Preview: Characterization of The Sensory Profile of Sea Urchin Aiming at The Selection of Premium Gonads Luís Baião
Preview: Characterization of The Sensory Profile of Sea Urchin Aiming at The Selection of Premium Gonads Luís Baião
                                                                               Luís F. Baião
                              NUTRIÇÃO
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                                                                                                   2021
                                         Luís F. Baião. Characterization of the sensory profile of sea urchin aiming   D.ICBAS 2021
                                          at the selection of premium gonads
                                         Characterization of the sensory profile of sea urchin aiming
                                         at the selection of premium gonads
                                         Luís Francisco Lima Baião
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                                         INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOMÉDICAS ABEL SALAZAR
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Luís Francisco Lima Baião
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                            Categoria: Professor Associado com Agregação
                            Afiliação: Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel
                            Salazar da Universidade do Porto
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                            Coorientador: Luís Miguel Soares Ribeiro Leite da
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                            Cunha
                            Categoria: Professor Associado
                            Afiliação: Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade
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do Porto
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                            Supervisor: Luísa Maria Pinheiro Valente
                            Category: Associate Professor with Aggregation
                            Affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel
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                            Salazar, University of Porto
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and FCT.
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                                        Diretivas Legais
- Baião, L. F., Rocha, F., Costa, M., Sá, T., Oliveira, A., Maia, M. R. G., Fonseca, A.
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J. M., Pintado, M., & Valente, L. M. P. (2019). Effect of protein and lipid levels in diets for
adult sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816). Aquaculture, 506, 127-138.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.03.005
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       - Rocha, F., Baião, L. F., Moutinho, S., Reis, B., Oliveira, A., Arenas, F., Maia, M.
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R. G., Fonseca, A. J. M., Pintado, M., & Valente, L. M. P. (2019). The effect of sex, season
and gametogenic cycle on gonad yield, biochemical composition and quality traits of
Paracentrotus lividus along the North Atlantic coast of Portugal. Scientific Reports, 9(1),
2994. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-39912-w
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       - Baião, L. F., Oliveira, A. S., Gonçalves, A., Guedes de Pinho, P., Valente, L. M.
P., & Cunha, L. M. (2020). Analysis of volatile compounds in Paracentrotus lividus by HS-
SPME/GS-MS       and    relation   to    its   sensorial   properties.   LWT,   130,   109629.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109629
       - Baião, L. F., Rocha, C., Lima, R. C., Marques, A., Valente, L. M. P., & Cunha, L.
M. (2021). Sensory profiling, liking and acceptance of sea urchin gonads from the North
Atlantic coast of Portugal, aiming future aquaculture applications. Food Research
International, 140, 109873. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109873
       - Baião, L. F., Moura, A. P., Rocha, C., Valente, L. M. P., & Cunha, L. M. (2021).
Dimensions for the valorisation of sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) gonads production
                                                iii
through the eyes of experienced chefs. International Journal of Gastronomy and Food
Science, 100438. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgfs.2021.100438
       - Baião, L. F., Rocha, F., Sá, T., Oliveira, A., Pintado, M., Lima, R. C., Cunha, L. M.,
& Valente, L. M. P. (2022). Sensory profiling, liking and gonad composition of sea urchin
gonads fed synthetic or natural sources of β-carotene enriched diets. Aquaculture, 549,
737778. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737778
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                                         Legal Details
       - Baião, L. F., Rocha, F., Costa, M., Sá, T., Oliveira, A., Maia, M. R. G., Fonseca, A.
J. M., Pintado, M., & Valente, L. M. P. (2019). Effect of protein and lipid levels in diets for
                                                     W
adult sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816). Aquaculture, 506, 127-138.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.03.005
                                        IE
       - Rocha, F., Baião, L. F., Moutinho, S., Reis, B., Oliveira, A., Arenas, F., Maia, M.
R. G., Fonseca, A. J. M., Pintado, M., & Valente, L. M. P. (2019). The effect of sex, season
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and gametogenic cycle on gonad yield, biochemical composition and quality traits of
Paracentrotus lividus along the North Atlantic coast of Portugal. Scientific Reports, 9(1),
2994. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-39912-w
        PR
       - Baião, L. F., Oliveira, A. S., Gonçalves, A., Guedes de Pinho, P., Valente, L. M.
P., & Cunha, L. M. (2020). Analysis of volatile compounds in Paracentrotus lividus by HS-
SPME/GS-MS       and    relation   to    its   sensorial   properties.   LWT,   130,   109629.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109629
       - Baião, L. F., Rocha, C., Lima, R. C., Marques, A., Valente, L. M. P., & Cunha, L.
