This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards,Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade(TBT)Committee.

Designation:E1030/E1030M-21

Standard Practice for

Radiographic Examination of Metallic Castings¹
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1030/E1030M;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1.Scope* Development of International Standards,Guides and Recom-

mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
1.1 This practice²provides a uniform procedure for radio-
Barriers to Trade(TBT)Committee.
graphic examination of metallic castings using radiographic
film as the recording medium.
2.Referenced Documents
1.2 This standard addresses the achievement of,or protocols 2.1 ASTM Standards:³
for achieving,common or practical levels of radiographic E94 Guide for Radiographic Examination Using Industrial
coverage for castings,to detect primarily volumetric disconti- Radiographic Film
nuities to sensitivity levels measured by nominated image
E155 Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum
quality indicators.Alldepartures,including alternate means or
and Magnesium Castings
methods to increase coverage,or address challenges of detect- E186 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 to 4%2 in.
ing non-volumetric planar-type discontinuities,shall be agreed
(50.8 to 114 mm))Steel Castings
upon between the purchaser and supplier and shall consider
Appendix X1 and Appendix X2. E192 Reference Radiographs of Investment Steel Castings
for Aerospace Applications
1.3 The radiographic techniques stated herein provide ad- E272 Reference Radiographs for High-Strength Copper-
equate assurance for defect detectability;however,it is recog- Base and Nickel-Copper Alloy Castings
nized that,for special applications,specific techniques using E280 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (4%to 12
more or less stringent requirements may be required than those in.(114 to 305 mm))Steel Castings
specified.In these cases,the use of alternate radiographic E310 Reference Radiographs for Tin Bronze Castings
techniques shall be as agreed upon between purchaser and E446 Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in.
supplier(also see Section 5). (50.8 mm)in Thickness
E505 Reference Radiographs for Inspection of Aluminum
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-
pound units are to be regarded separately as standard.The and Magnesium Die Castings
values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equiva- E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive
lents;therefore,to ensure conformance with the standard,each Testing
system shall be used independently of the other,and values E689 Reference Radiographs for Ductile Iron Castings
from the two systems shall not be combined. E747 Practice for Design,Manufacture and Material Group-
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the ing Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators(IQI)
safety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is the Used for Radiology
E802 Reference Radiographs for Gray Iron Castings Up to
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4%in.(114 mm)in Thickness
priate safety,health,and environmental practices and deter-
E999 Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial Radio-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor- graphic Film Processing
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- E1025 Practice for Design,Manufacture,and Material
Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality In-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
dicators(IQI)Used for Radiography
E1079 Practice for Calibration of Transmission Densitom-
eters
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on
E1254 Guide for Storage of Radiographs and Unexposed
Radiology(X and Gamma)Method.
Current edition approved June 1,2021.Published July 2021.Originally approved
in 1984.Last previous edition approved in 2015 as E1030/E1030M-15.DOI: ³For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,www.astm.org,or
10.1520/E1030_E1030M-21. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM
²For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Test Standands volume information,refer to the standard's Document Summary page on
Method SE-1030 in Section of that Code. the ASTM website.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end ofthis standard

Copyright OASTM International,100 Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA 19428-2959.United States

1
 E1030/E1030M-21

Industrial Radiographic Films 5.1.4 Requirements—General requirements(see 8.1,8.2,

