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General Instructions:

 Total No of Ques : 40 ques

 MM – 80 Marks

 Time Alloted 45 min.

 All questions shall be Multiple Choice Questions(MCQ)

 Marking Scheme:

 Correct Answer: - 2 marks per correct answer

 No Answer: -0.25 marks per unanswered question

 Wrong Answer: -0.50 marks per wrong answer

 Candidates will only have 1 (one) attempt at each question.

 Try not to revisit a question once you have moved on to another question.

Best Of Luck

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NLAT UG 2020
GENERAL COMPREHENSION PASSAGE AND QUESTIONS
Each set of questions in this examination is based on a single passage. Please
answer each question on the basis of what is stated or implied in the corresponding
passage, and in the question itself. In some instances, more than one option may be
the answer to the question; in such a case, please choose the option that most
accurately and comprehensively answers the question.

PASSAGE – I

For much of the past century, the conflict between Israelis and Palestinians has
been a defining feature of the Middle East. Despite billions of dollars expended to
support, oppose, or seek to resolve it, the conflict has endured for decades, with
periodic violent eruptions, of which the Israel-Gaza confrontation in the summer of
2014 is only the most recent.

This executive summary highlights findings from a study by a team of RAND

researchers that estimates the net costs and benefits over the next ten years of five
alternative trajectories — a two-state solution, coordinated unilateral withdrawal,
uncoordinated unilateral withdrawal, nonviolent resistance, and violent uprising —
compared with the costs and benefits of a continuing impasse that evolves in
accordance with present trends. The analysis focuses on economic costs related to
the conflict, including the economic costs of security. In addition, intangible costs
are briefly examined, and the costs of each scenario to the international community
have been calculated.

The economy of the Palestinian Territory was a viable and thriving one before the
occupation in June 1967. It generated significant production and income that
sustained a growing population of 1 million people and generated a gross domestic
product (GDP) per capita of about $1,349 in 2004 prices, which was sufficient for it
to be considered a lower-middle-income economy at that time. Tragically, it has
become a land on the verge of economic and humanitarian collapse.

In 2014, the GDP growth rate in the Palestinian Territory turned negative, for the
first time since 2006. The Gaza Strip is becoming increasingly unliveable and could
become totally unliveable by 2020. According to the Palestinian Central Bureau of
Statistics, the unemployment rate in Gaza was 45 per cent in 2014, with over 63
per cent of Gaza’s young people unemployed, which is the highest rate in the world.
Female unemployment in the Palestinian Territory was around 40 per cent and
more than 60 per cent in Gaza. Nearly 40 per cent of Palestinians live below the
poverty line. Clean water is a rarity, with at least 90 per cent of Gaza’s water supply
unfit for human consumption. Electricity in Gaza is also sporadic and unreliable,
available only four to six hours a day, and a properly functioning sewage treatment
system no longer exists.

Seven key findings were identified (1): A two-state solution provides by far the best
economic outcomes for both Israelis and Palestinians. Israelis would gain over two
times more than the Palestinians in absolute terms — $123 billion versus $50
billion over ten years. But the Palestinians would gain more proportionately, with
average per capita income increasing by approximately 36 percent over what it
would have been in 2024, versus 5 percent for the average Israeli. A return to
violence would have profoundly negative economic consequences for both

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Palestinians and Israelis; per capita gross domestic product would fall by 46
percent in the West Bank and Gaza and by 10 percent in Israel by 2024. In most
scenarios, the value of economic opportunities gained or lost by both parties is
much larger than expected changes in direct costs. Unilateral withdrawal by Israel
from the West Bank would impose large economic costs on Israelis unless the
international community shoulders a substantial portion of the costs of relocating
settlers. Intangible factors, such as each party's security and sovereignty
aspirations, are critical considerations in understanding and resolving the impasse.
Taking advantage of the economic opportunities of a two-state solution would
require substantial investments from the public and private sectors of the
international community and from both parties.