M. (2021). Sensory profiling, liking and acceptance of sea urchin gonads from the North
Atlantic coast of Portugal, aiming future aquaculture applications. Food Research
International, 140, 109873. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109873
       - Baião, L. F., Moura, A. P., Rocha, C., Valente, L. M. P., & Cunha, L. M. (2021).
Dimensions for the valorisation of sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) gonads production
through the eyes of experienced chefs. International Journal of Gastronomy and Food
Science, 100438. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgfs.2021.100438
                                                 v
       - Baião, L. F., Rocha, F., Sá, T., Oliveira, A., Pintado, M., Lima, R. C., Cunha, L. M.,
& Valente, L. M. P. (2022). Sensory profiling, liking and gonad composition of sea urchin
gonads fed synthetic or natural sources of β-carotene enriched diets. Aquaculture, 549,
737778. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737778
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                                              vi
               W “Science knows no country, because
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                 knowledge belongs to humanity, and
               is the torch which illuminates the world”
                                         Louis Pasteur
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.
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                 To my parents
                   To my sister
                    To my wife
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                To my daughter
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                                      Acknowledgments
“No man ever did or can do a great work alone” by Elbert Hubbard
I would also like to thank the Eng. Rui Costa Lima, Drª Amparo Gonçalves and
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Professor Ana Pinto de Moura, for their encouragement, insightful comments and hard
questions. My sincere thanks to Eng. Rui Costa Lima for receiving me in his company and
leading me working on diverse exciting projects.
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       I thank my fellow lab and company friends, for their tireless help, and for all the fun
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we have had in the last four years. A special thanks to Drª Célia Rocha for enlightening
me the first glance of sensory research and to Tiago Sá for the sleepless nights we were
working together to harvest and transport sea urchin.
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       Last but not the least, I would like to thank my family for supporting me spiritually
throughout my life and decisions.
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                                                      Table of Contents
Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................ ix
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Abstract ........................................................................................................................... xx
Echinoculture ....................................................................................................... 27
References .......................................................................................................... 37
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Chapter II. The effect of sex, season and gametogenic cycle on gonad yield, biochemical
composition and quality traits of Paracentrotus lividus along the North Atlantic coast of
Portugal ........................................................................................................................... 56
Chapter III. Survey into the sea urchin consumption profile in the Portuguese population70
Chapter IV. Dimensions for the valorisation of sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) gonads
Chapter VI. Sensory profiling, liking and acceptance of sea urchin gonads from the North
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Chapter VII. Development of a Rate-All-That-Apply (RATA) ballot for sensory profiling of
lividus............................................................................................................................. 155
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Chapter IX. Sensory profiling, liking and gonad composition of sea urchin gonads fed
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                                                     List of Tables
Table 1 – Global imports and exports volumes (tonnes), trade values (USD 1000) and
average price (USD) per kilo of sea urchin products, in 2017 (FAO, 2019). ..................... 8
Table 2 – Volume of imports and exports (tonnes), volume value (USD 1000) and average
price (USD) per kilogram of sea urchin (live, fresh, chilled, frozen, dried, salted or in brine;
fermented, smoked), taking into account the most important global sea urchin markets in
Table 3 - Volume of imports and exports (tonnes), volume value (USD 1000) and estimated
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value (USD) per kilogram of sea urchin (live, fresh, chilled, frozen, dried, salted or in brine;
fermented, smoked), taking into account the most important European sea urchin markets
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in each category, in 2017 (FAO, 2019)............................................................................ 11
Table 4 - General summary about sensory studies in sea urchin, published during the last
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                                                      List of Figures