E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations 8.5,and 8.7.4)shall be specified.
E1320 Reference Radiographs for Titanium Castings 5.1.5 Procedure Requirements(see 9.1,9.1.1,9.3,9.7.4, and
E1742/E1742M Practice for Radiographic Examination 9.7.7)shall be specified.
E1815 Test Method for Classification of Film Systems for 5.1.6 Records—Record retention(see 12.1)shall be speci-
Industrial Radiography fied.
2.2 ASNT/ANSI Standards:⁴
6.Apparatus
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualifi-
cation and Certification in Nondestructive Testing 6.1 Radiation Sources:
CP-189 Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive 6.1.1 X Radiation Sources—Selection of appropriate X-ray
Testing Personnel⁴ voltage and current levels is dependent upon variables regard-
2.3 AIA Standard:⁵ ing the specimen being examined (material type and thickness)
NAS 410 National Aerospace Standard Certification and and economically permissible exposure time.The suitability of
Qualification of Nondestructive Test Personnel these X-ray parameters shall be demonstrated by attainment of
required penetrameter(IQD)sensitivity and compliance with all
2.4 ISO Standards:
ISO 5579 Non-Destructive Testing—Radiographic Testing other requirements stipulated herein.Guide E94 contains
provisions concerning exposure calculations and charts for the
of Metallic Materials Using Film and X-or Gamma- use of X-ray sources.
ra ys—Basic Rules
ISO 9712 Non-Destructive Testing—Qualification and Cer- 6.1.2 Gamma Radiation Sources—Isotope sources,when
used,shall be capable of demonstrating the required radio-
tification of NDT Personnel
graphic sensitivity.
3.Terminology 6.2 Film Holders and Cassettes—Film holders and cassettes
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this shall be light-tight and shall be handled properly to reduce the
practice,see Terminology E1316. likelihood that they may be damaged.They may be flexible
vinyl,plastic,or any durable material;or,they may be made
4.Significance and Use from metallic materials.In the event that light leaks into the
film holder and produces images on the film extending into the
4.1 The requirements expressed in this practice are intended area of interest,the film shall be rejected.If the film holder
to control the quality of the radiographic images,to produce exhibits light leaks,it shall be repaired before reuse or
satisfactory and consistent results,and are not intended for discarded.Film holders and cassettes should be routinely
controlling the acceptability or quality of materials or products. examined to minimize the likelihood of light leaks.
5.Basis of Application 6.3 Intensifying Screens:
6.3.1 Lead-Foil Screens:
5.1 The following items shall be agreed upon by the
purchaser and supplier: 6.3.1.1 Intensifying screens of the lead-foil type are gener-
5.1.1 Nondestructive Testing Agency Evaluation—If speci- ally used for all production radiography.Lead-foil screens shall
fied in the contractual agreement,nondestructive testing(NDT) be of the same approximate area dimensions as the film being
agencies shall be qualified and evaluated in accordance with used and they shall be in direct contact with the film during
Practice E543. The applicable version of Practice E543 shall be exposure.
specified in the contractual agreement. 6.3.1.2 Recommended screen thicknesses are listed in Table
5.1.2 Personnel Qualification—Personnel performing ex- 1 for the applicable voltage range being used.
aminations to this standard shall be qualified in accordance 6.3.1.3 Sheet lead,with or without backing,used for screens
with a nationally or internationally recognized NDT personnel should be visually examined for dust,dirt,oxidation,cracking
qualification practice or standard such as ANSI/ASNT CP-189, or creasing,foreign material or other condition that could
SNT-TC-1A,NAS 410,ISO 9712,or a similar document and render undesirable nonrelevant images on the film.
certified by the employer or certifying agency,as applicable. 6.3.2 Fluorescent,Fluorometallic,or Other Metallic
The practice or standard used and its applicable revision shall Screens:
be identified in the contractual agreement between the using 6.3.2.1 Fluorescent,fluorometallic,or other metallic screens
parties. may be used.However,they must be capable of demonstrating
5.1.3 Apparatus—General requirements(see 6.1 through the required penetrameter(IQI)sensitivity.Fluorescent or
6.9)shall be specified. fluorometallic screens may cause limitations in image quality
(see Guide E94,Appendix X1.)
6.3.2.2 Screen Care—All screens should be handled care-
4Available from the American Society for Nondestructive Testing.(ASNT),
fully to avoid dents,scratches,grease,or dirt on active
1711 Arlingate Plaza,P.O.Box 28518,ColumbusOH 43228. surfaces.Screens that render false indications on radiographs
⁵Available from Aerospace Industries Association of America,Inc.(AIA),1000 shall be discarded or reworked to eliminate the artifact.
Wilson Blvd Suite 1700,Arlington,VA 22209-3928.
Available from Intemational Organization for Standardization(ISO),ISO
6.3.3 Other Screens—International Standard ISO5579 con-
Central Secretariat,BIBC I,Chemin de Blandonnet 8.CP 401,1214 Vernier, tains similar provisions for intensifying screens as this practice.
Geneva,Switzerland,http://www.iso.org. International users of these type screens who prefer the use of

