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Preview: Characterization of The Sensory Profile of Sea Urchin Aiming at The Selection of Premium Gonads Luís Baião

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profile of sea urchin aiming at the

Characterization of the sensory

selection of premium gonads


DOUTORAMENTO CIÊNCIA ANIMAL

Luís F. Baião
NUTRIÇÃO

D
2021

Luís F. Baião. Characterization of the sensory profile of sea urchin aiming D.ICBAS 2021
at the selection of premium gonads
Characterization of the sensory profile of sea urchin aiming
at the selection of premium gonads
Luís Francisco Lima Baião
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INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOMÉDICAS ABEL SALAZAR
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Luís Francisco Lima Baião

Characterization of the sensory profile of sea urchin aiming at the


selection of premium gonads

Tese de Candidatura ao grau de Doutor em


Ciências Animal, Especialidade em Nutrição;
Programa Doutoral da Universidade do Porto
(Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar).

Orientador: Luísa Maria Pinheiro Valente

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Categoria: Professor Associado com Agregação
Afiliação: Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel
Salazar da Universidade do Porto
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Coorientador: Luís Miguel Soares Ribeiro Leite da
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Cunha
Categoria: Professor Associado
Afiliação: Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade
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do Porto

Coorientador: Amparo Celeste Gonçalves


Categoria: Investigador
Afiliação: Instituto Português do Mar e da
Atmosfera, I. P. (IPMA, I. P.)

Representante Industrial: Rui Costa Lima


Categoria: Gerente
Afiliação: Sense Test, Lda
Luís Francisco Lima Baião

Characterization of the sensory profile of sea urchin aiming at the


selection of premium gonads

Thesis for applying to a Doctor degree in Animal


Sciences, Specialty in Nutrition; Doctoral Program
of University of Porto (Institute of Biomedical
Sciences Abel Salazar)

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Supervisor: Luísa Maria Pinheiro Valente
Category: Associate Professor with Aggregation
Affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel
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Salazar, University of Porto
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Co-Supervisor: Luís Miguel Soares Ribeiro Leite da


Cunha
Category: Associated Professor
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Affiliation: Sciences Faculty, University of Porto

Co-Supervisor: Amparo Celeste Gonçalves


Category: Researcher
Affiliation: Portuguese Institute for Sea and
Atmosphere, I. P. (IPMA, IP)

Industrial Representative: Rui Costa Lima


Category: Manager
Affiliation: Sense Test, Lda
This work was supported by the Industrial Doctoral grant No. PD/BDE/129043/2017
awarded by the Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) and financed by Sense Test

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and FCT.
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Diretivas Legais

No cumprimento do disposto no Decreto-Lei no 204/2018 de 23 de Outubro,


declara-se que o autor desta Tese participou na conceção e na execução do trabalho
experimental que esteve na origem dos resultados apresentados, bem como na sua
interpretação e na redação dos respetivos manuscritos.
Nesta tese incluem-se ainda seis artigos científicos publicados em revistas
internacionais resultantes de uma parte dos resultados obtidos no trabalho experimental,
referenciados como:

- Baião, L. F., Rocha, F., Costa, M., Sá, T., Oliveira, A., Maia, M. R. G., Fonseca, A.

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J. M., Pintado, M., & Valente, L. M. P. (2019). Effect of protein and lipid levels in diets for
adult sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816). Aquaculture, 506, 127-138.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.03.005
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- Rocha, F., Baião, L. F., Moutinho, S., Reis, B., Oliveira, A., Arenas, F., Maia, M.
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R. G., Fonseca, A. J. M., Pintado, M., & Valente, L. M. P. (2019). The effect of sex, season
and gametogenic cycle on gonad yield, biochemical composition and quality traits of
Paracentrotus lividus along the North Atlantic coast of Portugal. Scientific Reports, 9(1),
2994. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-39912-w
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- Baião, L. F., Oliveira, A. S., Gonçalves, A., Guedes de Pinho, P., Valente, L. M.
P., & Cunha, L. M. (2020). Analysis of volatile compounds in Paracentrotus lividus by HS-
SPME/GS-MS and relation to its sensorial properties. LWT, 130, 109629.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109629