1. With which of the following countries Israel does not share its geographical border?
(a) Yemen (b) Syria (c) Egypt (d) Lebanon

2. Which gulf country has recently established its diplomatic relations with Israel?
(a) Saudi Arabia (b) UAE (c) Lebanon (d) Qatar

3. Article 53 of the Fourth Geneva Convention states that destruction of personal

property belonging to ‘public authorities, or to social or cooperative organizations’ is
prohibited unless ‘absolutely necessary by military operations’.
In the year 1967, when the six day war had just began, Israel destroyed the
property of the Hezobollah Organization which was involved in terror activities
against the Jewish State. The property destroyed was the bunkers of the
organization where various arms and ammunitions were kept by the Hezobollahs
so as to fight the state of Israel. Discuss if the act of Israel Is covered under Article
53 of the convention?
(a) The act of Israel is illegal as there was no necessity of such military operation.
(b) The act of Israel is legal as there was a necessity of such operation.
(c) Article 53 is inapplicable to terror organizations and thus the question of
legality cannot be determined in this factual matrix.
(d) The act of Israel is legal as it was in self-defense.

4. Article 49 of the Geneva Convention states that, “Individual or mass forcible

transfers, as well as deportations of protected persons from occupied territory to
the territory of the Occupying Power or to that of any other country, occupied or
not, are prohibited, regardless of their motive.

Nevertheless, the Occupying Power may undertake total or partial evacuation of a

given area if the security of the population or imperative military reasons so
demand. Such evacuations may not involve the displacement of protected persons
outside the bounds of the occupied territory except when for material reasons it is
impossible to avoid such displacement. Persons thus evacuated shall be
transferred back to their homes as soon as hostilities in the area in question have
ceased.”

Israel in the year 1967 occupied the area of West Bank which was earlier within the
territory of the Palestine. After the occupation, the Israeli Army starts removing the
inhabitants of the area, citing imperative military reasons and combing operations
of the area. Discuss the legality of such an action and the follow up which needs to
be adhered by Israel.
(a) The Israeli action is illegal and the people should not be removed atall.

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NLAT UG 2020
(b) The Israeli action is legal and the people need to be removed permanently from
the West Bank.
(c) The Israeli action is legal but consent of UN is mandatory for validating such
action.
(d) None of the above.

5. What is the broad conclusion one can make after reading the entire passage stated
above?
(a) That Gender gaps are more prominent in areas of conflict.
(b) That war and conflict has no winners.
(c) That a tooth for a tooth, makes the whole world blind.
(d) That a strong hand is required if the policy of peace does not provide results.

6. According to the passage, before the year 1967 what is certainly true about the
economic condition of Palestine?
(a) Palestine was a growing economy and could have become a First World Country
had it not been engaged in war.
(b) Palestine was a growing middle income country and could have become Worlds
Richest country by 2020, had war not ravaged its economy.
(c) Palestine was a poor country and could have become much poorer, had war not
occurred.
(d) Palestine had a growing economy with sufficient income for any middle income
country, had war not occurred.

7. The sentence enclosed within ‘[1]’ in the passage may have a grammatical error.
Which of the following would be required to remove the error, if any?
(a) Replace ‘findings’ with ‘finding’. (c) Replace ‘identified’ with ‘identifies’
(b) Replace ‘were’ with ‘are’ (d) None of the above.

8. Which of the following words is not a synonym to the word “Unliveable” which has
been used in the passage?
(a) Ramshackle (c) Ruined
(b) Tumble down (d) None of the above

9. What was the approximate gross domestic production (in RS.) in year 2004? (1$ =
73.25 INR)
(a) 877078.50 (b) 988142.5 (c) 978650.25 (d) 967892.5

10. The total population of the Palestinian Territory increased by 20% over a decade
from 2004, out of which 75% of the people lived in Gaza. Also, if 60% of Gaza’s
population is considered to be young then the total number of persons who are not
young but are still unemployed are: (Consider all the people who live outside Gaza
as employed)
(a) 65000 (c) 64800
(b) 64000 (d) None of these

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NLAT UG 2020
PASSAGE – II

The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), in association with the Policy
Research Institute of Bangladesh (PRI) and the local administration of Cox’s Bazar,
unveiled the findings of a joint impact assessment study on July 25, 2019. The
report titled “Impacts of the Rohingya Refugee Influx on Host Communities” looks
at the impact of the massive influx of Rohingyas on the host communities and how
it has affected the long-term development needs of Bangladeshis living in the
affected areas.