2
 E1030/E1030M-21
TABLE 1 Lead Foil Screens^
KV Range Front Screen^ Back Screen Minimum
0 to 150 kV⁸ 0.000 to 0.001 in.[0 to 0.025 mm] 0.005 in.[0.127 mm]
151 to 200 kV 0.001 to 0.005 in.[0.025 to 0.127 mm] 0.005 in.[0.127 mm]
201 to 320 kV 0.001 to 0.010 in.[0.025 to 0.254 mm] 0.005 in.[0.127 mm]
Se-75 0.001 to 0.010 in.[0.025 to 0.254mm] 0.005 in.[0.127 mm]
321 to 450 kV 0.005 to 0.015 in.[0.127 to 0.381 mm] 0.010 in.[0.254 mm]
Ir 192 0.005 to 0.015 in.[0.127 to 0.381 mm] 0.010 in.[0.254 mm]
451 kV to 2 MV 0.005 to 0.020 in.[0.127 to 0.508 mm] 0.010 in.[0.254 mm]
Co-60 0.005 to 0.020 in.[0.127 to 0.508 mmj 0.010 in.[0.254 mm]
Over 2 MV to 4 MV 0.010 to 0.020 in.[0.254 to 0.508 mm]0 0.010 in.[0.254mmjo
Over 4 MV to 10 MV 0.010 to 0.030 in.[0.254 to 0.762 mmj 0.010 in.[0.254 mmj
Over 10 MV to 25 MV 0.010 to 0.050 in.[0.254 to 1.27 mm] 0.010 in.[0.254 mm]
AThe lead screen thicknes listedfo the various voltage ranges are recommended thicknesses and not required thicknesses.Other thicknesses and materials may be
used provided the required radiographic quality level,contrast,and density are achieved.
B Prepacked fim with lead screns may be used trom 80 to 150kV.No lead screns are recommended below 80 kV.Prepackaged fim may be used a igher voltages
provided the contrast,density,radiographic quality level,and backscatter requirements are achieved.Additional intermediate lead screens may be used for reduction of
scattered radiation at higher voltages.
CNo back screen is required provided the backscatter requirements of 9.5 are met.
DFor Co-60 and the volitage range of 451 kV to 4 MV,steel or copper screens of 0.1 to 0.5 mm may be used.For the voltage range of 4 MV to 10 MV,0.5 to 1.0 mm steel
or copper or up to 0.5 mm tantalum screens are recommended.

ISO 5579 for their particular applications should specify such wedge film traceable to the National Institute of Standards and
alternate provisions within separate contractual arrangements Technology.Densitometers shall be calibrated in accordance
from this practice. with Practice E1079.
6.4 Filters—Filters shall be used whenever the contrast 7.Reagents and Materials
reductions caused by low-energy scattered radiation or the
extent of undercut and edge burn-off occurring on production 7.1 Film Systems—Only film systems having cognizant
radiographs is of significant magnitude so as to cause failure to engineering organization(CEO)approval or meeting the re-
meet the quality level or radiographic coverage requirements quirements of Test Method E1815 shall be used to meet the
stipulated by the job order or contract(see Guide E94). requirements of this practice.
6.5 Masking—Masking material may be used,as necessary,
to help reduce image degradation due to undercutting(see 8.Requirements
Guide E94). 8.1 Procedure Requirement—Unless otherwise specified by
6.6 Penetrameters(IQI)—Unless otherwise specified by the the applicable job order or contract,radiographic examination
applicable job order or contract,only those penetrameters that shall be performed in accordance with a written procedure.
comply with the design and identification requirements speci- Specific requirements regarding the preparation and approval
fied in Practices E747,E1025,or E1742/E1742M shall be of written procedures shall be dictated by a purchaser and
used. supplier agreement.The procedure details should include at
6.7 Shims and Separate Blocks—Shims or separate blocks least those items stipulated in Appendix X1. In addition,a
made of the same or radiographically similar materials(as radiographic standard shooting sketch(RSS), Fig.X1.1 ,shall
defined in Practice E1025)may be used to facilitate penetram- be prepared similar to that shown in Appendix X1 and shall be
eter positioning.There is no restriction on shim or separate available for review during interpretation of the radiograph.
block thickness provided the penetrameter and area-of-interest 8.2 Radiographic Coverage—Unless otherwise specified by
optical density tolerance requirements of 9.7.6.2 are met. a purchaser and supplier agreement,the extent of radiographic
6.8 Radiographic Location and Identification Markers— coverage shall be the maximum practical volume of the
Lead numbers and letters are used to designate the part number casting.Areas that require radiography shall be designated as
and location number.The size and thickness of the markers illustrated in Figs.X1.2 and X1.3 of Appendix X1.When the
shall depend on the ability of the radiographic technique to shape or configuration of the casting is such that radiography is
image the markers on the radiograph.As a general rule, impractical,these areas shall be so designated on drawings or
markers /6-in.[1.5-mm]thick will suffice for most low-energy sketches that accompany the radiographs.Examples of casting
(less than 1 MV tube voltage)X-ray and Iridium-192 radiog- geometries and configurations that may be considered imprac-
raphy;for higher-energy radiography,it may be necessary to tical to radiograph are illustrated in Appendix X2.
use markers that are /s-in.[3.0-mm]or more thick.
8.3 Radiographic Film Quality—All radiographs shall be
6.9 Optical Density Measurement Apparatus—Either a free of mechanical,chemical,handling-related,or other blem-
transmission densitometer or a step-wedge comparison radio- ishes which could mask or be confused with the image of any
graph shall be used for judging optical density requirements. discontinuity in the area of interest on the radiograph.If any
Step wedge comparison films or densitometer calibration,or doubt exists as to the true nature of an indication exhibited by
both,shall be verified by comparison with a calibrated step- the radiograph,the radiograph shall be retaken or rejected.