- Baião, L. F., Rocha, C., Lima, R. C., Marques, A., Valente, L. M. P., & Cunha, L.
M. (2021). Sensory profiling, liking and acceptance of sea urchin gonads from the North
Atlantic coast of Portugal, aiming future aquaculture applications. Food Research
International, 140, 109873. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109873

- Baião, L. F., Moura, A. P., Rocha, C., Valente, L. M. P., & Cunha, L. M. (2021).
Dimensions for the valorisation of sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) gonads production

iii
through the eyes of experienced chefs. International Journal of Gastronomy and Food
Science, 100438. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgfs.2021.100438

- Baião, L. F., Rocha, F., Sá, T., Oliveira, A., Pintado, M., Lima, R. C., Cunha, L. M.,
& Valente, L. M. P. (2022). Sensory profiling, liking and gonad composition of sea urchin
gonads fed synthetic or natural sources of β-carotene enriched diets. Aquaculture, 549,
737778. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737778

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Legal Details

In compliance with what is stated in Decree-Law no. 204/2018 of 23 October 23, it


is hereby declared that the author of this thesis participated in the creation and execution
of the experimental work leading to the results shown, as well as in their interpretation and
the writing of respective manuscripts.
This thesis includes six scientific papers published in international journals from part
of the results obtained in the experimental work, referenced to as:

- Baião, L. F., Rocha, F., Costa, M., Sá, T., Oliveira, A., Maia, M. R. G., Fonseca, A.
J. M., Pintado, M., & Valente, L. M. P. (2019). Effect of protein and lipid levels in diets for

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adult sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816). Aquaculture, 506, 127-138.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.03.005
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- Rocha, F., Baião, L. F., Moutinho, S., Reis, B., Oliveira, A., Arenas, F., Maia, M.
R. G., Fonseca, A. J. M., Pintado, M., & Valente, L. M. P. (2019). The effect of sex, season
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and gametogenic cycle on gonad yield, biochemical composition and quality traits of
Paracentrotus lividus along the North Atlantic coast of Portugal. Scientific Reports, 9(1),
2994. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-39912-w
PR

- Baião, L. F., Oliveira, A. S., Gonçalves, A., Guedes de Pinho, P., Valente, L. M.
P., & Cunha, L. M. (2020). Analysis of volatile compounds in Paracentrotus lividus by HS-
SPME/GS-MS and relation to its sensorial properties. LWT, 130, 109629.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109629

- Baião, L. F., Rocha, C., Lima, R. C., Marques, A., Valente, L. M. P., & Cunha, L.
M. (2021). Sensory profiling, liking and acceptance of sea urchin gonads from the North
Atlantic coast of Portugal, aiming future aquaculture applications. Food Research
International, 140, 109873. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109873

- Baião, L. F., Moura, A. P., Rocha, C., Valente, L. M. P., & Cunha, L. M. (2021).
Dimensions for the valorisation of sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) gonads production
through the eyes of experienced chefs. International Journal of Gastronomy and Food
Science, 100438. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgfs.2021.100438

v
- Baião, L. F., Rocha, F., Sá, T., Oliveira, A., Pintado, M., Lima, R. C., Cunha, L. M.,
& Valente, L. M. P. (2022). Sensory profiling, liking and gonad composition of sea urchin
gonads fed synthetic or natural sources of β-carotene enriched diets. Aquaculture, 549,
737778. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737778

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PR

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W “Science knows no country, because
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knowledge belongs to humanity, and
is the torch which illuminates the world”
Louis Pasteur
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.
PR

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To my parents
To my sister
To my wife
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To my daughter
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viii
Acknowledgments

“No man ever did or can do a great work alone” by Elbert Hubbard

Foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisors: Professor


Luísa Valente and Professor Luís Miguel Cunha, for the continuous support of my PhD
study and research, for their patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge.
Their guidance helped me in all the time of research and writing of this thesis. Indeed, I
could not have imagined having better advisors and mentors for my PhD study.

I would also like to thank the Eng. Rui Costa Lima, Drª Amparo Gonçalves and

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Professor Ana Pinto de Moura, for their encouragement, insightful comments and hard
questions. My sincere thanks to Eng. Rui Costa Lima for receiving me in his company and
leading me working on diverse exciting projects.
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I thank my fellow lab and company friends, for their tireless help, and for all the fun
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we have had in the last four years. A special thanks to Drª Célia Rocha for enlightening
me the first glance of sensory research and to Tiago Sá for the sleepless nights we were
working together to harvest and transport sea urchin.
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Last but not the least, I would like to thank my family for supporting me spiritually
throughout my life and decisions.

