A PROJECT REPORT ON STUDY OF APPLICATION AND
ADVERSE EFFECT OF PESTICIDES ON HUMAN HEALTH
Submitted by
Anish Pokhrel
Class – 11 B
Roll no – 06
Symbol no – 11SB-06
Regd. no – kmssa81000773
Submitted to
Kalika ManavGyan Secondary School
Butwal-10,Kalikanagar
Rupandehi
Nepal
2081-10-22
1
LETTER OF APPROVAL
The Project work entitled "Study of application and adverse effect of pesticides on human health
" by Mr. , of Kalika ManavGyan Secondary School prepared under the supervision of
Mr.Neelkamal Kasaudhan submitted of the partial fulfillment of chemistry grade XI has been
accepted.
Supervisor HOD
Neelkamal Kasuadhan Amrit Khanal
…………………… ……………….
Signature Signature
Department of Chemistry Department of Chemistry
Kalika ManavGyan S.S Kalika ManavGyan S.S
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RECOMMENDATION LETTER
This project work entitled “Study of application and adverse effect of pesticides on human
health” by Mr. Anish Pokhrel of Kalika Manavgyan Secondary School has been prepared under
my supervision of the partial fulfillment of chemistry of grade XI. I, therefore, recommend the
project work for evaluation.
Supervisor
Name: Neelkamal Kasaudhan
Department of Chemistry
Kalika Manavgyan S.S
2081-10-22
3
DECLARATION LETTER
I hereby declare that the project work “Study of application and adverse effect of pesticides on
human health” submitted to Department of Chemistry, Kalika Manavgyan Secondary School in
the form of hard copy of project work which has done under the guidance and the supervision of
Mr.Neelkamal Kasaudhan and is submitted for the partial fulfillment of chemistry grade 11
Name: Anish Pokhrel
Kalika ManavGyan S.S
Email address: anishpokhrel093@gmail.com
Date: 2081-10-22
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
It has been a great opportunity for me to work under the guidance of Mr. Neelkamal Kasaudhan,
Department of Chemistry, Kalika Manavgyan Secondary School, Butwal-10, Rupandehi, Nepal. I
express my sincere gratitude for his valuable suggestions, constructive criticism and deep sense of
perfection which enabled me to complete this work.
I am highly obliged to Mr. Kabir Woli, and Mrs. Shikshya Bhattrai Dept. of Chemistry for their
continuous cooperation and encouragement. I am equally thankful to Mr. Kul Prasad Neupane ,
Dept. of Chemistry, Kalika Manavgyan Secondary School for providing necessary laboratory
facilities.
I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to my colleagues Mr. Adaitya Singh Chaudhary , Mr.
Basudev Bhandari and Aarohan Tiwari who helped to complete the present work.
Anish Pokhrel
2081-10-22
5
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
Letter of Approval……………………………………………………….. 2
Recommendation Letter………………………………………………..... 3
Declaration Letter……………………………………………………....... 4
Acknowledgements………………………………………………………. 5
CHAPTERS
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION 7
CHAPTER 2: Overview of Previous Studies on Pesticides and Their Effects 8
CHAPTER 3: Types of Pesticides and Their Uses 9
CHAPTER 4: Historical Background and Developments 10
CHAPTER 5: Application of Pesticides 11
CHAPTER 6: Benefits of Pesticides in Agriculture and Pest Control 12
CHAPTER 7: Adverse Effects of Pesticides on Human Health 13
CHAPTER 8: Environmental Impact of Pesticides 14
CHAPTER 9: Preventive Measures and Alternatives 15
CHAPTER 10: Conclusion and Recommendations 16
References/Bibliography 17
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Introduction
Definition of Pesticides
Pesticides are chemical or biological substances used to kill, repel, or control pests such as
insects, weeds, fungi, and rodents that can damage crops, livestock, and human health. They are
categorized into various types, including insecticides (for insects), herbicides (for weeds),
fungicides (for fungi), and rodenticides (for rodents). While pesticides help in increasing
agricultural productivity, their excessive use can lead to environmental pollution and health
hazards.