3
 8.4 Radiographic Quality Level—The applicable job order piece by more than 20%or /4 in.[6.35 mm],whichever is
or contract shall dictate the requirements for radiographic greater.In no case shall the penetrameter(IQI)size be based on
quality level.(See Practice E1025 or Practice E747 for a thickness greater than the thickness to be radiographed.
guidance in selection of quality level.)
9.2 Surface Preparation—The casting surfaces shall be
8.5 Acceptance Level—Radiographic acceptance levels and prepared as necessary to remove any conditions that could
associated severity levels shall be stipulated by the applicable mask or be confused with internal casting discontinuities.
contract,job order,drawing,or other purchaser and supplier
agreement. 9.3 Source-to-Film Distance—Unless otherwise specified in
8.6 Optical Density Limitations—Optical density in the area the applicable job order or contract,geometric unsharpness
of interest shall be within 1.5 to 4.0 for either single or (Ug)shall not exceed the following in Table 2. The user should
superimposed viewing. be aware that exposures utilizing the maximum geometric
unsharpness permitted by Table 2 may not produce acceptable
8.7 Film Handling:
sensitivity and the unsharpness should be reduced in order to
8.7.1 Darkroom Facilities—Darkroom facilities should be
kept clean and as dust-free as practical.Safelights should be achieve the required sensitivity.
those recommended by film manufacturers for the radiographic 9.4 Direction ofRadiation—The direction of radiation shall
materials used and should be positioned in accordance with the be governed by the geometry of the casting and the radio-
manufacturer's recommendations.All darkroom equipment graphic coverage and quality requirements stipulated by the
and materials should be capable of producing radiographs that applicable job order or contract.Whenever practicable,place
are suitable for interpretation. the central beam of the radiation perpendicular to the surface of
8.7.2 Film Processing—Guide E999 should be consulted for the film. Appendix X2 provides examples of preferred source
guidance on film processing. and film orientations and examples of casting geometries and
8.7.3 Radiographic Viewing Facilities—Viewing facilities configurations on which radiography is impractical or very
shall provide subdued background lighting of an intensity that difficult.
will not cause troublesome reflections,shadows,or glare on the
radiograph.The viewing light shall be of sufficient intensity to 9.5 Back-Scattered Radiation Protection:
review optical densities up to 4.0 and be appropriately con- 9.5.1 Back-Scattered Radiation—(secondary radiation ema-
trolled so that the optimum intensity for single or superimposed nating from surfaces behind the film,that is,walls,floors,etc.)
viewing of radiographs may be selected. serves to reduce radiographic contrast and may produce
8.7.4 Storage ofRadiographs—When storage is required by undesirable effects on radiographic quality.AI/s-in.(3.2-mm)
the applicable job order or contract,the radiographs should be lead sheet placed behind the film generally furnishes adequate
stored in an area with sufficient environmental control to protection against back-scattered radiation.
preclude image deterioration or other damage.The radiograph
storage duration and location after casting delivery shall be as 9.5.2 To detect back-scattered radiation,position a lead
agreed upon between purchaser and supplier.(See Guide letter “B”(approximately /s-in.[3.2-mm]thick by 1/z-in.
E1254 for storage information.) [12.5-mm]high)on the rear side of the film holder.If a light
image(lower optical density)of the lead letter"B"appears on
9.Procedure the radiograph,it indicates that more back-scatter protection is
necessary.The appearance of a dark image of the lead letter
9.1 Time of Examination—Unless otherwise specified by the
"B"should be disregarded unless the dark image could mask or
applicable job order or contract,radiography may be per-
formed prior to heat treatment and in the as-cast,rough- be confused with rejectable casting defects.
machined,or finished-machined condition.
9.6 Penetrameter(IQI)Placement—Place all penetrameters
9.1.1 Penetrameter(IQ1)Selection—Unless otherwise
(IQI)being radiographed on the source side of the casting.
specified in the applicable job order or contract,penetrameter
Place penetrameters(IQI)in the radiographic area of interest,
(IQD)selection shall be based on the following:if the thickness
unless the use of a shim or separate block is necessary,as
to be radiographed exceeds the design thickness of the finished
specified in 9.7.6.
piece,the penetrameter(IQI)size shall be based on a thickness
which does not exceed the design thickness of the finished 9.7 Number of Penetrameters (IQ1):