I would also like to acknowledge my Industrial Doctoral grant No.


PD/BDE/129043/2017, funded by FCT, Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), and
financed by Sense Test and FCT. I am also grateful to the Fundo Azul, who supported the
project “CAVIAR - Market valorisation of sea urchin gonads through dietary modulation
(FA_05_2017_015)” and to NORTE2020 that supported the Project INNOVMAR (NORTE-
01-0145-FEDER-000035) within the line "INSEAFOOD - Innovation and valorization of
seafood products", through the ERDF.

ix
Table of Contents

Diretivas Legais ................................................................................................................ iii

Legal Details ...................................................................................................................... v

Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................ ix

List of Tables ................................................................................................................... xii

List of Figures ..................................................................................................................xiii

List of Abbreviations ....................................................................................................... xiv

Resumo .......................................................................................................................... xvi

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Abstract ........................................................................................................................... xx

Thesis structure .............................................................................................................xxiv


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Chapter I. ........................................................................................................................... 1

Sea urchin ......................................................................................................................... 1


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Biogeography, ecology and reproduction .............................................................. 2

Economic importance ............................................................................................ 7


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Gastronomy and markets .................................................................................... 13

Sea urchin sensory profile ................................................................................... 17

Purchase and consumption drivers.......................................................... 17

Quality and sensory attributes ................................................................. 19

Echinoculture ....................................................................................................... 27

Global production ..................................................................................... 27

Nutritional composition of the diets and roe quality ................................. 28

Objectives of this thesis ....................................................................................... 34

References .......................................................................................................... 37

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Chapter II. The effect of sex, season and gametogenic cycle on gonad yield, biochemical

composition and quality traits of Paracentrotus lividus along the North Atlantic coast of

Portugal ........................................................................................................................... 56

Chapter III. Survey into the sea urchin consumption profile in the Portuguese population70

Chapter IV. Dimensions for the valorisation of sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) gonads

production through the eyes of experienced chefs .......................................................... 83

Chapter V. Analysis of volatile compounds in Paracentrotus lividus by HS-SPME/GS-MS

related to its sensorial properties................................................................................... 110

Chapter VI. Sensory profiling, liking and acceptance of sea urchin gonads from the North

Atlantic coast of Portugal, aiming future aquaculture applications ................................ 120

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Chapter VII. Development of a Rate-All-That-Apply (RATA) ballot for sensory profiling of

sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) gonads .................................................................... 131


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Chapter VIII. Effect of protein and lipid levels in diets for adult sea urchin Paracentrotus

lividus............................................................................................................................. 155
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Chapter IX. Sensory profiling, liking and gonad composition of sea urchin gonads fed

synthetic or natural sources of β-carotene enriched diets ............................................. 168

Chapter X. General discussion, conclusions and final considerations .......................... 201


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General discussion ............................................................................................ 202

Conclusions and final considerations ................................................................ 209

References ........................................................................................................ 211

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List of Tables

Table 1 – Global imports and exports volumes (tonnes), trade values (USD 1000) and

average price (USD) per kilo of sea urchin products, in 2017 (FAO, 2019). ..................... 8

Table 2 – Volume of imports and exports (tonnes), volume value (USD 1000) and average

price (USD) per kilogram of sea urchin (live, fresh, chilled, frozen, dried, salted or in brine;

fermented, smoked), taking into account the most important global sea urchin markets in

each category, in 2017 (FAO, 2019). ................................................................................ 9

Table 3 - Volume of imports and exports (tonnes), volume value (USD 1000) and estimated

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value (USD) per kilogram of sea urchin (live, fresh, chilled, frozen, dried, salted or in brine;

fermented, smoked), taking into account the most important European sea urchin markets
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in each category, in 2017 (FAO, 2019)............................................................................ 11

Table 4 - General summary about sensory studies in sea urchin, published during the last
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18 years (2002–2020). .................................................................................................... 24

Table 5 - General summary about P. lividus gonads colour enhancement studies......... 33


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List of Figures

Figure 1 - Sea urchin, Paracentrotus lividus...................................................................... 2