Importance of Pesticides in Agriculture
1. Increased Crop Yield – Pesticides protect crops from insects, weeds, and diseases,
ensuring higher agricultural production.
2. Improved Food Security – By reducing crop loss, pesticides help in maintaining a stable
food supply.
3. Cost-Effective Solution – Farmers can save time and effort compared to manual pest
control methods.
4. Quality Improvement – Protects fruits, vegetables, and grains from pest-related damage,
ensuring better market value.
5. Prevention of Disease Spread – Pesticides also help control pests that transmit diseases to
humans and animals.
Objective of the Study
• To analyze the application of pesticides in agriculture and their role in enhancing
productivity.
• To examine the potential adverse effects of pesticides on human health.
• To study environmental impacts related to pesticide use.
• To explore alternative and safer pest management practices.
Scope and Significance of the Project
• Scope: This study covers different types of pesticides, their uses, benefits, and risks. It
also examines health issues related to pesticide exposure and sustainable alternatives for
pest control.
• Significance: The research highlights the balance between agricultural productivity and
health safety. It helps farmers, policymakers, and consumers make informed decisions
regarding pesticide use and alternatives. The study also raises awareness about
regulations and safety measures to minimize pesticide-related hazards.
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Overview of Previous Studies on Pesticides and Their Effects
Numerous studies have been conducted to assess the impact of pesticides on human health,
agriculture, and the environment. Some key findings from previous research include:
• Health Effects: Studies have linked prolonged pesticide exposure to serious health issues
such as cancer, neurological disorders, and reproductive problems. Research by the
World Health Organization (WHO) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
highlights the risks of pesticide residues in food and water.
• Environmental Impact: Research has shown that pesticides contribute to soil degradation,
water contamination, and loss of biodiversity. The concept of bioaccumulation (where
toxic chemicals accumulate in organisms) and biomagnification (increasing toxicity
through the food chain) has been widely studied.
• Regulations and Alternatives: Various studies have emphasized the need for stricter
regulations and safer alternatives like biopesticides and integrated pest management
(IPM) to reduce dependency on chemical pesticides.
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Types of Pesticides and Their Uses
Pesticides are classified based on their target pests and chemical nature. Some common types
include:
1. Insecticides – Used to kill or control insects (e.g., DDT, Malathion, Pyrethroids).
2. Herbicides – Used to eliminate unwanted plants or weeds (e.g., Glyphosate, Atrazine).
3. Fungicides – Used to prevent fungal diseases in crops (e.g., Mancozeb, Carbendazim).
4. Rodenticides – Designed to control rodents like rats and mice (e.g., Warfarin, Zinc
Phosphide).
5. Bactericides – Used to kill harmful bacteria affecting plants (e.g., Streptomycin).
6. Nematicides – Target parasitic worms (nematodes) in soil (e.g., Aldicarb).
7. Biopesticides – Derived from natural substances like bacteria, fungi, and plant extracts
(e.g., Bacillus thuringiensis, Neem oil).
Each type of pesticide serves a specific purpose and plays a crucial role in agriculture, but their
misuse can lead to environmental and health hazards.
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Historical Background and Developments
The history of pesticide use dates back thousands of years, evolving from natural substances to
modern synthetic chemicals.
• Ancient Period: Early civilizations used natural pesticides like sulfur, plant extracts, and
oils to control pests. The Romans and Chinese used arsenic-based compounds for pest
control.
• 19th Century: The industrial revolution led to the introduction of copper- and mercury-
based pesticides.
• 20th Century:
o The discovery of DDT (Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) in the 1940s
revolutionized pest control but was later banned due to environmental concerns.
o The Green Revolution (1950s-70s) led to the widespread use of synthetic
pesticides to boost agricultural productivity.
o Concerns over pesticide toxicity led to regulations such as the EPA’s ban on
harmful pesticides and the promotion of eco-friendly alternatives.
• 21st Century:
o Increased awareness of pesticide risks has driven research into organic farming,
biopesticides, and integrated pest management (IPM) to reduce reliance on
chemical pesticides.
o Governments and environmental organizations have introduced stricter pesticide
regulations and residue limits to protect human health.
