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 The Routledge Handbook
of Phonetics

The Routledge Handbook of Phonetics provides a comprehensive and up-to-date compilation

of research, history, and techniques in phonetics. With contributions from 41 prominent
authors from North America, Europe, Australia, and Japan, and including more than 130
figures to illustrate key points, this handbook covers all the most important areas in the field,
including:

• the history and scope of techniques used, including speech synthesis, vocal tract
imaging techniques, and obtaining information on under-researched languages from
language archives;
• the physiological bases of speech and hearing, including auditory, articulatory, and
neural explanations of hearing, speech, and language processes;
• theories and models of speech perception and production related to the processing of
consonants, vowels, prosody, tone, and intonation;
• linguistic phonetics, with discussions of the phonetics-phonology interface, sound
change, second language acquisition, sociophonetics, and second language teaching
research;
• applications and extensions, including phonetics and gender, clinical phonetics, and
forensic phonetics.

The Routledge Handbook of Phonetics will be indispensable reading for students and
practitioners in the fields of speech, language, linguistics, and hearing sciences.

William F. Katz is Professor for the School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences at the
University of Texas at Dallas, U.S.A.

Peter F. Assmann is Professor for the School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences at the
University of Texas at Dallas, U.S.A.
Routledge Handbooks in Linguistics
Routledge Handbooks in Linguistics provide overviews of a whole subject area or sub-
discipline in linguistics, and survey the state of the discipline including emerging and
cutting edge areas. Edited by leading scholars, these volumes include contributions from key
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Edited by Elena Semino and Zsófia Demjén

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From Innovation to Program Building
Edited by Olga E. Kagan, Maria M. Carreira and Claire Hitchins Chik

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Edited by Pedro A. Fuertes-Olivera

The Routledge Handbook of Discourse Processes, Second Edition

Edited by Michael F. Schober, David N. Rapp, and M. Anne Britt

The Routledge Handbook of Phonetics

Edited by William F. Katz and Peter F. Assmann

Further titles in this series can be found online at www.routledge.com/series/RHIL

 The Routledge
Handbook of Phonetics

Edited by William F. Katz and Peter F. Assmann

First published 2019
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

and by Routledge
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

© 2019 selection and editorial matter, William F. Katz and Peter F. Assmann;
individual chapters, the contributors

The right of William F. Katz and Peter F. Assmann to be identified as the authors of the
editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in
accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in
any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter
invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered

trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to
infringe.

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Katz, William F., editor. | Assmann, Peter F., editor.
Title: The Routledge handbook of phonetics / edited by William F. Katz and
Peter F. Assmann.
Description: Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. | Series: Routledge
handbooks in linguistics | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018048253 | ISBN 9781138648333 (hardback) | ISBN
9780429056253 (e-book)
Subjects: LCSH: Phonetics.
Classification: LCC P221 .R75 2019 | DDC 414/.8—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018048253

ISBN: 978-1-138-64833-3 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-0-429-05625-3 (ebk)

Typeset in Times New Roman

by Apex CoVantage, LLC
 Contents

List of illustrations viii

List of abbreviations xiii
List of contributors xvi
Acknowledgmentsxxii
Editors’ acknowledgments xxiii

Editors’ introduction: A handbook of phonetics 1

William F. Katz and Peter F. Assmann

PART I
History, scope, and techniques 7

1 History of speech synthesis 9

Brad H. Story

2 Advances in vocal tract imaging and analysis 34

Asterios Toutios, Dani Byrd, Louis Goldstein, and Shrikanth
Narayanan

3 Under-researched languages: Phonetic results from language archives 51

D.H. Whalen and Joyce McDonough

PART II
Physiological basis of speech and hearing 73

4 The phonetics of voice 75

Marc Garellek

5 Articulatory phonetics 107

Bryan Gick, Murray Schellenberg, Ian Stavness, and
Ryan C. Taylor

v
Contents

6 Neural bases of speech production 126

Jason W. Bohland, Jason A. Tourville, and Frank H. Guenther

7 Phonetics and the auditory system 164

Matthew B. Winn and Christian E. Stilp

8 The neural basis for auditory and audiovisual speech perception 193
Jonathan E. Peelle

PART III
Theories and models of speech perception and production 217

9 The acoustics and perception of North American English vowels 219

James M. Hillenbrand

10 The phonetic properties of consonants 264

Marija Tabain

11 Theories and models of speech perception 289

Michael Kiefte and Terrance M. Nearey

12 Prosody, tone, and intonation 314

Yi Xu

PART IV
Linguistic/perceptual phonetics 357

13 The interface between phonetics and phonology 359

John Kingston

14 The phonetic basis of the origin and spread of sound change 401
Jonathan Harrington, Felicitas Kleber, Ulrich Reubold,
Florian Schiel, and Mary Stevens