Figure 2 - P. lividus (two right photos shared through “Instagram” networking service by

@submpolvo). ................................................................................................................... 3

Figure 3 - Paracentrotus lividus. Histology of testes: Stage IV - mature testis; Stage V –

partly spawned testis; Stage VI – spent testis devoid of contents; and of ovaries: Stage IV

- mature ovary; Stage V – partly spawned ovary (except for the spaces between ova,

ovary is similar to stage IV); Stage VI – spent ovary containing unspawned ova. ............ 4

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Figure 4 - Scheme representative of the gonadossomatic index (GSI) variation during the

year (Paracentrotus lividus, Ireland). Adapted from Unuma (2002). ................................. 5


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Figure 6 -P. lividus gonads. ............................................................................................. 12

Figure 7 – Sea urchin gonads market presentation (photos from Shiki Singapore). ....... 14
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Figure 8 - Polpa di Riccio. ............................................................................................... 15

Figure 9 – Different ways of presenting P. lividus gonads to the consumer. ................... 19


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Figure 10 – Recirculation aquaculture system (from CIIMAR, Porto, Portugal). ............. 31

Figure 11 – Overview of methodological approaches ..................................................... 36

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List of Abbreviations

a* Redness
ABW Average body weigh
ALA Linolenic acid
AlC Algarve chefs
ANOVA Analysis of variance
ARA Arachidonic acid
b* Yellowness
C* Chroma
CA Correspondence analysis

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CATA Check-all-that-apply
CTRL Control diet
DHA Docosahexaenoic acid
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DM Dry matter
EFA Essential fatty acids
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EPA Eicosapentaenoic acid


EriC Ericeira chefs
FA Fatty acid
FACT Food action rating scale
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FAME Fatty acid methyl esters


FBW Final body weigh
FCR Feed conversion ratio
FNS Food neophobia scale
GC-MS Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry
GSI Gonad somatic index
h* Hue angle
HCA Hierarchical cluster analyses
HIGH High shellfish consumption
HIGO High gourmet shellfish consumption
HL High lipid
HP High protein
HPAP High incorporation of natural β-carotene source (250 mg kg-1)
HS-SPME Headspace solid-phase microextraction

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HSYN High incorporation of synthetic β-carotene source (250 mg kg-1)
HVS High variety seekers
IBW Initial body weigh
IPMA Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera
L* Brightness/Lightness
LA Linoleic acid
LC-PUFA Long chain-polyunsaturated fatty acids
LL Low lipid
LOW Low shellfish consumption
LP Low protein
LPAP Low incorporation of natural β-carotene source (100 mg kg-1)
LSD Least significant difference
LSYN Low incorporation of synthetic β-carotene source (100 mg kg-1)
LVS Low variety seekers

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MDA Multi-dimensional alignment
MFA Multiple factor analysis
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MsC Michelin-star Chefs
MUFA Monounsaturated fatty acids
MVS Medium variety seekers
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NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology


NOTO Neither one nor other
PAP Natural β-carotene source - Paprika
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PCA Principal component analysis


PER Protein efficiency ratio
PM Projective mapping
PUFA Polyunsaturated fatty acids
RAS Recirculating aquaculture system
RATA Rate-all-that-apply
RI Kovats retention indices
SFA Saturated fatty acids
SGR Specific growth rate
SYN Synthetic β-carotene source
UFP Ultra-flash profiling
VARSEEK Variety seeking scale
WW Wet weigh

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Resumo

As gónadas de ouriço-do-mar (Paracentrotus lividus) têm sido consideradas um


produto de marisco apreciado e uma iguaria na cozinha mediterrânea, devido ao seu sabor
e textura. A crescente procura do mercado por ovas de ouriço-do-mar resultou na sobre-
exploração desta espécie e, consequentemente, no esgotamento dos stocks selvagens.
Por esta razão, o interesse pela aquacultura de ouriços do mar tem aumentado nas últimas
décadas. Embora a aquacultura possa acelerar a produção de ouriços-do-mar de tamanho
comercial, ainda não pode assegurar uma elevada qualidade de gónadas, o que afeta o
valor de mercado e a aceitabilidade do consumidor. A primeira abordagem desta tese foi a
identificação das propriedades organoléticas das gónadas de ouriços-do-mar que