TABLE 2 Unsharpness(Ug)Maximum
Material Thickness Ug Maximum^
Under 1 in.[25.4 mm] 0.015 in.[0.381 mm]
1 through 2 in.[25.4 through 50.8 mm] 0.020 in.[0.508 mm]
Over 2 through 3 in.[over 50.8 through 76.2mm] 0.030 in.[0.762 mm]
Over 3 through 4 in.[over 76.2 through 101.6 mm] 0.040 in.[1.016 mm]
Over 4 through 5 in.[over 101.6 through 127 mm] 0.050 in.[1.27 mm]
Over 5 through 6 in.[over 127 through 152.4 mm] 0.060 in.[1.524 mm]
Greater than 6 in.[greater than 152.4 mm] 0.070 in.[1.78mm]
AGeometric unsharpness values shall be determined (calculated)as specified by the formula in Guide E94.

4
 9.7.1 One penetrameter (IQI)shall represent an area within 9.7.7 Film Side Penetrameter(IQI—In the case where the
which optical densities do not vary more than +30%to-15% penetrameter (IQI)cannot be physically placed on the source
from the optical density measured through the body of the side and the use of a separate block technique is not practical,
penetrameter (IQI). penetrameters(IQI)placed on the film side may be used.The
9.7.2 When the optical density varies more than-15% applicable job order or contract shall dictate the requirements
to +30%,two penetrameters(IQI)shall be used as follows:if for film side radiographic quality level (see 8.4).
one penetrameter(IQI)shows acceptable sensitivity represent-
9.8 Location Markers—The radiographic image of the loca-
ing the highest optical density portion of the exposure,and the
tion markers for the coordination of the casting with the
second penetrameter(IQI)shows acceptable sensitivity repre-
radiograph shall appear on the radiograph,without interfering
senting the lowest optical density portion of the exposure,then
with the interpretation,in such an arrangement that it is evident
these two penetrameters (IQI)shall qualify the exposure
that the required coverage was obtained.These marker posi-
location within these optical densities,provided the optical
tions shall be marked on the casting and the position of the
density requirements stipulated in 8.6 are met.
markers shall be maintained on the part during the complete
9.7.3 For cylindrical or flat castings where more than one radiographic cycle.The RSS shall show all marker locations.
film holder is used for an exposure,at least one penetrameter
(IQI)image shall appear on each radiograph.For cylindrical 9.9 Radiographic Identification—A system ofpositive iden-
shapes,where a panoramic type source of radiation is placed in tification of the radiograph shall be used and each radiograph
the center of the cylinder and a complete or partial circumfer- shall have a unique identification relating it to the item being
ence is radiographed using at least four overlapped film examined.As a minimum,the following additional information
holders,at least three penetrameters(IQI)shall be used.On shall appear on each radiograph or in the records accompany-
partial circumference exposures,a penetrameter(IQI)shall be ing each radiograph:
placed at each end of the length of the image to be evaluated (1)Identification of organization making the radiograph,
on the radiograph with the intermediate penetrameters(IQI) (2)Date of exposure,
placed at equal divisions of the length covered.For full (3)Identification of the part,component or system and,
circumferential coverage,three penetrameters (IQI)spaced where applicable,the weld joint in the component or system,
120°apart shall be used,even when using a single length of and
roll film. (4)Whether the radiograph is an original or repaired area.
9.7.4 When an array of individual castings in a circle is 9.10 Subsequent Exposure Identification—All repair radio-
radiographed,the requirements of 9.7.1 or 9.7.2, or both,shall graphs after the original(initial)shall have an examination
prevail for each casting. status designation that indicates the reason.Subsequent radio-
9.7.5 If the required penetrameter (IQI)sensitivity does not graphs made by reason of a repaired area shall be identified
show on any one radiograph in a multiple film technique(see with the letter“R”followed by the respective repair cycle(that
9.11),but does show in composite(superimposed)radiograph is,R-1 for the first repair,R-2 for the second repair,etc.).
viewing,interpretation shall be permitted only by composite Subsequent radiographs that are necessary as a result of
radiograph viewing for the respective area. additional surface preparation should be identified by the
letters“REG.”
9.7.6 When it is not practicable to place the penetrameter(s)
(IQD)on the casting,a shim or separate block conforming to the 9.11 Multiple Film Techniques—Two or more films of equal
requirements of 6.7 may be used. or different speeds in the same cassette are allowed,provided
9.7.6.1 The penetrameter(IQI)shall be no closer to the film prescribed quality level and optical density requirements are
than the source side of that part of the casting being radio- met(see 9.7.2 and 9.7.5).
graphed in the current view.
9.12 Radiographic Techniques:
9.7.6.2 The optical density measured adjacent to the pen-
etrameter(IQI)through the body of the shim or separate block 9.12.1 Single Wall Technique—Except as provided in 9.12.2
shall not exceed the optical density measured in the area of or 9.12.3,radiography shall be performed using a technique in
interest by more than 15%.The optical density may be lighter which the radiation passes through only one wall.
than the area of interest optical density,provided acceptable 9.12.2 Double Wall Technique with L.D.of 4 in.[100 mm]
quality level is obtained and the optical density requirements of and Less—For castings with an inside diameter of 4 in.
8.6 are met. [100 mm]or less,a technique may be used in which the
9.7.6.3 The shim or separate block shall be placed at the radiation passes through both walls and both walls are viewed
corner of the film holder or close to that part of the area of for acceptance on the same radiograph.An adequate number of
interest that is furthest from the central beam.This is the worst exposures shall be taken to ensure that required coverage has
case position from a beam angle standpoint that a discontinuity been obtained.
would be in. 9.12.3 Double Wall Technique with 1.D.of Over 4 in.[100
9.7.6.4 The shim or separate block dimensions shall exceed mm]—For castings with an inside diameter greater than 4 in.
the penetrameter (IQI)dimensions such that the outline of at [100 mm],a technique may be used in which the radiation
least three sides of the penetrameter(IQI)image shall be passes through both walls but only the wall closest to the film
visible on the radiograph. is being examined for acceptance.In this instance,the IQI(s)