15 The phonetics of second language learning and bilingualism 427

Charles B. Chang

16 Innovations in sociophonetics 448

Erik R. Thomas

17 Phonetics and second language teaching research 473

Murray J. Munro and Tracey M. Derwing

vi
 Contents

PART V
Applications and extensions 497

18 The phonetics of sex and gender 499

Benjamin Munson and Molly Babel

19 New horizons in clinical phonetics 526

William F. Katz

20 Vocal-tract models in phonetic teaching and research 570

Takayuki Arai

21 Introduction to forensic voice comparison 599

Geoffrey Stewart Morrison and Ewald Enzinger

Index635

vii
 Illustrations

Figures
2.1 Vocal tract image and its k-space transformation. 36
2.2 Successive midsagittal real-time MRI frames of a male speaker uttering
“don’t ask me.” 37
2.3 Concurrent multi-slice real-time MRI for the sequence /bɑθɑ/.  38
2.4 Example of region segmentation of articulators in rtMRI data. 39
4.1 Schematized laryngoscopic (bird’s-eye) view of the vocal folds. 78
4.2 Simplified one-dimensional space for voice quality. 79
4.3 Three-dimensional space for creaky voice, with some subtypes shown. 81
4.4 The four-parameter harmonic source spectrum model. 84
4.5 Waveform and spectrogram of the sequence [àhá].  86
4.6 FFT and LPC spectra for synthetic [i] (left) and [ɑ] (right). 88
4.7 Relative acoustic differences between breathy, modal, and (prototypical)
creaky voice. 90
4.8 Audio spectra of the first vowel in the sequence [àhá]. 92
4.9 Simplified model of the vocal folds. 93
5.1 A two-dimensional outline of the vocal tract along the midsagittal plane. 108
5.2 Muscles contributing to lip movement (outlined in black). 110
5.3 Components of the orbicularis oris muscle. 111
5.4 Area of lip opening as muscle activation increases. 112
5.5 Excerpt from the IPA Chart. 113
5.6 Computer simulation of oblique view of the tongue. 114
5.7 Midsagittal view of velopharyngeal port (VPP) and oropharyngeal isthmus
(OPP) separated by the soft palate. 116
5.8 Variation in VPP closure. 117
5.9 Computer simulation of posterior oblique views of soft palate. 118
6.1 Activation of basal ganglia and thalamus during speech production.  129
6.2 Cerebellar regions involved in speech production.  129
6.3 Cortical regions involved in speech production.  135
6.4 Speech articulator representations in left hemisphere Rolandic cortex.  137
6.5 The Directions Into Velocities of Articulators (DIVA) neurocomputational
model of speech motor control.  145
6.6 A simplified schematic of the GODIVA model. 150
7.1 The place of cochlear excitation for various sound frequencies. 165

viii
 Illustrations

7.2 Neurogram (top) and spectrogram (bottom) of the word “choice.” 166
7.3 Auditory excitation patterns for a pure tone, harmonic complex, and
vowel /i/. 169
7.4 Equal loudness contours and absolute thresholds as a function of
frequency.  171
7.5 Waveform, temporal envelope, and temporal fine structure for the
sentence “A zebra is an animal that lives in Africa.” 172
7.6 A complex sound decomposed into constituent frequency bands by the
auditory system.  174
7.7 Firing activity of a population of auditory nerves in response to a pure
tone. 175
7.8 Overall neural firing response in response to consonants differing in
manner of articulation. 176
7.9 Formant dynamics in English vowels spoken by women. 178
7.10 Different timescales of context (gray) influence phoneme categorization
(black).  180
7.11 Waveforms and spectrograms for “dime” and “time”. 182
8.1 Re-creation of the classic speech chain of Denes and Pinson (1993).  194
8.2 Some types of acoustic and linguistic processing involved in various
levels of speech perception. 194
8.3 Connectivity from auditory cortex in monkey (top) and cat (bottom).  195
8.4 Schematic illustration of brain regions supporting speech perception. 196
9.1 Simplified version of source-filter theory for three static, phonated vowels.  220
9.2 Formant-synthesized vowels with identical vocal tract resonances but
different fundamental frequencies. 221
9.3 Formant frequency measurements at steady-state from Peterson and
Barney (1952).  223
9.4 Formant frequency measurements at steady-state from Hillenbrand et al.
(1995).  224
9.5 Acoustic vowel diagrams from Peterson and Barney (1952) and
Hillenbrand et al. (1995). 224
9.6 Formant frequency measurements for men, women, and children
(Peterson and Barney, 1952).  225
9.7 Effects of fundamental frequency on spectral envelope estimation. 230
9.8 Signal processing steps used in the narrow band pattern matching model. 231
9.9 Sequence of five spectral shape templates for /æ/. 232
9.10 Vowel templates for women used in the narrow band model of vowel
recognition.233
9.11 Recognition algorithm used in the narrow band model. 234
9.12 Formant frequencies measured at the beginnings and ends of ten Western
Canadian vowels. 236
9.13 Control, silent-center, and variable-center conditions from Jenkins et al.
(1983). 239
9.14 Three stimulus conditions from Hillenbrand and Nearey (1999).  241
9.15 Correct-to-incorrect changes in identification (OF to FF) as a function of
the average magnitude of formant frequency change. 242