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Application of Pesticides
Pesticides play a crucial role in modern agriculture by controlling pests that damage crops and
reducing losses due to insects, weeds, and fungi. They help improve food security, increase crop
yield, and maintain agricultural sustainability. However, their application must be carefully
managed to minimize risks to human health and the environment.
Methods of Pesticide Application
The method of pesticide application depends on the type of crop, pest problem, and
environmental considerations. Some common methods include:
1. Spraying – The most widely used method, where pesticides are mixed with water and
sprayed on crops using manual or mechanical sprayers.
o Examples: Hand-held sprayers, tractor-mounted sprayers, aerial spraying (drones,
airplanes)
o Used for: Insecticides, herbicides, fungicides
2. Soil Treatment – Pesticides are applied to the soil before planting to control soil-borne
pests.
o Examples: Fumigation, granular pesticides mixed with soil
o Used for: Nematicides, herbicides
3. Seed Treatment – Seeds are coated with pesticides before planting to protect young plants
from pests and diseases.
o Examples: Fungicide-coated seeds
o Used for: Fungicides, insecticides
4. Granular Application – Dry pesticide granules are spread on the field and dissolve
gradually to control pests.
o Examples: Herbicide granules for weed control
o Used for: Herbicides, insecticides
5. Injection Method – Pesticides are injected directly into plant stems or tree trunks to
control internal pests.
o Examples: Systemic insecticides for tree protection
o Used for: Insecticides, fungicides
6. Dusting – Fine pesticide powders are dusted over crops to kill pests.
o Examples: Sulfur dust for fungal disease control
o Used for: Insecticides, fungicides
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Benefits of Pesticides in Agriculture and Pest Control
Pesticides offer several advantages that help farmers protect crops and improve food production.
1. Increases Crop Yield – Pesticides prevent pest damage, ensuring higher agricultural
productivity.
2. Protects Food Supply – Reduces crop losses, leading to a stable and sufficient food
supply.
3. Improves Crop Quality – Protects fruits, vegetables, and grains from insect and fungal
damage, enhancing market value.
4. Reduces Labor Costs – Mechanized pesticide application reduces the need for manual
labor.
5. Prevents Disease Transmission – Controls pests that spread diseases, benefiting both
agriculture and human health.
6. Supports Large-Scale Farming – Makes it feasible to cultivate extensive farmland
without excessive pest problems.
7. Economic Benefits for Farmers – Increased yields and reduced losses lead to better
financial returns.
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Adverse Effects of Pesticides on Human Health
Pesticides, while essential for agriculture, pose serious health risks when misused or overused.
Exposure to these chemicals can occur through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact, leading to
both short-term and long-term health effects.
Short-Term Effects
Acute exposure to pesticides can cause immediate health issues, especially in farmers and
individuals living near treated areas. Common short-term effects include:
• Headaches and Dizziness – Caused by inhalation of toxic fumes.
• Skin Irritation and Rashes – Direct contact may lead to itching and burns.
• Nausea and Vomiting – Common after ingesting contaminated food or water.
• Respiratory Issues – Coughing, difficulty breathing, and lung irritation.
• Eye Irritation – Redness, burning sensation, and watery eyes.
• Muscle Weakness and Fatigue – Resulting from nerve toxicity.
Example: Organophosphate poisoning has been widely reported among farmers using Malathion
and Chlorpyrifos, leading to dizziness and respiratory distress.
Long-Term Effects
Chronic pesticide exposure has been linked to severe diseases that may develop over time:
• Cancer Risk – Pesticides like Glyphosate and DDT are linked to leukemia, lymphoma, and breast
cancer.
• Neurological Disorders – Long-term exposure increases the risk of Parkinson’s disease and
cognitive decline.
• Reproductive Issues – Pesticides may cause infertility, hormonal imbalances, and birth defects.
• Endocrine Disruption – Chemicals interfere with hormones, leading to thyroid disorders.
• Liver and Kidney Damage – Pesticides accumulate in these organs, leading to toxicity.
• Immune Suppression – Weakens the body's ability to fight infections.
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Environmental Impact of Pesticides
The excessive use of pesticides has significant environmental consequences, affecting soil,
water, biodiversity, and ecosystems.
