East African Scholars Journal of Medical Sciences

Abbreviated Key Title: East African Scholars J Med Sci

ISSN: 2617-4421 (Print) & ISSN: 2617-7188 (Online)
Published By East African Scholars Publisher, Kenya
Volume-3 | Issue-3 | Mar-2020 | DOI: 10.36349/EASMS.2020.v03i03.025

Case Study

Indonesian Government Response In COVID-19 Disaster Prevention

1 1 1
Mayusef Sukmana , Muhammad Aminuddin and Dwi Nopriyanto
1
Lecture Faculty of Medicine, Mulawarman University Anggur Street, No. 88 Samarinda 75123 Indonesia
Article History Abstract: WHO has designated COVID-19 as a health problem with a global emergency
Received: 18.02.2020 status with the highest level of vigilance. Indonesia has a very strategic area. The entry and
Accepted: 10.03.2020
exit of Indonesian citizens and foreigners who carry out economic, educational, political,
Published: 15.03.2020
cultural, tourism, and other activities in Indonesia are hazardous for the spread of Covid-19.
Journal homepage: Indonesia is a country with two confirmed cases of Covid-19. Covid-19 has an impact on the
https://www.easpublisher.com/easjms health, tourism, economic, social, and other sectors. Prevention of dissemination is by
responding to Covid-19 through early detection, human surveillance, environmental
Quick Response Code surveillance, transport equipment inspection, and goods inspection.

Keywords: coronavirus, Covid-19, monitoring, response, prevention.

Copyright @ 2020: This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution license which permits unrestricted
use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non commercial use (NonCommercial, or CC-BY-NC) provided the original author and source
are credited.