ix
Illustrations

9.16 Average log-transformed formant frequency values for men and children
from Peterson and Barney (1952). 249
10.1 Stop burst spectra for four languages.  266
10.2 Waveform and spectrogram of Pitjantjatjara speaker Kathleen Windy
(female) producing the word nyaa (“what?”).  269
10.3a Waveform and spectrogram of Pitjantjatjara speaker Kathleen Windy
(female) producing the word palyani (“to make/fix”).  276
10.3b Waveform and spectrogram of Arrernte speaker Janet Turner (female)
producing the minimal pair alheme (“goes”) followed by aleme (“liver”).  277
10.4 Waveform and spectrogram of Arrernte speaker Janet Turner (female)
producing the minimal pair arreme (“louse”) followed by areme (“see”).  279
10.5a Waveform and spectrogram of Makasar speaker Isna Osman (female)
producing the word hala (“call to move buffalo”).  282
10.5b Waveform and spectrogram of Makasar speaker Isna Osman (female)
producing the word sala (“wrong/miss”).  283
10.5c Waveform and spectrogram of Australian English speaker Marija
Tabain (female) producing the word shopping.  284
10.5d Waveform and spectrogram of Lisu speaker Defen Yu (female)
producing the word /ʂʅ33/ “(to die”).  284
10.5e Waveform and spectrogram of Lisu speaker Defen Yu (female)
producing the word /ɕø21/ (“to walk”).  285
11.1 Spectrogram of the word “speech”. 290
11.2 Spectrogram of stimuli similar to those used by Liberman, Delattre, and
Cooper (1952). Here the syllables /pi/, /ka/, and /pu/ are illustrated. 295
11.3 Spectrogram of stimuli similar to those used by Liberman, Delattre, and
Cooper (1952). 295
11.4 Hypothetical example illustrating the phenomenon of categorical
perception.  296
11.5 Schematic depiction of four patterns of strength of relationship among
objects in the gestural, auditory and symbolic domain. 301
12.1 Transitions between high and low level tones in Mandarin.  316
12.2 Mean f0 contours of Mandarin tones in continuous speech. 316
12.3 Mean f0 contours of syllables with nasal and obstruent onsets in
Mandarin and English. 317
12.4 A case of likely mucosal vibration at voice offset.  319
12.5 Post-low bouncing in Mandarin. 321
12.6 Mean f0 contours of Mandarin sentences containing 0–3 neutral tone
syllables.  324
12.7 f0 contours of five-tone sequences in Mandarin.  326
12.8 Hypothetical strategies for a contour tone. 326
12.9 Fall-Low sequence in Swedish Accent II. 327
12.10 Mean f0 contours of American English sentences. 328
12.11 Focus prosody in English and Mandarin. 331
12.12 Mean f0 contours of Mandarin Chinese. 334
12.13 Mean f0 contours averaged across speakers of (a) American English and
(b) Mandarin.  335
12.14 Mean f0 contours averaged across speakers of Mandarin. 336

