PRACTICAL NO.
14
DRAW THE CROSS SECTION AND L-SECTION OF BRIDGE
I Practical Significance
Bridges are recogniition of a nation’s infrastructure. Bridges play an important role in
connecting people, good and transports. A bridges close down can halt econmomic progress
of any nation. Sarvises those are no longer available can be simply comleted with the help
of bridges.
A bridges is a structure which is built over some physical obsatcle such as a body of water,
valley, or road and its purpose is to provide crossing over that obstacle. Is is built to be
storng enough to safety supports its oen weight as well as the weight of anything that should
pass over it
II Relevant Program Outcomes (POs) (from programme Structure)
PO 1. Basic knowledge: An ability to apply knowledge of basic mathematics, science
and engineering to solve the engineering problems.
PO 2. Discipline knowledge: An ability to apply discipline - specific knowledge to solve
core and/or applied engineering problems.
PO 4. Engineering tools: Apply relevant civil technologies and tools with an
understanding of the limitations.
III Relevant Course Outcomes
i. draw the various components of typical civil structure like road, culvert/ bridges.
IV Practical Outcome
Draw L- section and cross section of bridge.
V Competency and Practical Skills
• This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry, identified
competency
VI Relevant Affective domain related
a. Follow safety practices.
b. Practice good housekeeping.
c. Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member.
d. Maintain tools and equipment.
e. Follow ethical Practices.
VII Minimum Theoretical Background
1. The bridge the structure facilitating a communication route for carrying road trafic
or other moving roads over the depression or obstruction such as river, steam,
channel, road or railways. The bridge is a major achievement of engineering science.
It is art of individuality. The story of great bridges is hardly a hundred years old, and
through it is not apparent is first glance, many of the types in used today.
Components of bridges:
Broadly the bridge can be divided into two major parts:
1. Superstructure:- The superstructure of a bridge is analogous to a single- story building
roof and substructure to that of the wall, column, and foundation. the superstructure Consist
of the structure methods carrying a communication route. Hardtail, guards stone and
flooring supported such as beams, girder, arches cables. components of bridge
2. Substructure:- substructure is a supporting system for the superstructure. It consists of
the following abutment, pier, ding wall, foundation.
Foundation: This part lies beneath the ground-namely the open or pile type of foundation,
the pile cap, etc.
Open Foundations
Open Bridge footings are similar to the shallow footings in buildings. These foundations are
members with a shallow width in proportion to its height. It is It is ensured that in its
serviceability life, the footings effectively resist punching shear and direct shear transferred
from piers above.this has to be mainly ensured by the depth of the footing and increasing
the width based on the governing moment acting on it.
Piers
Bridge Pier support the spans of the bridge and transfer the loads from superstructure to the
foundation. Piers should be strong enough to take the both vertical and horizontal load. Its
main function is to transfer the load from the bridge superstructure foundation below it.
Piercap
Pier caps are flanged members of the substructure piers that host the girders via the bearing
pedestals.They usually host the bearing pedestals, seismic arrestors, launcher sleeves, drain
holes, etc upon their arrangement.
Bearings
Bearings are structural members capable of transferring loads from the deck to the
substructure. These displace stresses and load to the piers through the girders to allow
movement between parts of a bridge. The movement can be linear as well as torsional.
Bearings provide allowance between these parts.
Abutments
A sub-structure that primarily resists lateral forces on either sides of bridge and serves as
the support structure for the girders. The launch apron ends at the abutments. It serves as a
retaining wall for the backfill from the launch apron.
These are the structural link between the road and the bridge structure. They support the
launch apron or one edge of an approach slab and on the other side support the bridge
girders.
Girders
Girders are the most essential part of the bridge are the structural members that support the
deck slab for the traffic. They can be likened to the beams constructed in buildings. Girders
based on their type can be a single span simply supported or, or even multiple spans
continuing for more than one span.
Deck slab
The flat slab surface that allows vehicles and pedestrians to cross highways is a deck slab. It
is an orthotropic slab member supported by the girders in composite bridges. For bridges
with post-tensioned box girder viaducts, the top flange acts as the deck slab.
For steel bridges, this deck might be fabricated with plates and directly bear vehicular loads
and to contribute to the bridge structure's overall load-bearing behavior.