Figure 2 - P. lividus (two right photos shared through “Instagram” networking service by
@submpolvo). ................................................................................................................... 3
partly spawned testis; Stage VI – spent testis devoid of contents; and of ovaries: Stage IV
- mature ovary; Stage V – partly spawned ovary (except for the spaces between ova,
ovary is similar to stage IV); Stage VI – spent ovary containing unspawned ova. ............ 4
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Figure 4 - Scheme representative of the gonadossomatic index (GSI) variation during the
Figure 7 – Sea urchin gonads market presentation (photos from Shiki Singapore). ....... 14
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                             List of Abbreviations
       a* Redness
    ABW Average body weigh
     ALA Linolenic acid
     AlC Algarve chefs
  ANOVA Analysis of variance
    ARA Arachidonic acid
       b* Yellowness
      C* Chroma
      CA Correspondence analysis
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   CATA Check-all-that-apply
   CTRL Control diet
    DHA Docosahexaenoic acid
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     DM Dry matter
     EFA Essential fatty acids
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   HSYN High incorporation of synthetic β-carotene source (250 mg kg-1)
     HVS High variety seekers
     IBW Initial body weigh
    IPMA Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera
       L* Brightness/Lightness
      LA Linoleic acid
LC-PUFA Long chain-polyunsaturated fatty acids
       LL Low lipid
    LOW Low shellfish consumption
      LP Low protein
    LPAP Low incorporation of natural β-carotene source (100 mg kg-1)
     LSD Least significant difference
    LSYN Low incorporation of synthetic β-carotene source (100 mg kg-1)
     LVS Low variety seekers
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    MDA Multi-dimensional alignment
     MFA Multiple factor analysis
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     MsC Michelin-star Chefs
   MUFA Monounsaturated fatty acids
    MVS Medium variety seekers
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                                         Resumo
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determinam a sua comercialização, aceitação e decisão de compra por parte dos
consumidores, o que permitirá a valorização deste produto. Numa segunda fase, foi
avaliada a capacidade das dietas formuladas modularem e melhorarem a qualidade das
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gónadas, sempre com o objetivo de alcançar uma gónada premium de alta qualidade e
grande valor comercial.
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Desconhecido como a categoria principal. Isto sugere que os participantes com maior
consumo tinham um elevado nível de familiaridade com o ouriço-do-mar, enquanto os
consumidores com baixos níveis de consumo tinham pouco conhecimento sobre este
produto gourmet. Além disso, os participantes com elevado consumo de marisco gourmet
foram fortemente associados à categoria Métodos de Preparação, o que pode sugerir um
conhecimento profundo sobre o produto, enquanto que os participantes com menor
consumo foram associados à Exclusividade do produto, principalmente devido aos preços
elevados (Capítulo III).
       As perceções dos Chefes em relação às características sensoriais, produção e
utilização das gónadas de ouriço-do-mar, com ênfase na aquacultura, também foram
exploradas. Os Chefes expuseram que existe alguma apreensão em relação ao consumo
de ouriços-do-mar principalmente devido à sua aparência. Além disso, a existência de
preconceitos e suspeitas sobre os produtos da aquacultura e a sua aceitação deve ser
contrariada, uma vez que a disponibilidade futura destes produtos gourmet e outros
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produtos do mar de alta qualidade dependerá da sua produção em sistemas de cultivo
sustentáveis. Estes resultados sublinham a necessidade de estratégias de comunicação e
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marketing através de locais, Chefes e eventos gastronómicos, centrados na promoção da
consciência dos consumidores sobre a exclusividade deste produto e a importância da
aquacultura para o futuro do mercado de produtos do mar. A avaliação sensorial realizada
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pelos Chefes de cozinha deu origem a uma lista preliminar de atributos sensoriais, a ser
usado nos capítulos seguintes (Capítulo IV).
       As características sensoriais e o perfil de compostos orgânicos voláteis (COV) de
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sensorial separa claramente as gónadas de acordo com o sexo, sendo as fêmeas mais
atrativas do que os machos. Estes dois estudos também concluíram que um ouriço-do-mar
de cor laranja, com sabor tropical intenso, doce e agradável e um odor agradável, fresco e
tropical são mais atrativos e aceites entre os consumidores. Isto pode contribuir com
informação valiosa para futuros estudos de nutrição visando a valorização dos atributos
das gónadas de ouriço-do-mar e, subsequentemente, a sua valorização no mercado. Esta
caracterização minuciosa do P. lividus selvagem, incluindo o seu perfil sensorial, ajudou a
definir as exigências de qualidade dos consumidores com vista à seleção de gónadas de
qualidade superior, permitindo focar os dois últimos estudos desta tese no crescimento e
melhoria da qualidade das gónadas de ouriço-do-mar. De facto, a aquacultura pode
desempenhar um papel importante no fornecimento de animais de alta qualidade. No
entanto, o sucesso desta atividade depende em grande parte do desenvolvimento de dietas
nutricionalmente equilibradas capazes de produzir excelentes gónadas.
