1.
(a) Micropropagation is the rapid vegetative propagation of plants under in vitro conditions of high
light intensity, controlled temperature and a defined nutrient medium. The technique has been applied
to a substantial number of commercial vegetatively propagated plant species.
1.(b)Taxol is an antimitotic agent used to treat cancer, blocks cancer cell growth by stopping cell division,
resulting in cell death. It is used in the treatment of breast, lung, and ovarian cancer etc.
1.(c) the name of the chemical compound found in cell wall is Polysaccharides. The cell wall in plant cell
is composed of cellulose and in fungi is Chitin.
1.(d)
Xylem Pholem
i) It transports water and minerals from roots i. It transports food from the leaves to the
different parts in plant.
to the leaves in plants.
ii) It is composed of living cells. ii) It is composed of dead cells.
e) Transgenic plant is the ones, whose DNA is modified using genetic engineering techniques.
2. (a) Mitochondria :-It is a cell organelle found in the cells of most Eukaryotes, such as animals, plants
and fungi. It has a double membrane structure and use aerobic respiration to generate adenosine
triphosphate (ATP), which is used throughout the cell as a source of chemical energy.
Mitochondria is the site of aerobic respiration and breakdown of food takes place to generate
energy. That is why it is known as power house of the cell.
2(b) Photoperiodism:- It is the physiological reaction of organisms to the length of night or a dark period.
It occurs in plants and animals.
Plant photoperiodism can also be defined as the developmental responses of plants to the relative
lengths of light and dark periods. They are classified under three groups according to the photoperiods:
short-day plants, long-day plants, and day-neutral plants.
2(c) Beneficial fungi :- Many fungi form a close, beneficial relationship with the roots of plants. These
fungi are known as mycorrhiza. Their spreading threads or hyphae increase the surface area available to
the roots for absorbing nutrients, especially phosphorus. The fungus benefits by getting sugars from the
plant. This mushroom is Amanita nothofagi, which lives in association with mānuka and southern beech
trees.
2.(e) Transpiration:- It is the process by which plant release excess amount of water from their body in
the form of evaporation through stomach and stems.
The different types of transpiration in plants are -
i) Stomatal transpiration.
ii) Lenticular transpiration.
iii) Cuticular transpiration.
2.(f) Modified root :- In some plant, the roots change their shape and get modified to absorb and
transport water and minerals from the soil to different parts of the plant. They are also modified for
support, food storage, and respiration.
Depending upon their shapes, they are classified as :-
i)Conical roots.
ii)Fusiform roots.
iii) Tuberous roots.
3. (a) Guttation is the loss of water in the form of water droplets from hydathodes (small pores) on the
leaf margin of a small herbaceous plant.
Transpiration and guttation are the two important process of removal of excess water from the
plants. However, the two processes are different from each other. Transpiration is the removal of water
from the stomata present on the leaves. On the contrary, guttation is the process of removal of water
from the hydathodes. Moreover,Transpiration always occurs against the gravity while translocation does
not always occur against gravity.
3. (b) Monera was first proposed as a phylum by Ernst Haeckel in 1866. Gradually the phylum was
elevated to the rank of kingdom in 1925 by Edouard Chatton. It was the five-kingdom classification
system was established by Robert Whittaker in 1969.
Monera is a biological kingdom that is made up of prokaryotes. As such, it is composed of single-
celled organisms that lack a nucleus. It lacks Cell organelles such as mitochondria, Golgi body etc.Most
organisms in the Monera kingdom reproduce asexually through binary fission, which does not allow for
much genetic diversity, since each daughter cell produced receives genetic information that is identical
to the parent’s.
3. (c) The cell is the smallest unit of life and all the living beings are made up of cells. Without cell, life
can't be existed. Hence a cell is called the structural unit of life.
A cell is capable of carrying out all life processes, such as nutrition, excretion, respiration, etc.
Hence it is called as the functional unit of life.
3. (d) Functions of Phosphorus in Plants:-
It promotes early root growth, winter hardiness, and seed formation, stimulates tillering, and
increases water use efficiency.
Functions of magnesium in plants:-
Magnesium is the central core of the chlorophyll molecule in plant tissue. It also helps to activate
specific enzyme systems.
Functions of Potassium in plants:-
Potassium is associated with the movement of water, nutrients and carbohydrates in plant tissue.It is
involved with enzyme activation within the plant, which affects protein, starch and adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) production.
4. (a) Artificial vegetative reproduction are those methods that are carried by man to propagate new
plants.In this, a part of a plant, specifically a stem or leaf is cut and planted in the soil. These cuttings are
sometimes treated with hormones to induce root development. The new plant is formed from the
adventitious roots developing from the cutting.
The various types of Artificial methods of vegetative reproduction are:-
i) Tissue culture :- It is the growth of tissues or cells in an artificial medium separate from the parent
organism.
ii)Cutting :- In this method, a branch of the stem is cut out from the plant and buried in the soil. New
leaves arise from the nodes in the stem and the new roots also develop giving rise to a whole new plant.
iii) Layering :- It is a method by which adventitious roots are caused to form on a stem while it is still
attached to the parent plant.
iv) Grafting :- It is a method of asexual plant propagation that joins plant parts from different plants
together so they will heal and grow as one plant.