with 41 deaths (CFR 3.1%). China confirmed finding

COVID-19 PHENOMENOM 1297 cases of 2019-nCoV (including Hong Kong,
The coronavirus novel (2019-nCoV) is a new Taiwan, and Macau) with 41 deaths (39 deaths in Hubei
type of coronavirus that has never been identified in Province, one death in Hebei Province, one death in
humans that cause Corona Virus Disease-19 (COVID- Heilongjiang Province). Then followed by Japan (3
19). Coronavirus is a large family of viruses that cause cases), Thailand (4 cases), South Korea (2 cases),
disease in humans and animals. In humans, it creates Vietnam (2 cases), Singapore (3 cases), USA (2 cases),
common cold to severe illnesses such as Middle East Nepal (1 case), France (3 cases)), Australia (3 cases).
Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Severe Acute Among these cases, there were already several health
Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Syndrome. The workers who were reported to be infected(Kemenkes RI,
coronavirus novel (2019-nCoV) has epidemiology with 2020e)(Kemenkes RI, 2020d) .
different characteristics from SARS-CoV or MERS-
CoV. The coronavirus novel (2019-nCoV) self- According to Gardner (2020), on 27 February
replicates in the upper respiratory tract and causes 2020, there were 81,743 confirmed cases worldwide,
moderate symptoms, similar to resulting in 2,798 deaths and being declared cured of
pneumonia.(KemenkesRI 2020)(Kemenkes RI 2020) . 30,538 cases. (Dong E, Du H, 2020) The number and
spread of covid-19 increased very significantly between
WHO has designated COVID-19 as a health 26 January 2020 until 27 February 2020 an increase of
problem with a global emergency status with the 80,423 confirmed cases and an increase of 2,757 deaths
highest level of vigilance.(Ghebreyesus, 2020) The and the range of situations in 63 countries around the
WHO China Country Office reported the discovery of a world and all continents except Antarctica.
case of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan City,
Hubei Province, China, on January 7, 2020, which was The rapid spread of this disease is caused by
later determined as a new type of coronavirus (novel the city of Wuhan becoming China's new silk route
coronavirus, 2019-nCoV). where the economic development of the central region
of China. Wuhan has very high mobility, and
The number of 2019-nCoV cases took place community mobility increases using flights and railroad
quite quickly, and there was a spread outside the Wuhan lines as it approaches the Chinese New Year on January
region and other countries. On January 26, 2020, 10, 2019.(Wu, Leung, & Leung, 2020) An average of
globally, 1,320 cases were confirmed in 10 countries 16,202 international passengers at Wuhan airport to
*Corresponding Author: Mayusef Sukmana 81
Mayusef Sukmana et al; East African Scholars J Med Sci; Vol-3, Iss-3 (Mar, 2020): 81-86
Bangkok, Thailand. Two thousand five hundred four
passengers from Wuhan headed for London, England.
THE RESPONSE OF GOVERNMENT
Indonesia has an average of 2,432 passengers from The recommended standard set by the Ministry
Wuhan who flights to Denpasar every month. (Zaenudin, of Health of the Republic of Indonesia to prevent the
2020). spread of covid-19 from human to human is to promote
the community to carry out PHBS and healthy lifestyles
Indonesia as a country with a very strategic through regular hand washing, applying the ethics of
location is flanked by Asia and Australia, bringing coughing and sneezing, cooking meat and eggs until
together in the Pacific and Indian oceans, has an cooked and avoiding contact with sufferers of
international airport and as one of the busiest airlines in respiratory diseases such as coughing. (Kemenkes RI,
the world including Soekarno Hatta (CKG) - Changi 2020d)
(SIN) there are 27,046 flights. Indonesia has 353 On January 28, 2019, the Directorate General
national entrances and borders (airports, ports and of Disease Prevention and Control of the Ministry of
federal land border crossings). (Kemenkes RI, 2020d) Health issued a circular on preparedness to deal with
The entry and exit of Indonesian citizens and foreigners the Coronavirus novel infection (2019-nCOV) which
who carry out economic, educational, political, cultural, contained: Surveillance and Response, Clinical
tourism and other activities in Indonesia are hazardous Management, Infection Prevention and Control,
for the spread of Covid-19. Specimen Management and Laboratory Confirmation,
Risk Communication and Empowerment Public
The WHO Scientific and Technical Advisory
Group for Infectious Hazards (STAG-IH), carrying out The surveillance and response preparedness
sustainable strategies to control and eliminate the aims to: Conductivity, early detection of patients in
spread over the next 2-3 weeks until the end of supervision / in monitoring/probability/ confirmation,
February 2020 will be critical to monitor the situation 2019-nCoV at the entrance of the country and region.
of the range of Covid-19 in the world Detect human-to-human transmission. Identifying risk
community.(Heymann, Shindo, & WHO Scientific and factors 2019-nCoV. Identifying areas at risk for
Technical Advisory Group for Infectious Hazards, infection of 2019-nCoV (Kemenkes RI,
2020) The most influential factor on the spread of 2020e)(Kemenkes RI, 2020d) .
Covid-19 is the result of human-to-human transmission
where population mobility from and out of Wuhan city The President responded to readiness through
during the Chinese New Year.(Heymann et al., 2020) . instructions related to travel to mainland China, and a
limited meeting on 2 February 2019 instructed
Until the beginning of March 2020, Indonesia readiness to deal with the effects of the coronavirus as
was a country with two confirmed cases of co-19 follows: Take protective and preventive measures, and
infection. The biggest challenge facing now is also give an understanding of the whole community, all
preventing as much as possible the spread of 2019- people, wherever they are, so there is no need to panic.
nCoV, one of which is through surveillance and All direct flights to and from mainland China are
response programs. (Kemenkes RI, 2020e)(Kemenkes temporarily suspended from Wednesday, 5 February
RI, 2020d)(Dong E, Du H, 2020) 2020 at 00.00. Imposing health protocols, not allowing
all migrants who arrive from mainland China, or have
been there for 14 days to enter and transit in Indonesia.
IMPACT OF COVID-19 Temporarily stop visa-free and visa-on-arrival facilities
Impact on the health sector until March 3, for Chinese nationals. Indonesian citizens temporarily
2019, the number of infected 90,937 people, recovered do not travel to the mainland.(Sekretariat Kabinet RI,
48,017 and died 3,117 people with the spread in 75 2020a) Protect Indonesian citizens in the PRC, evacuate
countries. The data show that Covid-19 has a cure rate our citizens in Wuhan, in Hubei Province, and be
of 52.8% and a mortality rate of 3.4%. (4) Other data observed in Natuna. Carefully calculate the impact of
address the distribution of rapid morbidity, while the this policy on our economy from the trade, investment,
mortality rate is around 2%. (Dirjen Perhubungan Darat, tourism and trade sectors (WHO, 2020a).
2020).
The Indonesian Embassy also gave the
WHO has spent US $ 15 million to monitor the response by disseminating important information to
distribution of morbidity, investigate cases, and national increase public awareness of the increase in the
laboratory operations, overall US $ 675 million to fight COVID-19 virus, coordinating community leaders of
coronaviruses is expected to be able to withstand the the Indonesian Embassy, religious groups such as the
spread of the virus if countries take secure steps to Indonesian Jemaah Mosque and also the Indonesian
detect cases early, isolate and treat patients, and track Church Congregation, regional communities and
contacts. soon, separate and treat patients, and track students (WHO, 2020b).
communications (Sekretariat Kabinet RI, 2020b).

