CHAPTER 19 Questions on Direction and Bearing 1. What is meant by direction in map reading? (2 marks) 2. Define Bearing in maps. (2 marks) 3. Explain four traditional methods used to give direction. (4 marks) 4, Explain two modern methods used to give direction, (2 marks) 5. Explain how bearing is measured. (3 marks) 6. How many Norths may be found on Maps and what bearings do they give? (3 marks) 7. Define grid Bearing. (2 marks) 8. What is magnetic variation / dectination of a compass? (2 marks) 9, Explain how bearing is calculated. (4 marks) 10, Explain how to get magnetic bearing. (2 marks) 11 How is True Bearing got? (2 marks) 12. Explain how to locate places on maps, (8 marks) 13. Explain how to use the Grid Reference System. (8 marks) 208 0 Pass Geos a414. List four methods of representing relief on maps. {4 marks) 15, Describe these methods of representing relief: 2) Spot heights (2 marks) (b) Trigonometrical station points. (2 maarks) (©) Contours and form lines. (2 marks) 16. With the aid of a diagram describe these methods of representing relief: (@) Pictorials (2 marks) (b} Hachures (2 marks) (©) Hill shading (2 marks) (©) Colour ayer tinting (2 marks) Howto tess Geography O&A 209CHAPTER 20 Answers on _ Direction and Bearing , Direction refers to the course something is moving to, pointing or facing, Bearing means the direction measured in degrees from North ~ clockwise e.g, the bearing of East is 090 3. Traditional methods used to show direction, @) - Use of heavenly bodies e.g, use of @ group of stars called the plough or the big dipper, thie great bears in the Northern Hemisphere to show the North star, ~ The North Star is above the North Pile and could. therefore be uscd to show north, a bec gee 4 ‘The Plough / Big Dipper \ North Star ever North Pole * | \ + In the Southern Hemisphere, a group of 4 stars form the Southern Cross with the brightest star at the hottom being over the South Pole. 210 tess Mui South Pole. S * starts forming * the Southern cross (ii) ~ Shadows can also be used to show direction, In the morning, when facing the sun in the East, your left hand will be North while the right one will be to the South, your shadow will be to the West, = In the evening, if you face the setting sun, your left ‘hand will point south and the right one will point north, your shadow will be to the East. - This method of finding direction may only be accurate in the tropics where the sun is overhead. (ii) Dead reckoning In this method che traveler notes their position, when they start on a journey and go making adjustments for change of positions on a chart, = It is not very accurate because winds may sometimes push a vessel off course. liv} Landmarks: ‘This involves giving direction using landmarks such as hills, trees, buildings and even roads. - This method can only be useful where there are ‘unique and permanent landmarks Hin to Puss Geography O&A au4, Modern methods used to show direction. 212 {i) Landmarks - This follows the usc of unique landforms like buildings, hills, trees, rivers, roads ete. (i) Compass direction ~ This is the most reliable and scientific method used to show direction. = The needle of a magnetic compass always points north. ~There are four basic points of a compass also called the cardinal points North, East, South and West. - These can be divided to create four further points i.e. North East (NE) South East (SB) South West (SW) and North West (NW) So far those are 8 points. From these 8 points, another 8 can be got to make 16points i.c. North North East, Bast North East, East South East, South South East. South South West, West South West, West North West, North North West. ‘The sixteen points of a compass5. How bearing is measured, Bearing is measured in the following ways. - The position of a place from another can be given using a bearing, = The bearing gives a compass direction in degrees. - Each direction has an angle in degrees from North and this is given as its bearing. ~ East is 090", South is 180°, West is270" and North with 0° - The angle between places from North is therefore the bearing. 6. A map may have three Norths, namely (a) True North — This is the North of where longitudes, meet. It is the geographical Norti ~ pole. ~ It is also the North indicated by the North Star ~ Bearing measured from the true North is called the true bearing, {b) Magnetic North ~ ‘The magnetic poles of the earth keep changing, The magnetic North will therefore vary from time to time. (c) Grid North - This is the North or the Eastings, ‘The grid hnes on a topographical map are made up of Eastings and Northings. The Eastings run from North to South and increase eastwards. ~ Eastings are paratlel and point to a North different from the other Norths. Hossto Past Geography Form 1820.84 213‘Magnetic Declination as at June 1990 Annual change: -5 west 7 Grid Bearing: ‘A bearing measured from the grid North. 