Contamination of Soil and Water
Pesticides can accumulate in the soil, altering its fertility and harming beneficial
microorganisms. Runoff from agricultural fields contaminates rivers, lakes, and groundwater,
making water unsafe for drinking and aquatic life. Examples: Atrazine and Glyphosate have been
found in groundwater, posing risks to human and environmental health.
Effects on Biodiversity and Non-Target Species
Pesticides do not only affect pests but also harm beneficial insects, birds, and aquatic organisms.
Bees and butterflies, crucial for pollination, are declining due to neonicotinoid insecticides. Fish
and amphibians suffer from pesticide runoff, leading to disrupted ecosystems.
Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification
Toxic pesticides build up in organisms (bioaccumulation) and increase in concentration as they
move up the food chain (biomagnification). Example: DDT accumulated in fish and birds,
leading to weakened eggshells in eagles, pushing them to near extinction.
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Preventive Measures and Alternatives
To minimize the harmful effects of pesticides, proper handling, strict regulations, and sustainable
alternatives are essential.
Safe Handling and Usage of Pesticides
Proper pesticide use can reduce health and environmental risks. Key safety measures include:
• Protective Gear: Farmers should wear gloves, masks, and protective clothing while handling
pesticides.
• Proper Storage: Pesticides should be stored in sealed containers away from food and water
sources.
• Controlled Application: Avoid overuse and apply pesticides at recommended doses to prevent
contamination.
• Safe Disposal: Empty pesticide containers must be disposed of properly to prevent pollution.
• Awareness & Training: Educating farmers on pesticide safety can prevent misuse and poisoning.
Government Regulations and Safety Guidelines
Governments worldwide enforce pesticide regulations to protect human health and the
environment.
• Bans & Restrictions: Hazardous pesticides like DDT and Chlorpyrifos have been banned or
restricted in many countries.
• Pesticide Registration: Regulatory bodies like the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) monitor pesticide safety.
• Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs): Limits are set on pesticide residues in food to ensure
consumer safety.
• Farmer Support Programs: Governments promote safer pesticide alternatives and provide
subsidies for organic farming.
Eco-Friendly Alternatives
Sustainable pest control methods reduce the reliance on harmful chemicals:
1. Organic Farming: Avoids synthetic pesticides, relying on crop rotation, composting, and natural
predators.
2. Biopesticides: Uses naturally occurring substances like neem oil, bacteria (Bacillus thuringiensis),
and fungi to control pests.
3. Integrated Pest Management (IPM): Combines biological control, crop diversification, and
minimal pesticide use to manage pests effectively.
4. Companion Planting: Certain plants naturally repel pests, reducing the need for chemical
pesticides.
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Conclusion and Recommendations
Summary of Key Findings
The study highlights the widespread use of pesticides in agriculture and their significant impact
on human health and the environment. Short-term exposure can lead to headaches, nausea,
respiratory issues, and skin irritation, while long-term exposure has been linked to cancer,
neurological disorders, and reproductive problems. Environmentally, pesticides contaminate soil
and water, harm biodiversity, and contribute to bioaccumulation and biomagnification in the
food chain. While pesticides are essential for pest control, their misuse and overuse pose serious
risks to ecosystems and public health.
Practical Solutions and Future Recommendations
1. Safer Pesticide Practices: Promote proper handling, protective equipment, and controlled
application to minimize risks.
2. Stricter Regulations: Governments should enforce bans on highly toxic pesticides and implement
stricter residue limits in food and water.
3. Eco-Friendly Alternatives: Encourage organic farming, biopesticides, and Integrated Pest
Management (IPM) to reduce reliance on chemical pesticides.
4. Public Awareness and Education: Training programs for farmers on safe pesticide use and
alternative pest control methods.
5. Research and Innovation: Invest in developing non-toxic and biodegradable pesticides for
sustainable agriculture.
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References/Bibliography
. Google
. Chat GPT
. Youtube
. Wikipedia
Websites:
• EPA. (2023). "Pesticide Regulation." Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-registration.
• FAO. (2022). "Pesticide Risk Reduction." Retrieved from http://www.fao.org.
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