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Mayusef Sukmana et al; East African Scholars J Med Sci; Vol-3, Iss-3 (Mar, 2020): 81-86
Early detection and response carried out by the
government following the objectives of surveillance Someone in monitoring is someone who has
activities by the WHO are as follows: symptoms of fever / a history of fever without
Limiting human-to-human transmission, pneumonia who has a history of travel to China or the
including preventing secondary infections among close affected region/country, within 14 days and does not
contact and health workers, preventing further have one or more history of exposure (history of close
international transmission and spread from China; contact with the 2019-nCoV confirmation case; Work
Through the efforts at rapid collection, diagnosis and or visit health facilities associated with 2019-nCoV
case management, treatment and follow-up of actions, confirmation patients in China or the affected
prevention and treatment of infections in health care region/country (according to disease progression), have
settings, application of health measures to those who a history of contact with infectious animals (if
travel, increase public awareness about the risk of infectious animals have been identified) in China or the
disease and its spread. affected region/country ( according to disease
1. Identifying, isolating, and treating patients early, progression). (Kemenkes RI, 2020e)(Kemenkes RI,
providing optimal care for protecting patients; 2020d) Close contact means including health workers
2. Identification and conversation of transmission who inspect, treat, deliver and clean rooms in special
from animal sources; care places, people who care for or wait for patients in
3. Related to the unknown things that are important the room, people who live at home with patients, guests
about the severity of the clinical course, the level of who are in the same room with patients, people
transmission and infection, treatment options, and travelling together with patients en covid-19.(Kemenkes
the improvement of vaccine, therapy and vaccine RI, 2020e)(Kemenkes RI, 2020d)(Kemenkes RI, 2020a)
development; Close human-to-human contact increases the risk of
4. Communicating critical risks and event information transmission (Kemenkes RI, 2020a) (Kemenkes RI,
to all communities and combating misinformation; 2020c).
5. Minimizing Social and Economic Impacts through
multisectoral partnerships.(Jung et al., 2020) The probable case of a patient is someone
under surveillance who was examined for 2019-nCoV
The Early detection and response of the but was inconclusive or someone with positive
Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia by confirmation results of pan-coronavirus or beta
conducting a 2019-nCoV investigation through coronavirus. The confirmed case is someone infected
supervision of patients under surveillance, everyone with 2019-nCoV with positive laboratory results
under surveillance, possibilities, and confirmation. (Kemenkes RI, 2020a).
Patients under surveillance are:
a. Associated with fever: (≥38 ° C) or fever, Early Detection and Response at the Entrance
cough/cold /sore throat, mild to severe pneumonia of the State is carried out on patients under
according to clinical and radiological. Required in surveillance/people in monitoring / probable /
patients with immune system disorders confirmation 2019-nCoV. Implementation of the
(immunocompromised) because the symptoms and International Health Regulation / IHR (2005), ports,
signs become unclear, and changes in at least one airports, and the State Cross-border Post (PLBDN)
condition as follows:1) Having a history of travel to carrying out quarantine activities, an inspection of
China or the affected region/country (according to transportation equipment, vector control, and sanitary
disease progression) within 14 days before the onset of measures. Implementing the IHR (2005) at the entrance
symptoms; or 2) Is a sick health worker with the same of the state and PLBDN is the Port Health Office (KKP).
complaint after treating a patient with severe acute Activities at the state entrance include efforts to detect,
respiratory infections (SARI) whose cause is unknown, prevent and respond to 2019-nCoV at ports, airports.
regardless of where they live or the outcome of the Activities in the form of supervision of transport
battle; or equipment, people, goods, and the environment coming
from the 2019-nCoV infected area/country (Kemenkes
b. 14 days before illness, have one of the RI, 2020d) (Kemenkes RI, 2020a).
following exposures: Have contact with the 2019-nCoV
truth report; 2019-nCoV in China or infected Early detection by observing 238 citizens who
regions/countries (according to disease progression); or had been evacuated from China, they were quarantined
have a history of contact with infectious animals (if for 14 days in Natuna since February 2, 2020. All
infectious animals have been identified) in China or the people observed were measured twice a day.(Kemenkes
affected region/country (according to disease RI, 2020f) On February 27, 2019 crew members
development), or Have a history of travel to Wuhan OR totalling 188 people were evacuated from the World
contact with people who have a history of travel to Dream ship and quarantined in KRI dr. Soeharso to be
Wuhan (there is an epidemiological relationship) and monitored and monitored while on the ship to The
have (fever ≥38 ° C) or have a history of fever. Sebaru Kecil Island.(Guan et al., 2020) Supervision is
(Kemenkes RI, 2020e)(Kemenkes RI, 2020d) . carried out on nine crew members (ABK) Diamond