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determinam a sua comercialização, aceitação e decisão de compra por parte dos
consumidores, o que permitirá a valorização deste produto. Numa segunda fase, foi
avaliada a capacidade das dietas formuladas modularem e melhorarem a qualidade das
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gónadas, sempre com o objetivo de alcançar uma gónada premium de alta qualidade e
grande valor comercial.
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No presente trabalho, a população de ouriços-do-mar recolhidos na costa Atlântica


do Norte de Portugal foi caracterizada em termos de crescimento das gónadas,
composição nutricional e outras importantes características relacionadas com a sua
qualidade, ao longo de um ciclo reprodutivo. A maioria dos atributos de qualidade mostrou
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uma variação sazonal fortemente dependente do sexo do ouriço-do-mar, apresentando


níveis mais elevados durante as fases de recuperação e crescimento. Durante o período
de crescimento e maturação precoce, as gónadas eram mais avermelhadas, amareladas
e mais brilhantes, bem como mais firmes, independentemente do sexo. Tendo em conta
todas as alterações sazonais de qualidade das gónadas, o período entre Novembro e
Fevereiro demonstrou ser o mais adequado para colher gónadas de alta qualidade na costa
Atlântica Portuguesa (Capítulo II).
O seguinte estudo teve como objetivo explorar e compreender as perceções e
comportamentos dos consumidores relativamente ao consumo de marisco,
nomeadamente o ouriço-do-mar, aplicando uma metodologia mista aos questionários. O
consumo de marisco e de ouriço-do-mar foi afetado por muitos fatores, nomeadamente os
associados ao cultivo, saúde e propriedades sensoriais. Por exemplo, para os
consumidores com um elevado perfil de consumo de ouriço-do-mar, Emoções foi a
categoria mais importante, enquanto que aqueles com baixo consumo realçaram o

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Desconhecido como a categoria principal. Isto sugere que os participantes com maior
consumo tinham um elevado nível de familiaridade com o ouriço-do-mar, enquanto os
consumidores com baixos níveis de consumo tinham pouco conhecimento sobre este
produto gourmet. Além disso, os participantes com elevado consumo de marisco gourmet
foram fortemente associados à categoria Métodos de Preparação, o que pode sugerir um
conhecimento profundo sobre o produto, enquanto que os participantes com menor
consumo foram associados à Exclusividade do produto, principalmente devido aos preços
elevados (Capítulo III).
As perceções dos Chefes em relação às características sensoriais, produção e
utilização das gónadas de ouriço-do-mar, com ênfase na aquacultura, também foram
exploradas. Os Chefes expuseram que existe alguma apreensão em relação ao consumo
de ouriços-do-mar principalmente devido à sua aparência. Além disso, a existência de
preconceitos e suspeitas sobre os produtos da aquacultura e a sua aceitação deve ser
contrariada, uma vez que a disponibilidade futura destes produtos gourmet e outros

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produtos do mar de alta qualidade dependerá da sua produção em sistemas de cultivo
sustentáveis. Estes resultados sublinham a necessidade de estratégias de comunicação e
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marketing através de locais, Chefes e eventos gastronómicos, centrados na promoção da
consciência dos consumidores sobre a exclusividade deste produto e a importância da
aquacultura para o futuro do mercado de produtos do mar. A avaliação sensorial realizada
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pelos Chefes de cozinha deu origem a uma lista preliminar de atributos sensoriais, a ser
usado nos capítulos seguintes (Capítulo IV).
As características sensoriais e o perfil de compostos orgânicos voláteis (COV) de
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P. lividus também foram estudados, tendo em consideração o sexo e o local de recolha do


ouriço-do-mar. As características sensoriais do ouriço-do-mar foram principalmente
influenciadas pelo sexo, embora o seu perfil volátil foi afetado tanto pelo sexo como pelo
local da colheita. Os machos tendiam a ser mais doces, mais macios e com uma cor
amarelo-pálida, e as fêmeas revelavam um intenso sabor tropical doce e uma cor
alaranjada brilhante (Capítulo V). Os dados deste estudo e do Capítulo IV contribuíram
para a caracterização do perfil sensorial das gónadas de ouriço-do-mar, visando o
desenvolvimento de um boletim sensorial preliminar.
Além disso, foi construído um perfil sensorial de gónadas de ouriço-do-mar (P.
lividus) para avaliar as diferenças entre sexo, local de colheita, bem como o impacto da
apresentação na aceitação do consumidor. No Capítulo VI, as gónadas foram separadas
em relação ao método de apresentação: o fundo branco da taça parecia realçar a cor
laranja das fêmeas; a apresentação gourmet favoreceu as fêmeas em relação aos machos,
principalmente porque a cor da gónada masculina e o exsudado de cor branca foram
realçados pelo fundo da carapaça do ouriço-do-mar. Em ambos os estudos, o perfil