       Após uma avaliação minuciosa do perfil sensorial do ouriço-do-mar, este trabalho
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focou-se na preparação e avaliação de quatro dietas formuladas e extrudidas com níveis
baixos ou altos de proteína (30 e 50%, matéria seca (MS)) e lípidos (6 e 11% MS) foram
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dadas a indivíduos selvagens durante 15 semanas. Todas as dietas foram eficazes na
promoção do crescimento das gónadas, mas a dieta com o nível mais baixo de proteínas
(30% MS) e de lípidos (6% MS) resultou no maior crescimento de gónadas em ambos os
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sexos. O índice gónado-somático das gónadas variou entre os sexos, mas foi semelhante
entre os tratamentos (19-23%) e foi superior aos valores observados em indivíduos
selvagens (6-7%). Os tratamentos e o sexo não afetaram a textura das gónadas (firmeza
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amarelada (b*) e valores mais elevados de aceitação entre os consumidores. Além disso,
as fêmeas apresentaram maiores taxas de aceitação do que os machos, provavelmente
devido ao facto de as fêmeas serem mais cor-de-laranja, atraentes e agradáveis em
comparação com os machos que são amarelos, granulosos e menos atraentes. Os machos
alimentados com a dieta L_SYN exibiram uma cor e teor de carotenoides semelhantes aos
animais selvagens na mesma fase de maturação das gónadas (fase III), mas as fêmeas
apresentavam diferenças significativas; contudo, nenhum dos sexos demonstrou
diferenças de aceitação dos consumidores em relação aos seus homólogos selvagens
(Capítulo IX).
       Esta tese foi realizada num ambiente industrial, sob a parceria da empresa Sense
Test, Lda, e centrou-se na caracterização sensorial do ouriço-do-mar, bem como na
melhoria e formulação de uma dieta para ouriço-do-mar. A combinação dos resultados
obtidos nos diferentes capítulos proporciona uma contribuição significativa para o
desenvolvimento contínuo de uma dieta adequada de P. lividus. Este trabalho propõe uma
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dieta capaz de aumentar significativamente o tamanho das gónadas e, mais amplamente,
contribuirá para superar as constrições de fornecimento que atualmente impedem uma
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utilização mais extensiva deste equinoide. É também patente que a cor das gónadas não
é exclusivamente modulada pela suplementação nutricional com carotenoides, e que pode
ser afetada por outros fatores nutricionais ou metabólicos dependentes do sexo, o que
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                                         Abstract
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allow for the valorisation of this caviar-like product. In a second phase, the ability of
formulated diets to induce high-quality gonads was evaluated.
       In the present work, a sea urchin population harvested in the North Atlantic coast of
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Portugal was characterized in terms of gonad yield, nutritional composition and important
market-related traits, over one reproductive cycle. Most of the quality attributes showed a
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seasonal variation strongly dependent on sea urchin sex, presenting highest levels during
the gametogenic stages of recovery and growing. During the growing and early maturation
period, gonads appeared more reddish, yellowish and brighter, as well as more firm,
irrespective of the sex. Taking in account all gonad quality seasonal changes, the period
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between November and February seemed to be the most suitable to harvest high quality
gonads in the Portuguese Atlantic coast (Chapter II).
       The following study aimed to explore and understand consumers’ perceptions and
behaviours regarding consumption of shellfish, namely sea urchin, applying a mixed
methodology to web-based questionnaires. The consumption of shellfish and sea urchin
was affected by many factors, namely those associated with culture, health and sensory
properties. For example, consumers with a high sea urchin consumption profile, Emotions
was the most important category, while those with low consumption emphasised the
Unknown as the main category. This suggested that participants with high consumption
patterns had a high level of familiarity with sea urchin, while low consumers had poor
knowledge concerning this gourmet product. Moreover, participants with high gourmet
shellfish consumption patterns were strongly associated with the category Preparation
Methods suggesting a deep knowledge of the product, while the ones with low consumption
were associated with Exclusivity of the product, mainly due to the high prices (Chapter III).
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       Meanwhile, the Chefs’ perceptions regarding sea urchin gonads sensorial features,
production and use, with an emphasis on echinoculture, was also explored. The Chefs
exposed that there is some apprehension regarding the consumption of sea urchin mainly
due to its appearance. Also, the existent preconception and suspicion about aquaculture
products and their acceptance should be countered, since the future availability of these
gourmet products and other seafood commodities with high-quality will be dependent on
their production in sustainable culture systems. These results emphasize the need for
communication and marketing strategies through locals, chefs and gastronomic events,
focused on the promotion of consumer awareness about the exclusivity of this product and
the importance of aquaculture for the future of the seafood market. The sensory evaluation
performed by the Chefs originated a preliminary sensory attributes list (Chapter IV).