x
 Illustrations

12.15 Syllable duration in English and Mandarin. 337

12.16 Duration of silence pause as a function of perceived prosodic boundary
level (Yang and Wang, 2002). 338
12.17 Plots of mean f0 values with an increased number of measurement points. 344
12.18 f0 contours of two Mandarin tone sequences differing in the tone of the
third syllable. 345
13.1 Narrow phonetic transcription, waveform, spectrogram and
phonological representation of door. 360
13.2 Spectrograms of (a) tore and (b) bore. 362
13.3 VOTs. 388
14.1 Quantal relationship between tongue dorsum position and second
formant frequency. 409
14.2 Relationship between the production and perception of coarticulation. 414
15.1 Continuum of similarity of L2 sounds to L1 sounds.  434
16.1 A “hybrid” model of the processing of phonetic signals. 459
17.1 A proposed model of evidence-based applied phonetics. 481
18.1 Scatterplots of eight phonetic parameters for men and women. 500
18.2 LPC-smoothed spectra of the vowel /æ/. 503
18.3 Estimates of the f0 of two sentences. 504
18.4 Scatterplots of talkers’ height against the average F1 and average F2. 507
19.1 Illustration of the Opti-Speech system. 542
19.2 Neurocomputational model of speech based on ACT (Kröger et al., 2009). 547
20.1 The VTM family. 572
20.2 (a) A reed-type sound source and (b) driver unit of a horn speaker. 573
20.3 A major set of VTMs for vowels. 575
20.4 A set of VTMs targeted for consonants. 576
20.5 A uniform acoustic tube. 577
20.6 The output level relative to input level in dB as a function of frequency. 578
20.7 Spectrum of impulse train fed into the uniform tube. 579
20.8 Midsagittal cross-sections of the vocal-tract configurations for the five
Japanese vowels. 580
20.9 Examples of mechanical models. 580
20.10 Modeling of output signal and source spectrum. 581
20.11 Spectrograms of the output sounds from the two vocal-tract models. 582
20.12 The sliding two-tube (S2T) model. 583
20.13 Two-dimensional representation of frequency vs. back cavity length. 584
20.14 Underlying resonance curves of the S2T model. 584
20.15 Schematic representation of the midsagittal cross-section of the S3T model. 585
20.16 Sliding three-tube (S3T) model with an electrolarynx. 586
20.17 Measured formants and underlying resonance curves of the S3T model. 586
20.18 Volume velocity distribution and VT configurations. 587
20.19 A uniform acoustic tube placed on the driver unit. 588
20.20 Two-dimensional representation of the output spectra as a function of
the position of the constriction from the glottis. 589
20.21 The four versions of the S3T model. 590
20.22 Two-dimensional representations of the vowel spectra produced by the
four S3T models. 591

xi
Illustrations

20.23 Spectrogram of an output sound with VTM-T20-u when f0 decreases. 592

20.24 Head-shaped model of /a/ with the nasal cavity. 593
20.25 Frequency responses of the head-shaped /a/ model. 594
21.1 Histogram models for likelihood ratio calculation.  607
21.2 Gaussian distributions for likelihood ratio calculation. 610
21.3 Gaussian distributions for likelihood ratio calculation.  611
21.4 Cllr penalty functions. 619
21.5 Example Tippett plots. 621

Tables
  4.1 Primary vocal fold movements and their use in sounds of the world’s
languages.  77
  4.2 Valves of the throat and their functioning. 80
  4.3 Components of the psychoacoustic model of voice quality and
associated parameters. 83
  4.4 Sample H1–H2 and HNR values for two groups of vowels. 89
  4.5 Summary of psychoacoustic voice model parameters. 90
  4.6 Summary of Zhang’s (2015, 2016a, 2017) articulatory voice model
parameters.  94
  9.1 Results from Klatt’s (1982) experiment. 228
  9.2 Accuracy in categorizing vowels using a quadratic discriminant classifier. 237
  9.3 Pairs of adjacent American English vowels that differ in inherent duration.  243
  9.4 Average recognition rates for the four duration conditions. 244
  9.5 The most frequent changes in vowel identity resulting from either vowel
shortening or vowel lengthening. 245
13.1 Underlying forms and expected and observed surface forms of labial
stops in Tswana I and II. 375
13.2 Percent correct identification of stops, nasals, and laterals by Arrente
speakers. 383
15.1 Types of perceptual (non)assimilation posited in PAM-L2.  429
15.2 Comparison of selected frameworks for L2 speech research. 435
21.1 Examples of verbal expressions and corresponding ranges of numeric
likelihood ratio values. 614
21.2 List of input and output possibilities for “same speaker” or “different
speaker” classification. 618