5
shall be positioned such that their distance from the film is acceptance criteria and may also be useful as radiographic
comparable to the film-to-object distance of the object being interpretation training aids.
examined.
12.Report
9.13 Safety—Radiographic procedures shall comply with
applicable city,state,and federal regulations. 12.1 The following radiographic records shall be main-
tained as agreed upon between purchaser and supplier:
10.Radiograph Evaluation 12.1.1 Radiographic standard shooting sketch,
12.1.2 Weld repair documentation,
10.1 Radiographic Quality— Verify that the radiograph 12.1.3 Radiographs,
meets the quality requirements specified in 8.3,8.4,8.6,9.5.2 12.1.4 Radiographic interpretation record containing as a
and 9.7. minimum:
10.2 Radiographic Evaluation—Determine the acceptance 12.1.4.1 Disposition of each radiograph (acceptable or
or rejection of the casting by comparing the radiographic image rejectable),
to the agreed upon acceptance criteria (see 8.5)based on the 12.1.4.2 If rejectable,cause for rejection(shrink,gas,etc.),
actual casting thickness in which the flaw resides. 12.1.4.3 Surface indication verified by visual examination
(mold,marks,etc.),and
11.Reference Radiographs 12.1.4.4 Signature of the radiographic interpreter.
11.1 Reference Radiographs E155,E186,E192,E272,
E280,E310,E446,E505,E689,E802,and E1320 are graded 13.Keywords
radiographic illustrations of various casting discontinuities. 13.1 castings;gamma-ray;nondestructive testing;radio-
These reference radiographs may be used to help establish graphic;radiography;X-ray

APPENDIXES

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1.RADIOGRAPHIC STANDARD SHOOTING SKETCH(RSS)

X1.1 The radiographic standard shooting sketch(RSS)pro- X 1.2.1.1 Company preparing RSS and activity performing
vides the radiographic operator and the radiographic interpreter radiography.
with pertinent information regarding the examination of a X 1.2.1.2 Casting identification including:
casting.The RSS is designed to standardize radiographic (1)Drawing number,
methodologies associated with casting examination;it may (2)Casting identification number,
also provide a means of a purchaser and supplier agreement, (3)Descriptive name(for example,pump casting,valve
prior to initiation of the examination on a production basis.The body,etc.),
use of a RSS is advantageous due to the many configurations (4)Material type and material specification,
associated with castings and the corresponding variations in (5)Heat number,and
techniques for examination of any particular one.The RSS (6)Pattern number.
provides a map of location marker placement,directions for X 1.2.1.3 Surface condition at time of radiography(as cast,
source and film arrangement,and instructions for all other rough machined,finished machined).
parameters associated with radiography of a casting.This
X 1.2.1.4 Spaces for approval (as applicable).
information serves to provide the most efficient method for
X1.2.1.5 Radiographic Technique Parameters for Each Lo-
controlling the quality and consistency of the resultant radio-
graphic representations. cation:
(1)Radiographic location designation,
(2)Source type and size,
X1.2 The RSS usually consists of an instruction sheet and (3)Finished thickness,
sketch(es)of the casting:the instruction sheet specifies the (4)Thickness when radiographed,
radiographic equipment,materials,and technique-acceptance (5)Penetrameters,
parameters for each location;the sketch(es)illustrate(s)the (6)Source to film distance,
location,orientation,and the source and film arrangement for (7)Film type and quantity,
each location. Figs.X1.1-X1.3 of this appendix provide a (8)Film size,
typical instruction sheet and sketch sheets.As a minimum,the (9)Required penetrameter(IQI)quality level,
RSS should provide the following information.All spaces shall (10)Radiographic acceptance standard,and
be filled in unless not applicable;in those cases,the space shall (11)Applicable radiographic severity level.
be marked NA. X1.2.2 The sketch(es)should provide the following:
X1.2.1 The instruction sheet should provide the following: X 1.2.2.1 Location marker placement.