The immediate effect of Bangladesh hosting about a million people on its soil, as
pointed out in the report, is that prices of daily essentials have risen by about 50
percent, wages of day labourers have decreased, some 2,500 households fell below
the poverty line, about 5,500 acres of reserve forests have been decimated and
1,500 hectares of wildlife habitat destroyed. “The study has used a mix of primary
survey data, secondary data from traditional sources and occasionally perceptions
based on the researchers’ understanding. Key Government of Bangladesh (GoB)
agencies engaged in the provision of services to the Rohingya and the host
population are identified and their current personnel strength assessed.”

That poverty has increased by nearly three percent in the host community is
something that is not talked about much. We also learn that about 75,000 people
in the host community have become more vulnerable in poverty terms due to the
refugee crisis. Day labourers are bearing the brunt of the refugee influx since cheap
labour is available from the Rohingya community and a ban on fishing on the Naf
River along the Bangladesh-Myanmar border is causing hardship and threatening
livelihoods of some 35,000 fishermen and their dependents. These fisher folk
families each had, according to the study, an annual income of around 70,000 per
annum which has now all but dried up.

The damaging effects of hosting so many people in the area of some hill districts
has had an adverse effect on the local economy(1). We are informed that the road
infrastructure has sustained damage to the tune of about USD 200 million. The
study also looks at repatriation costs and here the figures become astronomical! It’s
estimated that USD 3.2 billion will be required for refugees to return to their home
country under the best-case scenario and if we are looking at 600 refugees
returning on a daily basis, the process will take five years to complete. The study
states, however, that if the number of returnees drops to 200 people a day, the cost
will escalate to USD 11.6 billion and the number of years it will take to repatriate
the entire refugee population will be 13 years.

In the first three weeks of the influx (in August 2017), Bangladesh received more
refugees than all of Europe did in 2016 at the height of the Syrian crisis. Putting
that into perspective, Bangladesh which has less than 0.31 percent of the global
population, hosts 4.7 percent of its total refugees. Only now has the data become
available to gauge the socio-economic burden of this foreign population living on
Bangladeshi soil. The researchers used both qualitative and quantitative tools to
gather data and information on community perceptions “in order to be able to
assess the impacts, as well as secondary sources.”

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NLAT UG 2020
1. The Rohingya ethnic community belongs to which province of Myanmar?
(a) Lakhine State (c) Rakhine state
(b) Chin state (d) Magway state

2. Which Nobel peace laureate & Myanmar leader, was stripped of Freedom of Paris
award over failure to speak out against a crackdown on Myanmar’s Rohingya
minority?
(a) Aung San Suu Kyi (c) Htin Kyaw
(b) Min Thu Wun (d) Min Aung Hliang

3. The United Nations Convention and Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees (the
“UN Refugee Convention”) provides that “the term “refugee” shall apply to any
person who owing to well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race,
religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is
outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is
unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country”.
Ahmed is a Rohingya muslim who flees his hometown because of the persecution
taking place because of him belonging to certain ethnicity/religion. He crosses the
Myanmar border and applies to the Bangladesh authorities for seeking refuge.
Discuss if he can claim refuge on the basis of the convention?
(a) Yes because he is a muslim.
(b) Yes because his community is persecuted because of political opinion.
(c) No because he is not covered within the definition of Refugee.
(d) No because Ahmed is not in any fear whatsoever.