xii
 Abbreviations

aCGg Anterior cingulate gyrus

aCO Anterior central operculum
adSTs Anterior dorsal superior temporal sulcus
AE American English
aFO Anterior frontal operculum
Ag Angular gyrus
aINS Anterior insula
ASHA American Speech-Language-Hearing Association
aSMg Anterior supramarginal gyrus
ASP Automatic Selective Perception (theory)
aSTg Anterior superior temporal gyrus
ASY Articulatory synthesizer (Haskins Laboratories)
AV Audio-visual
BA Brodmann Area
Bark Zwicker’s auditory frequency scale
BOLD Blood oxygenation level dependent
CAPT Computer-assisted pronunciation teaching
CT Computed tomography
CV Consonant-vowel
dBA Sound pressure level in decibels (A weighting)
dCMA Dorsal cingulate motor area
dIFo Dorsal inferior frontal gyrus, pars opercularis
DIVA Directions into Velocities of Articulators (neurocomputational model)
dMC Dorsal motor cortex
DNN Deep neural network
DoF Degrees of freedom
dSC Dorsal somatosensory cortex
EEG Electroencephalography
EMA Electromagnetic articulography
EPG Electropalatogram
ERB Equivalent rectangular bandwidth
ERP Event-related potential
f0 Fundamental frequency
F1 First formant (second formant F2, …)

xiii
Abbreviations

fMRI Functional magnetic resonance imaging

GABA Gamma-Aminobutyric acid
GGA Anterior Genioglossus
GGM Middle Genioglossus
GGP Posterior Genioglossus
GODIVA Gradient Order DIVA (neurocomputational model)
GP Globus pallidus
GUI Graphical user interface
H1 First harmonic (second harmonic H2, …)
Hg Heschl’s gyrus
HNR Harmonics-to-noise ratio
IFG Inferior frontal gyrus
IFo Inferior frontal gyrus, pars opercularis
IFS Inferior frontal sulcus
IFt Inferior frontal gyrus, pars triangularis
IL Inferior Longitudinal
IPA International Phonetic Alphabet (International Phonetic Association)
L1 First language
L2 Second language
Lg Lingual gyrus
LPC Linear predictive coding
LVP Levator Veli Palatini
MEG Magnetoencephalography
Mel Stevens’ pitch scale
MEN Mentalis
MFCCs Mel frequency cepstral coefficients
midMC Middle motor cortex
midPMC Middle premotor cortex
midSC Middle somatosensory cortex
ML Mylohyoid
MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging
MTG Middle temporal gyrus
NLM Native Language Magnet (theory)
NSF National Science Foundation
OC Occipital cortex
OO Orbicularis Oris
OOp Peripheral Orbicularis Oris
OPI Oropharyngeal Isthmus
OT Optimality theory
PAM Perceptual assimilation model
PB Peterson and Barney 1952 database
pCO Posterior central operculum
pdPMC Posterior dorsal premotor cortex
pdSTs Posterior dorsal superior temporal sulcus
pdSTs Posterior dorsal superior temporal sulcus
PET Positron emission tomography
pFO Posterior frontal operculum
pIFS Posterior inferior frontal sulcus

xiv
 Abbreviations

pINS Posterior insula

pMTg Posterior middle temporal gyrus
PO Parietal operculum
PP Planum polare
preSMA Pre-supplementary motor area
pSMg Posterior supramarginal gyrus
pSTg Posterior superior temporal gyrus
PT Planum temporale
Put Putamen
pvSTs Posterior ventral superior temporal sulcus
RIS Risorius
SL Superior Longitudinal
SLM Speech learning model
SLP Speech language pathologist
SMA Supplementary motor area
smCB Superior medial cerebellum
SPL Superior parietal lobule
Spt Sylvian-parietal-temporal area
TIMIT Phonetically balanced speech database, Texas Instruments and MIT
TMS Transcranial magnetic stimulation
TOEFL Test of English as a foreign language
UPSID UCLA phonological segment inventory database
US Ultrasound
VA Ventral anterior nucleus of the thalamus
vCMA Ventral cingulate motor area
vIFo Ventral inferior frontal gyrus, pars opercularis
vIFt Ventral inferior frontal gyrus, pars triangularis
VL Ventrolateral thalamic nucleus
vMC Ventral motor cortex
Vocoder Voice coder
VOT Voice onset time
vPMC Ventral premotor cortex
VPP Velopharyngeal Port
VRT Verticalis
vSC Ventral somatosensory cortex

xv
 Contributors

Takayuki Arai received his PhD from Sophia University in 1994. He was a visiting scientist
at Oregon Graduate Institute (Portland, OR, U.S.A.) in 1992–1993 and 1995–1996,
International Computer Science Institute (Berkeley, CA, U.S.A.) in 1997–1998, and
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Cambridge, MA, U.S.A.) in 2003–2004. He is
currently Professor of the Department of Information and Communication Sciences, Sophia
University.