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sensorial separa claramente as gónadas de acordo com o sexo, sendo as fêmeas mais
atrativas do que os machos. Estes dois estudos também concluíram que um ouriço-do-mar
de cor laranja, com sabor tropical intenso, doce e agradável e um odor agradável, fresco e
tropical são mais atrativos e aceites entre os consumidores. Isto pode contribuir com
informação valiosa para futuros estudos de nutrição visando a valorização dos atributos
das gónadas de ouriço-do-mar e, subsequentemente, a sua valorização no mercado. Esta
caracterização minuciosa do P. lividus selvagem, incluindo o seu perfil sensorial, ajudou a
definir as exigências de qualidade dos consumidores com vista à seleção de gónadas de
qualidade superior, permitindo focar os dois últimos estudos desta tese no crescimento e
melhoria da qualidade das gónadas de ouriço-do-mar. De facto, a aquacultura pode
desempenhar um papel importante no fornecimento de animais de alta qualidade. No
entanto, o sucesso desta atividade depende em grande parte do desenvolvimento de dietas
nutricionalmente equilibradas capazes de produzir excelentes gónadas.
Após uma avaliação minuciosa do perfil sensorial do ouriço-do-mar, este trabalho

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focou-se na preparação e avaliação de quatro dietas formuladas e extrudidas com níveis
baixos ou altos de proteína (30 e 50%, matéria seca (MS)) e lípidos (6 e 11% MS) foram
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dadas a indivíduos selvagens durante 15 semanas. Todas as dietas foram eficazes na
promoção do crescimento das gónadas, mas a dieta com o nível mais baixo de proteínas
(30% MS) e de lípidos (6% MS) resultou no maior crescimento de gónadas em ambos os
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sexos. O índice gónado-somático das gónadas variou entre os sexos, mas foi semelhante
entre os tratamentos (19-23%) e foi superior aos valores observados em indivíduos
selvagens (6-7%). Os tratamentos e o sexo não afetaram a textura das gónadas (firmeza
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e resiliência), nem os parâmetros de cor (brilho, avermelhado, amarelado, intensidade ou


tonalidade), mas afetaram a composição das gónadas. As fêmeas tinham concentrações
de carotenoides significativamente mais elevada do que os machos, independentemente
dos tratamentos. Os indivíduos selvagens tinham níveis mais elevados de equinenona, β-
criptoxantina e β-caroteno e apresentavam valores mais elevados da cor avermelhada e
firmeza quando comparados com a indivíduos alimentados com uma dieta formulada,
independentemente do sexo. Este estudo mostrou claramente que é possível aumentar a
produção de gónadas de ouriço-do-mar em relação a animais selvagens num Sistema de
Recirculação em Aquacultura a 18 °C, mas não conseguiu melhorar as características
sensoriais e de qualidade (Capítulo VIII).
Por fim, na etapa seguinte, foram também produzidas gónadas com cor aceitável
com a incorporação de diferentes fontes de β-caroteno na melhor dieta utilizada no
Capítulo VIII. O conteúdo e perfil carotenoides, o brilho (L*) e a textura das gónadas não
variaram significativamente entre os tratamentos. A dieta com menor concentração de β-
caroteno sintético (L_SYN) mostrou valores mais elevados da cor avermelhada (a*) e

