Suguna PIP School
(A CBSE Affiliated Sr. Sec. School)
PET ASSIGNMENT
TOPIC : Jump
SUB-TOPICS: long jump,triple jump,high jump
GROUP MEMBERS NAME :
G. Umarani
K. Akshata
S. Dharshika
CLASS: 11-Z2
LONG JUMP
The long jump is a track and field event in which athletes
combine speed, strength and agility in an attempt to leap as far
as possible from a take-off point. Along with the triple jump,
the two events that measure jumping for distance as a group are
referred to as the "horizontal jumps". This event has a history
in the ancient Olympic Games and has been a modern Olympic
event for men since the first Olympics in 1896 and for women
since 1948.
RULES
At the elite level, competitors run down a runway (usually
coated with the same rubberized surface as running
tracks, crumb rubber or vulcanized rubber, known generally as
an all-weather track) and jump as far as they can from a wooden
or synthetic board, 20 centimetres or 8 inches wide, that is built
flush with the runway, into a pit filled with soft damp sand. If
the competitor starts the leap with any part of the foot past the
foul line, the jump is declared a foul and no distance is
recorded. To detect this occurrence, a layer of plasticine is
placed at a 90° angle immediately after the board. An official
(similar to a referee) will also watch the jump and make the
determination. In recent times, laser sensors and high-speed
cameras have replaced the plasticine at elite competitions
(like Diamond League meetings). The competitor can initiate
the jump from any point behind the foul line; however, the
distance measured will always be perpendicular to the foul line
to the nearest break in the sand caused by any part of the body
or uniform. Therefore, it is in the best interest of the competitor
to get as close to the foul line as possible. Competitors are
allowed to place two marks along the side of the runway in
order to assist them to jump accurately. At a lesser meet and
facilities, the plasticine will likely not exist, the runway might
be a different surface or jumpers may initiate their jump from a
painted or taped mark on the runway. At a smaller meet, the
number of attempts might also be limited to four or three.
Each competitor has a set number of attempts. That would
normally be three trials, with three additional jumps being
awarded to the best eight or nine (depending on the number of
lanes on the track at that facility, so the event is equitable to
track events) competitors. All valid attempts will be recorded
but only the best mark counts towards the results. The
competitor with the longest valid jump (from either the trial or
final rounds) is declared the winner at the end of competition.
In the event of an exact tie, then comparing the next best jumps
of the tied competitors will be used to determine place. In a
large, multi-day elite competition (like the Olympics or World
Championships), a qualification is held in order to select at least
12 finalists. Ties and automatic qualifying distances are
potential factors. In the final, a set of trial round jumps will be
held, with the best eight performers advancing to the final
rounds.
HISTORY
The long jump is the only known jumping event of ancient
Greece's original Olympics' pentathlon events. All events that
occurred at the Olympic Games were initially supposed to act
as a form of training for warfare. The long jump emerged
probably because it mirrored the crossing of obstacles such as
streams and ravines. After investigating the surviving
depictions of the ancient event, it is believed that unlike the
modern event, athletes were only allowed a short running start.
The athletes carried a weight in each hand, which were
called halteres (between 1 and 4.5 kg). These weights were
swung forward as the athlete jumped in order to increase
momentum. It was commonly believed that the jumper would
throw the weights behind him in midair to increase his forward
momentum; however, halteres were held throughout the
duration of the jump. Swinging them down and back at the end
of the jump would change the athlete's centre of gravity and
allow the athlete to stretch his legs outward, increasing his
distance. The jump itself was made from the bater ("that which
is trod upon"). It was most likely a simple board placed on the
stadium track which was removed after the event. The jumpers
would land in what was called a skamma ("dug-up" area). The
idea that this was a pit full of sand is wrong. Sand in the
jumping pit is a modern invention. The skamma was simply a
temporary area dug up for that occasion and not something that
remained over time.
The long jump was considered one of the most difficult of the
events held at the Games since a great deal of skill was
required. Music was often played during the jump and
Philostratus says that pipes at times would accompany the jump
so as to provide a rhythm for the complex movements of the
halteres by the athlete. Philostratus is quoted as saying, "The
rules regard jumping as the most difficult of the competitions,
and they allow the jumper to be given advantages in rhythm by
the use of the flute, and in weight by the use of the halter." Most
notable in the ancient sport was a man called Chionis, who in
the 656 BC Olympics staged a jump of 7.05 m (23 ft 1+1⁄2 in).
There has been some argument by modern scholars over the
long jump. Some have attempted to recreate it as a triple jump.
The images provide the only evidence for the action so it is
more well received that it was much like today's long jump. The
main reason some want to call it a triple jump is the presence
of a source that claims there once was a fifty-five ancient foot
jump done by a man named Phayllos.
The long jump has been part of modern Olympic competition
since the inception of the Games in 1896. In 1914, Dr. Harry
Eaton Stewart recommended the "running broad jump" as a
standardized track and field event for women. However, it was
not until 1948 that the women's long jump was added to
the Olympic athletics programme.
NEERAJ CHOPRA
Despite his young age, Indian javelin thrower Neeraj
Chopra has already etched his name in the history books
by becoming the first and only track and field athlete from
the country to win an Olympic medal – that too a gold.
He is also a world champion - India’s first-ever in senior
athletics - and a Diamond League winner, also a first by
any Indian.
Neeraj Chopra’s gold medal at Tokyo 2020 was also
India’s second individual Olympic gold medal after
shooter Abhinav Bindra’s 10m air rifle glory at Beijing
2008.
Heading into the Tokyo Olympics, Neeraj Chopra was, at
best, a dark horse in the men’s javelin competition which
featured a strong field consisting of overwhelming
favourite Johannes Vetter, reigning world champion
Anderson Peters, London 2012 gold medallist Keshorn
Walcott, among others.
Come the main event, though, the Indian stepped up in a
major way. Neeraj Chopra topped the qualifying round
with an 86.65m throw, finishing above Vetter’s 85.64m.
The challenge from Vetter in the final never materialised
and Chopra led the field from start to finish.