6
 GENERAL INFORMATION CASTING IDENTIFICATION
COMPANY PREPARING RSS DRAWING NO. REVISION PIECE NO.

COMPANY PERFORMING RT DESRIPTION BODY

FOUNORY CASTING IDENTIFICATION METHOD ATERIAL TMATERIALSPEC.

STAMPED区ETCHEO口AT RTLOCATION 9-10 NI-CU
SURFACE CONDITION WHEN RTD PATTERN NO. HEAT NO.
AS CAST □ROUGH MAOHD区FINISH MAOHD口
RSS AP PROVAL
SJPPLIER CUSTOMER
1. DATE DATE

2 DATE

VIEwS 1-2 thru 4- 5-6 thru7- 9-10 11-12 13

SOURCE
TYPE Rto⁹2
FINISHED
THICKNESS 13/16 3/4° 58*-2-1/8 5/8"-2-3/8 34'-2-3/8
THICKNESS
WHEN RTD 15/16 7/8" 34*-2-5/16 3/4"-2-1/2 7/8"-2-1/2

PENETRAMETER(S) 17 17 15-45 15-50 17-50

SOURCE TOFILM
DISTANCE 30

FLM TYPE 1 1&2

FLM SLZE 5×7 8×10

QUALITYLEVEL 2-2T
ACCEPTANCE ASTM
STANDARD E-272
SEVERITY
LEVEL 2
NOTES REVISIONS
25
REV DESCRIPTION
A ORIGNAL 1SSUE 一 一 一 二

RSS NO. XXX-YYY-22 REVISION PAGE 1 OF 3

A
FIG.X1.1 Sample Radiographic Standard Shooting Sketch(RSS)

X 1.2.2.2 Location of foundry's identification pad or symbol X1.2.4 The RSS may not provide what is considered to be
on the casting. the most effective means of technique control for all radio-
X 1.2.2.3 Designation of areas that require radiography(as graphic activities,but,in any event,some means of technique
applicable). standardization should be employed.As a general rule,it is a
X 1.2.2.4 Designation of areas that are considered impracti- beneficial practice for the supplier to solicit purchaser approval
cal or very difficult to radiograph (see 1.2 and 8.2). of the radiographic methodology prior to performing produc-
X 1.2.2.5 Radiographic source and film arrangement and tion radiography.This generally entails the demonstration of
radiation beam direction for each location. the adequacy of the methodology by submitting the proposed
technique parameters and a corresponding set of pilot radio-
NoTE X1.1—The RSS should designate the involved locations and
stipulate that the technique for those locations is typical,for sections of the graphs to the purchaser for review.Purchaser approval of the
casting on which a continuing series of locations are to be radiographed technique shall be addressed in the applicable job order or
with the same basic source and film arrangement for each location. contract.
X1.2.3 Fig.X1.1 of this appendix provides a sample RSS
that has been developed for a typical production application,
and Figs.X1.2 and X1.3 provide sample RSS sketches that
have been developed for a typical production application.