4. The UN Refugee Convention also states: “This Convention shall cease to apply to
any person falling under the meaning of the term 'refugee' if: (1) He has voluntarily
re-availed himself of the protection of the country of his nationality; or (2) Having
lost his nationality, he has voluntarily re-acquired it.”
After coming to know that one of his family members is stuck up in Myanmar,
Ahmed voluntarily wishes to escape to Myanmar so as to bring his family member
along with him to Bangladesh. Discuss if his action amounts to revocation of
refugee status?
(a) Yes as going back to Myanmar voluntarily amounts to revocation of refuge.
(b) Yes the refugee status stands terminated as one cannot be sure to return to
Bangladesh.
(c) No as his return was partial to Myanmar.
(d) No as he has not voluntarily re-availed himself of the protection of the country
of his nationality.

5. Keeping all other things static, if there is a further influx of more refugees from
Myanmar in Bangladesh, what would be its result on the wages of the labourers.
(a) The wages will increase.
(b) The wages will decrease.
(c) The wages will remain static as they are.
(d) None of the above.

6. Reading from the above passage, what can be stated definitely about a state that
receives more number of refugees?
(a) The economic prospectus of that country will improve.
(b) The country will receive respect from fellow other nations for upholding Human
Rights.

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NLAT UG 2020
(c) The socio-cultural mix of that nation will improve thus making the society more
egalitarian.
(d) None of the above.

7. The sentence enclosed within ‘[1]’ in the passage may have a grammatical error.
Which of the following would be required to remove the error, if any?
(a) Replace ‘area’ with ‘areas’. (c) Replace ‘the’ with ‘a’.
(b) Replace ‘effects’ with ‘affect’. (d) No correction required.

8. The word ‘Influx’ has been used in the passage given above. Which of the following
is not the correct synonym for the term?
(a) Inflow (c) Ingress
(b) Inundation (d) None of the above.

9. If the initial expenditure of a labourer per day on the essentials was Rs. 250 and
the per day wage of a labourer was Rs. 500 which decreased by 20% after the
hosting of refugees, then the percentage decrease witnessed in the savings of a
labourer is: (There were no other expenses made by a labourer apart from daily
essentials)
(a) 90% (c) 80%
(b) 85% (d) 96%

10. If the total population after the influx of refugees in the first three weeks of August
2017, was 6110000 then find the number of refugees which Europe received in
2016.(It is known that Bangladesh was hosting 11170 refugees before the above-
mentioned influx).
(a) 250000 (c) 160000
(b) 175000 (d) 200000

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NLAT UG 2020
PASSAGE – III

After India’s surgical strikes on “terrorist launchpads” across the Line of Control
last week, jingoistic voices have grown louder. While some have hailed it a fitting
answer to Pakistan for allegedly supporting the September 18 attack on a military
camp in Kashmir's Uri town that left 19 soldiers dead, others fear that India’s
action has the potential to turn into a full-blown war between the nuclear-armed
neighbour (1). Even as many participants in the nightly television discussion shows
seem to welcome the prospect, the fact remains that conflict is damaging for both
countries – politically and economically.

The India-Pakistan conflict already squeezes out 3% of India’s economic potential,

according to an analysis done by the Mumbai-based think-tank Strategic Foresight
Group in 2004. In a report titled "Cost of Conflict", the group analysed military
expenditures of the two countries to conclude that even low-intensity warfare could
have “financial costs, [hurt] human lives and policy losses".

Similarly, 3,843 Indian soldiers and close to 8,000 Pakistani soldiers died during
the direct military confrontation between the two countries in 1971, which ended
with the capture of more than 90,000 Pakistani prisoners of war. “Though reliable
data on disappearances and civilian casualties is not available, it would be safe to
assume that at least 100,000 families suffered direct human costs on account of
the four wars between India and Pakistan,” the Strategic Foresight Group wrote in
its report.