       The sensory features and odour active volatile organic compounds (VOC) profile of
P. lividus was also studied, taking into consideration the sex and harvest location. Sea
urchin gonads’ sensory features were mainly influenced by sex, while their volatile profile
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was affected both by sex and harvest location. Males tended to be sweeter, softer and with
a pale-yellow colour, while females revealed an intense sweet tropical taste and a bright-
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orange colour. Data from this study and Chapter IV contributed to the sea urchin gonads
sensory profile characterization, aiming for the development of a preliminary sensory ballot
(Chapter V).
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       Moreover, a sensory profile of sea urchin (P. lividus) gonads was also built, to
evaluate differences between sex, harvest location, as well as the impact of presentation
on consumer acceptance. In Chapter VI, gonads were separated in relation to the
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presentation method: the white background of the bowl seemed to highlight the orange
colour of females; the gourmet presentation favoured the females in relation to the males,
mainly because the male gonad colour and white-colour exudate were emphasized by the
background of the sea urchin test. In both studies, sensory profiling clearly separates
gonads according to sex, with females being more appealing than males. These two studies
also concluded that a sea urchin with an orange colour, intense, sweet and pleasant tropical
taste and a pleasant, fresh and tropical odour is more appealing and accepted among
panellists, which may contribute valuable information for future nutritional aquaculture
studies aiming for the enhancement of sea urchin gonads attributes and, subsequently, their
market valorisation. This thorough characterization of the quality of wild harvest P. lividus,
including its sensory profile, helped define the consumers’ quality demands aiming the
selection of premium gonads, which allowed to focus the last two studies in the growth and
quality enhancement of sea urchin gonads, respectively. In fact, aquaculture can play an
important role in supplying high-quality animals. Nevertheless, the success of this activity
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                largely depends on the development of nutritionally balanced diets capable of producing
                excellent gonads.
                          After thorough examination of the sensory profile of the sea urchin, the current study
                focused on the preparation and evaluation of four extruded diets formulated with low or high
                protein (30 and 50% dry matter (DM)) and lipid (6 and 11% DM) levels, which were fed to
                wild-caught individuals for 15 weeks. All diets were effective in promoting gonad growth,
                but the diet with the lowest protein (30% DM) and lowest lipid (6% DM) level resulted in the
                highest gonad yield in both sexes. The gonad somatic index varied between sex but was
                similar among dietary treatments (19–23%) and was higher than values observed in wild
                specimens (6–7%). Dietary treatments and sex did not affect gonad texture (firmness and
                resilience) or colour parameters (brightness, redness, yellowness, chroma or hue angle),
                but affected gonad composition. Females had significantly higher total concentration of
                carotenoids than males, irrespective of the dietary treatments. Wild individuals had higher
                levels of echinenone, β-cryptoxantin and β-carotene, and showed higher redness and
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                firmness values when compared to the LP/LL diet, irrespective of sex. This study clearly
                showed that it is possible to enhance sea urchin gonad yield in relation to wild animals in a
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                Recirculating Aquaculture System at 18 °C, but failed to improve sensory and quality
                characteristics (Chapter VIII).
                          Finally, in a subsequent stage, gonads with acceptable colour with the incorporation
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                of different sources of β-carotene in the LP/LL diet used in the Chapter VIII were also
                produced. Total carotenoid content and profile, lightness (L*) and texture of gonads did not
                vary significantly among dietary treatments. The diet with lower concentration of synthetic
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                β-carotene (L_SYN) showed highest values of redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) and higher
                values of acceptance among the naïve consumers. Moreover, females displayed higher
                acceptance rates than males, probably due to the fact that females were more orange,
                appealing and pleasant compared with the yellow, grainy and unappealing males. Males
                fed the L_SYN diet exhibited similar colour and carotenoid content compared with wild
                animals in the same stage of gonad maturation (stage III), but females differed significantly;
                however, neither of the sexes demonstrated acceptance differences in relation to their wild
                counterparts (Chapter IX).
                          This thesis was performed in an industrial setting, under the partnership of the
                company Sense Test, Lda, and focused on sea urchin sensory characterization, as well as
                improving sea urchin feed formulation. The combination of the results obtained in the
                different Chapters provides a significant contribution to the ongoing development of a P.
                lividus suitable diet. It clearly proposes a diet able to significantly increase gonads size and,
                more widely, it will contribute to overcome the supply bottlenecks currently preventing a
                more extensive utilisation of these echinoids. It is also patent that gonad colour is not
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