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amarelada (b*) e valores mais elevados de aceitação entre os consumidores. Além disso,
as fêmeas apresentaram maiores taxas de aceitação do que os machos, provavelmente
devido ao facto de as fêmeas serem mais cor-de-laranja, atraentes e agradáveis em
comparação com os machos que são amarelos, granulosos e menos atraentes. Os machos
alimentados com a dieta L_SYN exibiram uma cor e teor de carotenoides semelhantes aos
animais selvagens na mesma fase de maturação das gónadas (fase III), mas as fêmeas
apresentavam diferenças significativas; contudo, nenhum dos sexos demonstrou
diferenças de aceitação dos consumidores em relação aos seus homólogos selvagens
(Capítulo IX).
Esta tese foi realizada num ambiente industrial, sob a parceria da empresa Sense
Test, Lda, e centrou-se na caracterização sensorial do ouriço-do-mar, bem como na
melhoria e formulação de uma dieta para ouriço-do-mar. A combinação dos resultados
obtidos nos diferentes capítulos proporciona uma contribuição significativa para o
desenvolvimento contínuo de uma dieta adequada de P. lividus. Este trabalho propõe uma

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dieta capaz de aumentar significativamente o tamanho das gónadas e, mais amplamente,
contribuirá para superar as constrições de fornecimento que atualmente impedem uma
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utilização mais extensiva deste equinoide. É também patente que a cor das gónadas não
é exclusivamente modulada pela suplementação nutricional com carotenoides, e que pode
ser afetada por outros fatores nutricionais ou metabólicos dependentes do sexo, o que
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requer mais estudos.


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Abstract

In Mediterranean cuisine, sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) gonads have been


considered a prized seafood product and a delicacy due to their flavour and texture. The
increasing market demand for sea urchin roe has resulted in the overexploration of this
species and consequently the depletion of wild stocks. For this reason, the interest in sea
urchin aquaculture has widened over the last decades. Although aquaculture may
accelerate the production of market-sized sea urchins, it cannot yet assure high gonad
quality, which affects market value and consumer acceptability. The first approach of this
thesis was the identification of the organoleptic properties of sea urchin gonads that
determine the marketability, consumers’ acceptance and purchase decision, which will

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allow for the valorisation of this caviar-like product. In a second phase, the ability of
formulated diets to induce high-quality gonads was evaluated.
In the present work, a sea urchin population harvested in the North Atlantic coast of
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Portugal was characterized in terms of gonad yield, nutritional composition and important
market-related traits, over one reproductive cycle. Most of the quality attributes showed a
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seasonal variation strongly dependent on sea urchin sex, presenting highest levels during
the gametogenic stages of recovery and growing. During the growing and early maturation
period, gonads appeared more reddish, yellowish and brighter, as well as more firm,
irrespective of the sex. Taking in account all gonad quality seasonal changes, the period
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between November and February seemed to be the most suitable to harvest high quality
gonads in the Portuguese Atlantic coast (Chapter II).
The following study aimed to explore and understand consumers’ perceptions and
behaviours regarding consumption of shellfish, namely sea urchin, applying a mixed
methodology to web-based questionnaires. The consumption of shellfish and sea urchin
was affected by many factors, namely those associated with culture, health and sensory
properties. For example, consumers with a high sea urchin consumption profile, Emotions
was the most important category, while those with low consumption emphasised the
Unknown as the main category. This suggested that participants with high consumption
patterns had a high level of familiarity with sea urchin, while low consumers had poor
knowledge concerning this gourmet product. Moreover, participants with high gourmet
shellfish consumption patterns were strongly associated with the category Preparation
Methods suggesting a deep knowledge of the product, while the ones with low consumption
were associated with Exclusivity of the product, mainly due to the high prices (Chapter III).

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Meanwhile, the Chefs’ perceptions regarding sea urchin gonads sensorial features,
production and use, with an emphasis on echinoculture, was also explored. The Chefs
exposed that there is some apprehension regarding the consumption of sea urchin mainly
due to its appearance. Also, the existent preconception and suspicion about aquaculture
products and their acceptance should be countered, since the future availability of these
gourmet products and other seafood commodities with high-quality will be dependent on
their production in sustainable culture systems. These results emphasize the need for
communication and marketing strategies through locals, chefs and gastronomic events,
focused on the promotion of consumer awareness about the exclusivity of this product and
the importance of aquaculture for the future of the seafood market. The sensory evaluation
performed by the Chefs originated a preliminary sensory attributes list (Chapter IV).
The sensory features and odour active volatile organic compounds (VOC) profile of
P. lividus was also studied, taking into consideration the sex and harvest location. Sea
urchin gonads’ sensory features were mainly influenced by sex, while their volatile profile