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Mayusef Sukmana et al; East African Scholars J Med Sci; Vol-3, Iss-3 (Mar, 2020): 81-86
Princess who are Indonesian citizens (WNI) positive provided 195 thermal scanners at 135 state entrances,
Covid-19, and ABK who are negative Covid-19 are still 21 capsule transport devices at 21 Port Health Offices
aboard and after pick-up will be observed for two (KKP) (Kemenkes RI, 2020e)(Kemenkes RI, 2020d). A
incubation periods or 28 days.(Qun Li, M.Med., Xuhua Health Alert Card (HAC) is given to people who have
Guan, Ph.D., Peng Wu, Ph.D., Xiaoye Wang, M.P.H., travelled from an infected country(Kemenkes RI,
Lei Zhou, M.Med., Yeqing Tong, Ph.D., Ruiqi Ren, 2020e)(Kemenkes RI, 2020d). Disinfection also
M.Med., Kathy S.M. Leung, Ph.D., Eric H.Y. Lau, sprayed on the body and clothes of passengers who
Ph.D., Jessica Y. Wong, Ph.D., Xuesen Xing, Ph.D., descend from the plane. This is done to kill viruses that
Nijuan Xiang, M.Med., Yang Wu, M.Sc, 2020). might stick to the body or passenger clothing. The
Covid-19 virus can last more than 48 hours. An average
The evacuation of Indonesian citizens to avoid room temperature (20 ° C) and will die if disinfected
contact with patients is essential because there are using 0.1%, hypochlorite and ethanol 70%. (Menteri
72.3% of confirmed cases resulting from contact with Perdagangan RI, 2020) (Badan Karantina Ikan, 2020).
residents of Wuhan.(World Health Organization
(WHO)-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease Supervision of goods, especially imported
2019, 2020) Temperature measurement is the goods that allow infection in animals and are zoonotic.
monitoring of fever symptoms, if fever occurs, this The rules of trade ministry number 10 of 2020
shows the possibility of entry of 2019-nCoV, the most temporarily ban imports of live animals from the
common symptoms are fever (43.8% on admission and People's Republic of China.(Kemenkes RI, 2020b)
88.7% during hospitalization) and cough Circular Letter from the Head of the Fish Quarantine
(67.8% ).(World Health Organization (WHO)-China Agency, Fisheries Product Quality and Safety (BKIPM)
Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019, 2020) Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (KKP)
Supervision is carried out because the incubation period number SE No.276 / BKIPM / I / 2020 dated January 24,
can vary in several cases, the results of research of 425 2020, BKIPM coordinates with the Ministry of Health,
patients confirmed coronavirus novel (2019-nCoV) - the Ministry of Agriculture, and the Ministry of Trade
infected pneumonia (NCIP) average incubation period to supervise fish imports, especially those from
of 5.2 with the most extended incubation of 12, 5 mainland China. Fish imported from infected countries
days.(PT Garuda Indonesia(Persero) TBK, 2020) On in must be healthy and safe for consumption, testing of
another case, 67 patients were observed for an fish is required, and the possibility of exposure to
incubation period of 2-7 days (19). According to WHO coronavirus. If the fish has been confirmed as the
the average incubation period is 5-6 days with a range coronavirus carrier media, BKIPM will temporarily
of 1-14 days(Prianto, 2020). stop the import of fish from countries suspected of
having an outbreak. BKIPM requests information from
Distribution of Health Alert Cards (HAC) to the General Administration of Customs of the People's
travellers from 12 affected countries. COVID-19 Republic of China (GACC) that fish from China have
prepared one hundred referral hospitals. The Center for been tested and found to be free from coronavirus
Biomedical and Basic Health Technology (BTDK) is a contamination. (Zhang & Liu, 2020).
laboratory designated to conduct examinations. As of
February 11, 2020, 71 samples had been examined with Environmental control carried out the
67 negative COVID-19 and four results in the supervision of waste management, including medical
examination process. waste. Cleanliness of the observation area,
operationalization of the autoclave (sterilization of
Supervision of conveyance, carried out medical waste). Inspection of drinking water samples
disinfection inside and outside the hangar every from the kitchen and clean water of the hangar to ensure
morning and night is also routinely carried out. that drinking water meets the quality standard
Disinfection of the cabin, cockpit and the aircraft cargo requirements. The Natuna people were given health
compartment were carried out after taking a flight from education about the observation process by residents
China. Changing the air filter High-Efficiency from Wuhan and provided integrated health posts on
Particulate Arresting (HEPA) which is a standard Piwang Beach.(Kemenkes RI, 2020f).
feature of the aircraft-operated fleet functions to kill
viruses and bacteria in the aircraft cabin of the fleet that The Mitigation strategy by the Directorate
previously served flights to and from China(World General of Civil Aviation by issuing a Circular of the
Health Organization (WHO), 2020)(European Centre Director-General of Civil Aviation through the Director
for Disease Prevention and Control, 2020)(Menteri of Aviation Security Number: SE.001 / DKP / I / 2020
Perdagangan RI, 2020). dated January 20, 2020, which contains orders to
airlines to:
Monitoring of people, whether passengers, 1. Complete the general declaration card (Gendec) to
crew or ships that have travelled from China when give to the health quarantine officer at the arrival
through the airport entrance or port, is done by thermal airport;
scanners detecting the onset of fever. The government