8, Magnetic variation / declination of a compass: - The difference between the magnetic North and the grid North is called the magnetic variation / dectination. 9. How bearing is calculated. ‘To calculate bearing of A from B: () Join A and B using a straight line. ii] Draw a short line from B parallel to the Eastings. iil) Measure the angle from this short line clockwise upto the line AB. iv) The angie you get is the bearing. 214 Hoy to Pass Geography Form 1&2 O & A10, How to get magnetic bearing. - Magnetic bearing can be got by measuring angle from magnetic North or adding angle of magnetic variations. 11. How True Bearing is got. ~The bearing can be got by measuring angle from ‘True North or by adding the True North variations from Grid North, Howto Pass Geography Form 182.0 &A 2sne True Grid North 72 Magnetic aft 12. How to locate places on maps Places on maps can be located using: (a) - Names of places e.g, It is near Nairobi or It is near Karue hills etc. = Names used must be prominent on maps. {b) Using direction and bearing, Le. Direction e.g. Turn West after 2km or Bearing: place Ais 45° NE of B. (c) Using latitudes and longitudes, In atlas maps, position of places is indicated using latitudes and longitudes. ~ Latitudes are given first followed by longitudes e.g. 33° 09° 23" Nand 25° 10° 07°F, Get latitudes and longitudes of Kenya. = On Topographical maps latitudes and longitudes are marked on the margin, When followed across the map, they help to estimate positions. (dj Using the grid reference system. {i)- This system uses grid tines on maps to get locations or places, (ii) Lines moving from North to South and numbered, increasing Bastwards are called Fastings. ~ Lines moving from West to East and numbered increasing Northwards are called Northings. ~ Eastings and Northings are used to indicate Jocation on maps. 216 io to Gass Geography Form 1&2 0 dA13, How to use the Grid Reference System. - This can be used in 2 ways: {a) Four figures Grid Reference System. {i} This gives the location of a grid square. (i) The eastings location is the area between one Easting and the next Fastwards. lit) The Northing location is the area between one Northing and the next one Northwards, - Example; Grid square 03/Basting/45iNorthing) will be as follows: 46: area Northing 45/46 45 — 03 prea 04 between Easting 03/04 Grid Square 0345 (b)_ The six figure grid reference system: ‘This gives the exact position of a place It is got by (i) Dividing the area between Eastings into 10 equal parts. {ii) Dividing the area between Northings into 10 equal parts. Hinw ta Bass Geography Form 142 Q&A 217Easting 03 - add 46- & positions to get 038 (Eastings) * Northings 45 - add 45 5 positions to get 455 (Northings) 03 04 Position x will therefore be 038455, ‘Therefore, the six figure grid reference gives the position of a specific place. 14, Methods of representing relief on maps. {a) Spot heights. {b) Trigonometric stations, {¢) Contours and formlines. {4) Pictorials, (e) Hachures (f) Hill shading (€) Layer tinting. 15. (a) Spot heights ~ These are high places whose altitudes have been determined by surveyors. They are indicated by a dot and the height, E.g. +1849m measuring the highest, point in thal area and the top is 1849 m above sea level. (bj Trigonometrical station points: They are high points in an area which surveyors use for trigonometry when surveying the area. - They arc indicated with a symbol 4 and the altitude indicated e.g. 42030m. (c) Contours and form line = Contours are lines joining places of the same height, above sea level. - They are also called isohypes 218 Mowete tess Geography Form 1&2 0 dA~The difference between one contour and the next is ‘called the vertical interval. 2 g contours Contours. Contour interval/ vertical interval here is 20m. Porm Lines are lines drawn on a map to estimate ies are not accurate. where contours would pass Form Lines 16, (a) Pictorials: ‘This is also known as physiographic method. It shows land appearance in pictures. How to Pass Geography Form 1&2 0 ded 219(b) Hachures: ‘These are short lines drawn on a map to show steep places, Wh a ig at tutes 7 / (0) HN shading: ‘This method shows relief as reflected in light from a specific direction. The steep slopes will be darker than gentle slopes. 220 Dow to Buss Geo Form 1Hill Shading > =e {@) Colour /layer tinting: It is a method of showing Relief where different altitudes {heights} have different colours, hues or shades. Colour ayer tinting ‘Howto Bais Geography Form 162 0 & A. 221