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was affected both by sex and harvest location. Males tended to be sweeter, softer and with
a pale-yellow colour, while females revealed an intense sweet tropical taste and a bright-
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orange colour. Data from this study and Chapter IV contributed to the sea urchin gonads
sensory profile characterization, aiming for the development of a preliminary sensory ballot
(Chapter V).
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Moreover, a sensory profile of sea urchin (P. lividus) gonads was also built, to
evaluate differences between sex, harvest location, as well as the impact of presentation
on consumer acceptance. In Chapter VI, gonads were separated in relation to the
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presentation method: the white background of the bowl seemed to highlight the orange
colour of females; the gourmet presentation favoured the females in relation to the males,
mainly because the male gonad colour and white-colour exudate were emphasized by the
background of the sea urchin test. In both studies, sensory profiling clearly separates
gonads according to sex, with females being more appealing than males. These two studies
also concluded that a sea urchin with an orange colour, intense, sweet and pleasant tropical
taste and a pleasant, fresh and tropical odour is more appealing and accepted among
panellists, which may contribute valuable information for future nutritional aquaculture
studies aiming for the enhancement of sea urchin gonads attributes and, subsequently, their
market valorisation. This thorough characterization of the quality of wild harvest P. lividus,
including its sensory profile, helped define the consumers’ quality demands aiming the
selection of premium gonads, which allowed to focus the last two studies in the growth and
quality enhancement of sea urchin gonads, respectively. In fact, aquaculture can play an
important role in supplying high-quality animals. Nevertheless, the success of this activity

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largely depends on the development of nutritionally balanced diets capable of producing
excellent gonads.
After thorough examination of the sensory profile of the sea urchin, the current study
focused on the preparation and evaluation of four extruded diets formulated with low or high
protein (30 and 50% dry matter (DM)) and lipid (6 and 11% DM) levels, which were fed to
wild-caught individuals for 15 weeks. All diets were effective in promoting gonad growth,
but the diet with the lowest protein (30% DM) and lowest lipid (6% DM) level resulted in the
highest gonad yield in both sexes. The gonad somatic index varied between sex but was
similar among dietary treatments (19–23%) and was higher than values observed in wild
specimens (6–7%). Dietary treatments and sex did not affect gonad texture (firmness and
resilience) or colour parameters (brightness, redness, yellowness, chroma or hue angle),
but affected gonad composition. Females had significantly higher total concentration of
carotenoids than males, irrespective of the dietary treatments. Wild individuals had higher
levels of echinenone, β-cryptoxantin and β-carotene, and showed higher redness and

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firmness values when compared to the LP/LL diet, irrespective of sex. This study clearly
showed that it is possible to enhance sea urchin gonad yield in relation to wild animals in a
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Recirculating Aquaculture System at 18 °C, but failed to improve sensory and quality
characteristics (Chapter VIII).
Finally, in a subsequent stage, gonads with acceptable colour with the incorporation
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of different sources of β-carotene in the LP/LL diet used in the Chapter VIII were also
produced. Total carotenoid content and profile, lightness (L*) and texture of gonads did not
vary significantly among dietary treatments. The diet with lower concentration of synthetic
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β-carotene (L_SYN) showed highest values of redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) and higher
values of acceptance among the naïve consumers. Moreover, females displayed higher
acceptance rates than males, probably due to the fact that females were more orange,
appealing and pleasant compared with the yellow, grainy and unappealing males. Males
fed the L_SYN diet exhibited similar colour and carotenoid content compared with wild
animals in the same stage of gonad maturation (stage III), but females differed significantly;
however, neither of the sexes demonstrated acceptance differences in relation to their wild
counterparts (Chapter IX).
This thesis was performed in an industrial setting, under the partnership of the
company Sense Test, Lda, and focused on sea urchin sensory characterization, as well as
improving sea urchin feed formulation. The combination of the results obtained in the
different Chapters provides a significant contribution to the ongoing development of a P.
lividus suitable diet. It clearly proposes a diet able to significantly increase gonads size and,
more widely, it will contribute to overcome the supply bottlenecks currently preventing a
more extensive utilisation of these echinoids. It is also patent that gonad colour is not

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Reproduced with permission of copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

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