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2. Report to the air traffic officer on duty (by PIC) if environmental cleaning in non-healthcare facilities
there are people/passengers suspected of being exposed to 2019-nCoV 20200207. (February), 1–3.
exposed due to being infected on an airplane; 5. Ghebreyesus, T. A. (2020). WHO raises global
3. Giving a health alert card (alert card) before arrival COVID-19 risk to highest level. 3–5.
(for flights originating from an infected country) to 6. Guan, W., Ni, Z., Hu, Y., Liang, W., Ou, C., He, J.,
the passenger, and ensuring the passenger to report … Zhu, S. (2020). Disease 2019 in China. 1–13.
to the officer if he feels there is a suspicion of https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2002032
contracting the disease. 7. Heymann, D. L., Shindo, N., & WHO Scientific
4. Give announcements on board (on-board) so that and Technical Advisory Group for Infectious
passengers report to the KKP officer on arrival if Hazards. (2020). COVID-19: what is next for
they are from or have stopped by the country public health? Lancet (London, England), 6736(20),
affected. 19–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-
5. Flight operators continue to improve surveillance at 6736(20)30374-3
the international arrival terminal and continue to 8. Jung, S., Akhmetzhanov, A. R., Hayashi, K.,
coordinate with all flight stakeholders to anticipate Linton, N. M., Yang, Y., Yuan, B., …& Nishiura,
the spread of the pneumonia virus through flight H. (2020). Real-Time Estimation of the Risk of
routes.(Sekretariat Kabinet RI, 2020a) Death from Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19)
Infection: Inference Using Exported Cases. Journal
Prevention of food-borne diseases, an of Clinical Medicine 2020, Vol. 9, Page 523, 9(2),
examination of food samples for breakfast, morning 523. https://doi.org/10.3390/JCM9020523
snacks, lunch and dinner for monitoring patients in 9. Kemenkes, R.I. (2020a). Covid-19 Menyebar ke
Natuna(Kemenkes RI, 2020f). Control applied to the Berbagai Negara, Indonesia Perkuat Pencegahan.
community so as not to be infected and also applied to Retrieved from
patients with Covid-19 is nutritional provision good https://www.kemkes.go.id/article/view/200214000
include vitamin A, B, C, D, E, Omega-3 04/covid-19-menyebar-ke-berbagai-negara-
polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), selenium, zinc, indonesia-perkuat-pencegahan.html
iron, interferon, intravenous gamma globulin, thymosin 10. Kemenkes, R.I. (2020b). Covid-19 Menyebar ke
alpha-1, thymopentin, lepamisole, cyclosporine A, Berbagai Negara, Indonesia Perkuat Pencegahan.
flavanoid. Influenza immunization can be given to Biro Komunikasi Dan Pelayanan Masyarakat.
children. For those with confirmed Covid-19 given https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-
convalescent plasma(Zhang & Liu, 2020) 8.64142-9
11. Kemenkes, R.I. (2020c). Detik-detik 188 ABK
World Dream Berhasil Dievakuasi. Biro
CONCLUSION Komunikasi Dan Pelayanan Masyarakat,
The response of the Government of the Kementerian Kesehatan RI.
Republic of Indonesia Prevention of dissemination is https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-
by responding to Covid-19 through early detection, 8.64142-9
human surveillance, environmental surveillance, 12. Kemenkes, R.I. (2020d). Pedoman Kesiapsiagaan
transport equipment inspection, and goods inspection Menghadapi Infeksi Coronavirus (2019-nCoV.
Jakarta: Ditjen Pencegahan dan Pengendalian
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