The report sought to chart the impact of relatively mild confrontations along the
border and their resulting costs. For instance, after the attack on Parliament in
2001, there was a military standoff at the India-Pakistan border with continued
infiltrations and killing of soldiers on either side of the Line of Control. While the
countries finally retreated, the conflict led to massive costs for both.

India spent $600 million between December 2001 and January 2002 and Pakistan
spent another $400 million. Estimates by the Strategic Foresight Group suggest the
two countries ended up spending more than $3 billion in the short period of time
due to confrontation and the overarching possibility of a nuclear war.

In 2003, India increased its military spending to Rs 653 billion from Rs 560 billion
the previous year while Pakistan’s rose marginally from Rs 158 billion to Rs 160
billion. However, Pakistan’s military expenditure as a percentage of its gross
domestic product is substantially higher than India’s and the same goes for its per
capita military spending. Pakistan spends almost twice as much as India per
citizen on its military and the amount rose from Rs 1,060 in 2003 to Rs 1,161 in
2007.

1. Which of the following Indian states shares the longest geographical border with
Pakistan?
(a) Rajasthan (c) Punjab
(b) Gujarat (d) Jammu and Kashmir

2. The division of India-Pakistan border is based on which of the following lines?

(a) Macmohan Line (c) Durand Line
(b) Radcliffe Line (d) Macnaughten Line

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NLAT UG 2020
3. With respect to law on surgical strikes, “Article 51 of the UN Charter provides, that
nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or
collective self-defence if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United
Nations, until the Security Council has taken measures necessary to maintain
international peace and security. Measures taken by Members in the exercise of
this right of self-defence shall be immediately reported to the Security Council.”
Country A comes to know that Country B’s Army would attack it within 24 hours.
On the basis of this intelligence Country A launches missile attacks against
Country B when the attack had not begun. Discuss if the action of Country A is
justified?
(a) Yes Country A’s action is justified as it has a right of private defense.
(b) Yes Country A’s action is justified as the Security Council had not come into the
picture and it would have been difficult to call upon it in such short time.
(c) No Country A’s action is unjustified as Article 51 did not apply in this matrix.
(d) None of the above.

4. The International Court of Justice (ICJ), in its advisory opinion on legal

consequences of the construction of a wall in the occupied Palestinian territory,
opined that Article 51 of the Charter recognises existence of an inherent right of
self-defence only in the cases of armed attack by one state against another state.

The ICJ's justification, in this case, was given considering the fact that Israel does
not recognise Palestine and the attacks against it are not imputable to a foreign
state. Another reasoning ICJ projected was that Israel exercises control over the
territory from where the threat emanates and hence the threat originates within the
territory, not from outside.

The terrorists of Country B plan to attack the military bases of Country A, with the
backing of the military agency of their own state. After the attack had ensued,
Country A retaliates and takes legal shelter Under Article 51. Discuss the legality,
solely with regard to the opinion expressed by ICJ.
(a) Yes, Country A’s action is justified as it has a right of private defense.
(b) Yes, Country A’s action is justified as the Security Council had not come into
the picture and it would have been difficult to call upon it in such short time.
(c) No, Country A’s action is unjustified as Article 51 did not apply in this matrix.
(d) No, Country A’s action will not fall within the legal opinion provided by ICJ.

5. The passage provides the economic and other costs of the war and conflict between
any two nations. According to the passage what is certainly true about the costs of
the war.
(a) That India and Pakistan spend equally on the war.
(b) That Pakistan spends more on military equipments and articles.
(c) That though Pakistan spends more but on per capita basis the expenditure of
India is higher as compared to Pakistan.
(d) That though India spends more, but on per capita basis the expenditure of
Pakistan is higher as compared to India.

6. According to the passage stated and taking the similar context into the conflict at
LAC where the army of both the countries are confronting each other, what are the
costs involved, if any?
(a) Such conflicts, where no gunshot is fired has no costs for any of the country.
(b) Such conflicts, where no exchange of fire takes place can have loss of prestige
for both the countries.

