rvb ¯—‡i dvUj a‡i‡Q- GwU Avwe¯‹vi
K‡ib weÁvbx †Rvbv_b kvKwjb|
✓ b¶Î †_‡K b¶Î Ges cÖw_ex †_‡K b¶‡Îi `~iZ¡ gvc‡Z †h
GKK e¨eüZ nq Zv‡K Av‡jvK el© e‡j|
✓ me‡P‡q eo b¶Î K¨v‡bvcvm|
✓ Avš—R©vwZK gnvKvk †÷kb wbg©vY †ck n‡q‡Q 2004 mv‡j|
✓ Òmycvi †bvfvÓ n‡jv g„Z cÖvq ZviKv|
✓ aª“eZviv DËi †Mvjv‡a© `„ó nq|
✓ DËi †Mvjv‡a© hLb emš—Kvj `w¶Y †Mvjv‡a© ZLb kirKvj|
✓ f~-Z¡‡Ki wb‡Pi w`‡K cÖwZ wK‡jvwgUv‡i 30 wWMÖx †mjwmqvm
ZvcgvÎv ev‡o|
✓ f~-c„‡ôi we¯Z…Z GjvKv Ry‡o mD”P wkjv¯‘c‡K ce©Z e‡j| Kg
c‡¶ 600 wgUvi D”PZv wewkó f~wg‡K ce©Z Ges Zvi †P‡q Kg
D”PZv m¤úbœ f~wg‡K cvnvo e‡j|
✓ ˆewPÎgq f~wgiƒ‡ci 18 fvM cve©Z¨g, 24 fvM gvjf~wg I cvnvo
Ges 58 fvM mgf~wgi Aš—M©Z|
✓ wngvjq, Avím, BD‡ivj n‡jv fw½j ce©Z|
# weÁvb 205