SAND

Sand is a mixture of small grains of rock and granular materials which is mainly defined by size,
beingfiner than graveland coarser than silt. And ranging in size from 0.06 mm to 2 mm. Particles
which are larger than 0.0078125 mm but smaller than 0.0625 mm are termed silt.
Sand is made by erosion or broken pebbles and weathering of rocks, which is carried by seas or
rivers. And freezing and thawing during the winter break rock up the sand will be made.
Different Types of Sand
It is not possible to classify the sand. Because there is no such thing as an official sand
classification. Sand is ahighly variable substance and therefore it is possible to make an attempt
to classify it into separate categories.
1. Pit Sand:
-Obtained by forming pits into the soil
- It is sharp, angular, porous and free from harmful salts
-Clay &other impurities should be washedand screened before using engineering
purposes.
- Fine pit sand, when rubbed between fingers, should not leave any stain on it. It indicates
the presence of clay.
-Used for the mortars

2. River Sand:
-Found at river beds and banks.
-Fine, round and polished due to rubbing action of water currents.
- Has less frictional strength because of roundness.
- Almost white in color.
Grains are smaller than pit sand, and hence more suitable for plastering work.
- Normally available in pure condition and hence can be used for all kinds of Civil
Engineering works.
3. Sea Sand:
Obtained from seashores.
Fine, rounded, and polished due to rubbing action of water.
- Light brown in color.
- Worst of the three types of sand because of containing a lot of salts.
-Salts absorb moisture from the atmosphere and cause permanent dampness and
efflorescence in the structure.
-Sea salt also retards the setting action of cement.
Besides, it contains shells and organic matter which decompose in the body of mortar and
concrete and hence reduce their life and strength.
Sea sand should as far as possible be discarded

Dependingon the particle grain size, the sand is divided into four classes:
1. Very coarse 2. Coarse 3. Medium 4. Fine-grained
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