7
 E1030/E1030M-21

soURCE4-1

沪 SOURCE 5-6 THRU

7-8(TYP)

MPRACTICALTO RT AS PER
PARA.5.3-VIEW4-1ONLY
rFLM1-2 THRU 3-4(TYP)
15/16 上 FILM4-1&13
L

7/16°- 固 r¹12
生
13
7/8" ·

3/8"- SECTIONAA
0
7/8

LFLM5-6 THRU 11/8°-

7-8(TYP)

点SOURCE 13
※ SOURCE 11-12
SOURCE 1-2 THRU
3-4(TYP)
SOURCE 9-10

11/2"

: 8

A A

LFLM9-10

FILM 11-12- SKETOH DIMENSIONS REPRESENT

DESIGN THICKNESS
RSS NO. XXX-YYY-22 REVISION PAGE 2OF3
A
FIG.X1.2 Samples of Radiographic Standard Shooting Sketches(RSS)
Views Illustrating Layout of Source and Film Placement

8
 E1030/E1030M-21

11/4 ”
11/4"

RSS NO. XXX-YYY-22 REVISION PAGE 3 OF 3

A
FIG.X1.3 Samples of Radiographic Standard Shooting Sketches(RSS)
Views Illustrating Layout and Extent of Coverage

X2.PREFERRED SOURCE AND FILM ALIGNMENT FOR FLANGE RADIOGRAPHY AND EXAMPLES OF AREAS THAT
ARE CONSIDERED IMPRACTICAL TO RADIOGRAPH

X2.1 Preferred Source and Film Alignment for Flange geometric configuration of these areas require.The following
Radiography—The effective use of radiography for assessing figures(see Figs.X2.1-X2.3 )describe source and film align-
material soundness in casting areas where a flange joins a body ments that can be employed and discusses the limits and
is somewhat limited by the source and film alignment that the benefits of each.

9
 E1030/E1030M-21
SOURCE
CASTING BODY

FLANGE一 RT COVERAGE NOT OBTAINED

IN THIS AREA

FILM→

NoTE 1—For general application,this alignment provides the most effective compromise of quality radiography and maximum obtainable coverage.
FIG.X2.1 Preferred Source and Film Alignment

UNFLANGED PORT一
CASTING BODY

RT COVERAGE NOT OBTAINED IN

FILM→ THIS AREA

FLANGE ·

SOURCE

NoTE 1—This alignment provides a suitable alternative when other casting appendages (bosses,flanges,etc.)project into the radiation path as
ilustrated in Fig.X2.2 when this alignment is used,aditional losses in coverage (as opposed to Fig.X2.1)should be expected and noted acordingly
on the applicable RSS.
FIG.X2.2 Permissible Source and Film Alignment when Fig.X2.1 Cannot Be Applied Due to Casting Geometry

CASTING BODY

SOURCE

FLANGE

MASKING ←FILM
MATERIAL

NoTE 1—This alignment is permissible if the radiation source energy and film multi-load capabilities are sufficientto afford compliance with the
technique requirements stipulated herein.This alignment will generally require the use of filters or masking to reduce the influence of radiation that
undercuts the thicker areas and reduces overall radiographic quality.
FIG.X2.3 Allowable Source Film Alignment as Governed by Source Energy and Multi-Film Load Acceptable Density Latitude

10
 E1030/E1030M-21

X3.EXAMPLES OF AREAS THAT ARE CONSIDERED TO BE IMPRACTICALTO RADIOGRAPH

X3.1 Certain casting geometry configurations are inacces- examples of such areas.
sible for conventional source and film arrangements that will
provide meaningful radiographic results.These areas generally
involve the juncture of two casting sections.The following
illustrations(see Fig.X3.1 and Fig.X3.2) provide typical

rSOURCE(A-B)

FLM(C-D)
一* SOURCE(C-D)

FILM(A-B)

RT COVERAGE NOT OBTAINED

FLM(E-F)-

+FILM(G-H)
SOURCE(G-H)☆

sOURCE(E-F)

FIG.X3.1Areas Involving Flanges

SOURCE (A-B) SOURCE(C-D) SOURCE(E-F)

FILM(G+H)
FILM()-K) SOURCE(J-K)
SOURCE(G-H)

FILM(E-F)
FILM(A-B) 一 FILM(C-D)

FLM(M-N) +

—RT COVERAGE NOT OBTAINED一 SOURCE(M-N)

FIG.X3.2 Areas Involving Other Junctures

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee E07 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(E1030/E1030M-15)that may impact the use of this standard.

(1)Updated E1742 to E1742/E1742M. (3)Corrected density or radiographic density,or both,to

(2)In Table 1: Corrected typo,from 0.05 to 0.005 front optical density for proper terminology in the following sec-
screens.Changed Ir-192 and Se-75 front screen thickness to tions: 6.7,6.9,8.6,8.7.3,9.5.2,9.7.1,9.7.2,9.7.6.2 , and 9.11.
align with ISO 17636.Changed KeV to kV,MeV to MV.At (4)Changed most dense to highest optical density and least
request of some European users,changed recommended screen dense to lowest optical density in 9.7.2.
thicknesses(mm)to better align with the values listed in
inches.Changed first column from Energy Range to Voltage
Range.

11
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12