The section of the deck slab has a cross slope that enables suitable drainage channeled to the
hose.
Expansion Joint
A bridge expansion joint is a gap/opening within the bridge deck which allows the concrete
to expand and contract under temperature, load variations. It forms a break between the
concrete and other parts of a structure to allow movement without causing stress, which can
lead to cracking. They should be used in large concrete slabs such as foundations and
concrete driveways.
Basic Parts Of A Bridge
Abutment – The design of the abutments is done precisely in the same manner as the
design of the pier. The important additional force which the abutments have to withstand is
the earth’s pressure of earth filling behind the abutment. They are the end support of the
superstructure. Piers – They are the intermediate support of a bridge superstructure and may
be of solid or open type. The surface on which the girders of the bridge bear is called the
bridge seat. Wing wall –
These are retaining walls to support the embankment. These walls are built with a top width
of 18″ back batter 1 in 6 and face batter 1 in 12, the usual splay of these walls is 45 degrees.
Apron – It is a layer of concrete, masonry stone placed like flooring at the entrance or
outlet of a culvert to prevent scour. Classification of bridge, components of bridges, basic
parts of a bridge.
Afflux – construction of the bridge there is a contraction in the waterway. This results in the
rise of the water level above its normal level while passing under the bridge. This rise is
known as afflux.
Free board – Freeboard at any point is the difference between the highest flood level after
allowing for afflux if any and the formation level of road embankment on the approaches or
top level of guide bind at that point.
Culverts – When a small stream crosses a road with a linear waterway less than about 6 m,
the cross drainage structure so provided is called a culvert.
Deck – whose flooring supported at top of superstructures. Is called the deck. Classification
of bridge, components of bridges, basic parts of a bridge Clear span The clear span distance
between any two adjacent support of a bridge is called a clear span.
VIII Practical Set-up
IX Resources required
Sr.
Particulars Specification Quantity Remark
No.
1 Measuring tape 5 meter length 2 NOS.
2 Marking powder or lime powder as per
requirement
3 Note pad, pencil etc as per
requirement
X Procedure
1. list the components of bridges and draw the various views of bridges.
2. draw the cross-section and L section on sheet.
XI Precautions to be followed
1. While visit take care of safety.
2. Observe minutely all the components and study their function.
3. While measuring the length and width of pothole, the largest values should be taken
into account.
XII Actual procedure followed (Use blank sheet provided if space not sufficient)
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XIII Resources used
Sr. Broad Specifications
Name of Resource Quantity Remark
No. Make Details
1
2
3
XIV Precautions followed
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XV Observations and Calculations (Use blank sheet provided if space not sufficient)
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XVI Results
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XVII Interpretation of results (Give meaning of the above obtained results)
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XVIII Conclusions and Recommendations (if any) (To be written by students)
(Actions/decisions to be taken based on the interpretation of results).
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XIX Practical Related Questions
Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design more such
questions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO. Write answers of minimum three
questions.
1. . Which are the components of bridges ..
2. which are the abutment, pier, wing wall, weep holes.
3. Compare various types of bridges.
4. What is meant by deck.
[Space to Write Answers]
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References / Suggestions for further Reading
Sr.
Title of Book Author Publication
No.
Highway Engineering Khanna S.K. , Justo, C E Nem Chand and Brothers, Roorkee,
1
G and Veeraragavan, A. 2010, ISBN 978-8185240800
Road, Railways, Birdi, Ahuja, Standard Book House, New Delhi,
2 Bridge and Tunnel March 2010, ISBN: 978-
Engg 8189401337
XX Suggested Assessment Scheme
The given performance indicators should serve as a guideline for assessment regarding
process and product related marks.
Performance Indicators Weightage %
Process related : 15 Marks 60 %
1 Marking the defects accurately 20%
2 Measurement of parameters of defect. 30%
3 Working in team 10%
Product related :10 Marks 40 %
4 Conclusions with remedial measures 20%
5 Answer to practical related questions 10%
6 Submission of report in time 10%
Total : 25 Marks
List of Student Team Members
1 …………………………..
2 …………………………..
3. …………………………..
4.. …………………………..
5. …………………………..
Dated sign of
Marks Obtained
Teacher
Process Related Product Related Total
(15) (10) (25)
