Bahasa Inggris

TOPIC 1
Noun : kata benda
a. countable, dapat dihitung, dapat ditambahkan e/es, dapat menggunakan a/an
b. uncountable, tidak dapat dihitung satuan, tidak dapat ditambahkan e/es

perbedaan a dan an : a dimulai dengan huruf konsonan sedangkan an dimulai dengan

huruf vocal

Regular Plural Nouns

Definition: Regular plural nouns follow a standard pattern to change from singular to plural
form, typically by adding -s or -es to the end of the noun.
Irregular plural nouns
Definition: Irregular plural nouns do not follow the standard rules for pluralization and often
change the spelling of the word entirely. These plurals must be memorized because they do
not have a consistent pattern.

verbs : kata kerja

transitive word : kata kerja yang membutuhkan objek, contoh : buy, sell, learn
intransitive word : kata kerja yang tidak membutuhkan objek, contoh : sleeps, arrive

pronoun : kata ganti, untuk menggantikan kata benda

jenis jenis pronoun :
1. Personal pronoun (kata ganti orang)
 Subjek = I, you, he, she, we, they
 Objek = me, you, him, her
 Possessive adjective = my, your, his, her, our
 Possessive pronoun = mine, yours, his, hers, ours
2. Demonstrative pronoun (kata ganti petunjuk)
= this, that, these, those
3. Reflektife pronoun (kata ganti diri sendiri)
= myself, yourself, himself, herself
4. Relative pronoun (kata ganti penghubung)
= who, whom, whose, which
5. Indefinite pronoun (kata ganti tak tentu)
= someone, somebody, something
6. Reciprocal pronoun (kata ganti timbal balik)
= each other, one another

Adjective : kata sifat

1. Menjelaskan kualitas: big, small, beautiful, intelligent, fast (besar, kecil, cantik,
cerdas, cepat)
 2. Menunjukkan jumlah atau kuantitas: many, few, some, several, two (banyak, sedikit,
beberapa, dua)
3. Menunjukkan ukuran: large, tiny, huge, small (besar, sangat kecil, besar sekali, kecil)
4. Menunjukkan bentuk: round, square, triangular (bulat, persegi, segitiga)
5. Menunjukkan warna: red, blue, green, yellow (merah, biru, hijau, kuning)
6. Menunjukkan asal atau kebangsaan: American, Indonesian, French (Amerika,
Indonesia, Perancis)
7. Menunjukkan bahan atau komposisi: wooden, plastic, metal, cotton (kayu, plastik,
logam, katun)

Adverb : kata keterangan

1. Adverb of Manner (Keterangan Cara)
• Menjelaskan bagaimana suatu tindakan dilakukan.
• Biasanya diakhiri dengan "-ly."
• Contoh: He speaks softly. (Menjelaskan bagaimana dia berbicara.)
• Contoh: They worked hard. (Menjelaskan cara mereka bekerja, "hard" adalah
pengecualian karena tidak berakhiran "-ly.")
2. Adverb of Time (Keterangan Waktu)
• Menjelaskan kapan suatu tindakan terjadi.
• Contoh: She arrived yesterday. (Menjelaskan kapan dia tiba.)
• Contoh: We will meet soon. (Menjelaskan kapan kita akan bertemu.)
3. Adverb of Place (Keterangan Tempat)
• Menjelaskan di mana suatu tindakan terjadi.
• Contoh: He looked everywhere. (Menjelaskan di mana dia mencari.)
• Contoh: They live here. (Menjelaskan di mana mereka tinggal.)
4. Adverb of Frequency (Keterangan Frekuensi)
• Menjelaskan seberapa sering suatu tindakan dilakukan.
• Contoh: She always arrives on time. (Menjelaskan seberapa sering dia tiba tepat
waktu.)
• Contoh: We rarely go out. (Menjelaskan seberapa sering kita pergi keluar.)
5. Adverb of Degree (Keterangan Derajat)
• Menjelaskan sejauh mana suatu tindakan atau kualitas berlaku.
• Contoh: I am very happy. (Menjelaskan derajat kebahagiaan.)
• Contoh: She was too tired to continue. (Menjelaskan derajat kelelahan.)
6. Interrogative Adverb (Keterangan Tanya)
• Digunakan untuk menanyakan informasi lebih lanjut.
• Contoh: How did you do that? (Menanyakan cara.)
• Contoh: When will you arrive? (Menanyakan waktu.)
7. Relative Adverb (Keterangan Penghubung)
• Digunakan untuk menghubungkan klausa relatif dengan kalimat utama.
• Contoh: This is the reason why I came. (Menghubungkan klausa relatif "why I came"
dengan kalimat utama.)
TOPIC 2
Simple present tense : untuk menyatakan kegiatan yang terjadi saat ini
- Positive = subject + V1
- Negative = subject + do/does + not + V1
- Question = do/does + subject + V1