Peter F. Assmann is a Professor in the School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences at the
University of Texas at Dallas. His research interests focus on two overlapping problems in
speech perception: How listeners cope with the enormous variability in the acoustic patterns
of speech across talkers, and how speech communication is conducted with extraordinary
resilience under adverse listening conditions.

Molly Babel is Associate Professor of Linguistics at the University of British Columbia.

Her research focuses on the production and perception of phonetic variation, using
theories and methods from Phonetics, Psycholinguistics, and Sociolinguistics. She
is a member of the Royal Society of Canada’s College of New Scholars, Artists, and
Scientists.

Jason W. Bohland is Associate Director and Senior Research Scientist at the Boston
University Cognitive Neuroimaging Center. His research focuses on understanding the
functional architecture of neural systems in the human brain, with emphasis on those
that support speech and language. This work utilizes computational, informatics, and
neuroimaging methods to inform contemporary models of speech processing at multiple
levels of organization.

Dani Byrd is Professor of Linguistics and former Executive Vice Dean at the University
of Southern California. Her research focuses on the signatures of linguistic structure in
articulatory timing. She has co-written the textbook Discovering Speech, Words, and Mind
(Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), is a fellow of the Acoustical Society of America, and is on the
editorial board of the Journal of Phonetics.

Charles B. Chang is Assistant Professor of Linguistics at Boston University, where he

directs the Phonetics, Acquisition and Multilingualism Lab (PAMLab). His research

xvi
 Contributors

concerns the processing, representation, and development of speech sounds in the context of
multilingualism and language contact, as well as the cross-language interactions that occur
during second-language learning and first-language attrition.

Tracey M. Derwing is Professor Emeritus of TESL at the University of Alberta, and an

adjunct professor in Linguistics at Simon Fraser University. With Murray Munro, she
has extensively researched L2 pronunciation and fluency; in 2015 they co-authored
Pronunciation Fundamentals: Evidence-based Perspectives for L2 Teaching and Research,
Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Tracey has also investigated interventions to enhance native
speakers’ comprehension of L2-accented speech.

Ewald Enzinger is a Research Engineer at Eduworks Corporation. He has previously held

research appointments at the Acoustics Research Institute of the Austrian Academy of
Sciences. He has contributed to analyses of forensic voice evidence for presentation in court
in multiple cases and has collaborated with researchers and practitioners at law-enforcement
agencies in Australia, Germany, and the Netherlands.

Marc Garellek is Associate Professor of Linguistics at University of California, San Diego.

His research deals with the phonetics and linguistic functions of voice quality and other
suprasegmental articulations such as stress, tone, and nasalization. He is currently an
associate editor of The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America-Express Letters.

Bryan Gick is a Professor and Guggenheim fellow in the Department of Linguistics at the
University of British Columbia, and a senior scientist at Haskins Laboratories. Gick’s
research develops an embodied approach to speech, deepening links between speech
production and multimodal perception, biomechanics, motor control, the nervous system,
and the development and learning of speech communication.

Louis Goldstein is Professor of Linguistics at the University of Southern California.

His research focuses on the development of articulatory phonology, an approach that
decomposes speech into units of articulatory coordination. He is a fellow of the Acoustical
Society of America and the Linguistic Society of America, and is on the editorial board
of Phonetica.

Frank H. Guenther is Professor of Speech Language, and Hearing Sciences and Biomedical
Engineering at Boston University and a research affiliate at Massachusetts General Hospital
and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. His research combines theoretical modeling
with behavioral and neuroimaging experiments to characterize the neural computations
underlying speech. He also develops brain–machine interfaces to restore speech
communication to severely paralyzed individuals.

Jonathan Harrington directs the Institute of Phonetics and Speech Processing at Ludwig-
Maximilian University, Munich. His main research is in human speech processing and its
relationship to sound change. He also has a long-standing interest in the development of
tools for analyzing speech corpora and speech physiology research.

xvii
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