I, you, they, we = do
She, he, it = does
She, he, it, nama orang = tambah s (hanya kalimat positif)
Kata sifat harus disertakan to be
Present continuous digunakan untuk kegiatan yang berlangsung saat ini

TOPIC 3
Type of sentences by function :
1. Declarative sentences = pernyataan, pendapat atau informasi. Fakta atau sesuatu hal
yang sudah pasti
Subject + predicate + object
2. Interrogative sentences = kalimat tanya
Auxiliary verb + subject + main verb + object
3. Imperative sentences = kalimat perintah
Verb + object
4. Exclamatory sentences = express emotion
Subject + verb + exclamatory sentences !

Type of sentences by structure :

1. Simple sentences, basic independent sentences, subject + predicate
2. Compound sentences, contain at least two independent clauses. Independent
clauses + coordinating conjunction + independent clauses
Coordinating conjuction = FANBOYS
For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
3. Complex sentences, contains one independent clauses and one dependent clauses.
Independent clauses + subordinating conjunction + dependent clauses
4. Compound complex sentences, contains at least two independent clauses dan one
dependent clauses

TOPIC 4
Past tense :
1. Simple past tense = actions that completed in the past
+ subject + Verb2 + object
- subject + did not + V1 + object
? did + S + V1 + object
2. Past continuous tense, subject + was/were + Verb Ing
3. Past perfect tense = the action was completed before another action
Subject + had + past participle (V3)
 4. Past perfect continuous tense
Subject + had been + Verb Ing + Object

TOPIC 5
Future tense :
1. Simple future tense, subject + will + base form of the Verb (belum pasti)
Subject + am/is + going to + base form the Verb (sudah pasti/regular)
2. Future continuous tense, on going in specific time in the future
Subject + will be + Verb Ing
3. Future perfect tense, something that will be finished befofe specific time
Subject + will have + past participle (V3)
4. Future perfect continuous tense
Subject + will have been + Verb Ing

TOPIC 6
Perfect tense and passive voice
Perfect tense = menyatakan Tindakan yang telah selesai pada waktu tertentu
1. Present perfect, subject + has/have + past participle (V3)
2. Past perfect, subject + had + V3
3. Future perfect, subject + will have + V3

 Present Perfect: Tindakan selesai tetapi masih relevan dengan masa kini.
 Past Perfect: Tindakan terjadi sebelum tindakan lain di masa lalu.
 Future Perfect: Tindakan akan selesai di masa depan.

Passive voice : object yang menerima Tindakan

 Present: Subject + is/am/are + V3
 Past: Subject + was/were + V3
 Future: Subject + will be + V3

Passive voice in perfect tense :

- present perfect passive, subject + has/have been + V3
- past perfect passive, subject + had been + V3
- future perfect passive, subject + will have been + V3

Active vs passive voice :

 Active: Fokus pada subjek yang melakukan tindakan.
 Passive: Fokus pada objek yang menerima tindakan.