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NLAT UG 2020
(c) Such conflicts though not having any visible costs, impact the economies of
both the states as more and more funds and personnel are diverted.
(d) None of the above.

7. The sentence enclosed within ‘[1]’ in the passage may have a grammatical error.
Which of the following would be required to remove the error, if any?
(a) Replacing the word ‘into’ with ‘in’.
(b) Replacing the word ‘neighbour’ with ‘neighbours’
(c) Both a and b.
(d) None of the above.

8. The word ‘Jingoism’ has been used in the passage given above. Which of the
following is the most appropriate meaning of the term?
(a) Antinationalism. (c) Chauvinism
(b) False posturing. (d) Belligerence

9. What was the per month expenditure (in Rs.) made by India from December 2001
to January 2002 on the military stand of on LOC between the two countries. (1$ =
65 INR)
(a) Rs. 3000 million (c) Rs. 4000 Million
(b) Rs. 3500 million (d) Rs. 5000 Million

10. What was the approximate percentage increase witnessed in India’s expenditure
over its military in 2003 with respect to the previous year?
(a) 14% (c) 20%
(b) 16.60% (d) 15%

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PASSAGE – IV

Rising temperatures due to our greenhouse gas emissions can cause greater
damages to our economies than previous research suggested, a new study shows.
Scientists from the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) and the
Mercator Research Institute for Global Commons and Climate Change (MCC) took a
closer look at what climate change does to regions at the sub-national level, such
as US states, Chinese provinces or French départments, based on a first-of-its-kind
dataset by MCC. If CO2 emissions from burning fossil fuels are not reduced rapidly,
a global warming of 4°C until 2100 can make that regions lose almost 10% of
economic output on average and more than 20% in the tropics.

"Climate damages hit our businesses and jobs, not just polar bears and coral
reefs," says Leonie Wenz from PIK, one of the two authors of the study. "Rising
temperatures make us less productive which is relevant in particular for outdoor
work in the construction industry or agriculture. They affect our harvests and they
mean extra stress and thus costs for our infrastructure as for instance computer
centres need to be cooled (1). By statistically evaluating climate and economic data
from the past decades, we found that the aggregated economic damages from rising
temperatures are even greater than previously estimated because we looked at the
sub-national effects which provide a more comprehensive picture than national
averages."

Damages from weather extremes would come on top

Previous research suggested that a 1°C hotter year reduces economic output by
about 1%, whereas the new analysis points to output losses of up to three times
that much in warm regions. Using these numbers as a benchmark for computing
future damages of further greenhouse gas emissions, the researchers find
significant economic losses: 10% on a global average and more than 20% in the
tropics by 2100. This is still a conservative assessment since the study did not take
into account damages from, for example, extreme weather events and sea-level rise,
which will also be substantial but are hard to pin down for single regions.

The new insight was made possible by building a novel MCC-dataset of climate and
economy for 1500 regions in 77 states around the world that, for some regions,
dates back to the 1900s. Data coverage is best for industrialized countries,
however, with economic information lacking in particular for large parts of Africa.
While the calculations show a substantial impact on economic production, they do
less so for permanent economic growth reductions, which might be a reason for
hope once emissions are reduced. Importantly, the damages are distributed very
unevenly across the world with tropical and already poor regions suffering most
from continued warming whereas a few countries in the North might even profit.
The economic cost of each tonne of CO2 emissions: 70-140 US-dollars

The findings have important implications for climate policy, and namely CO2
pricing. "If you update the widely-used climate-economy model DICE developed by
Nobel prize winner William Nordhaus with the statistical estimates from our data,
the costs of each tonne of carbon emitted to society are two to four times higher,"
highlights the lead-author of the study, Matthias Kalkuhl from MCC. "According to
our study, every tonne of CO2 emitted in 2020 will cause economic damage
amounting to a cost between 73 to 142 dollars in 2010 prices, rather than 37
dollars shown by the DICE model. By 2030, the so-called social cost of carbon will
already be almost 30 percent higher due to rising temperatures."

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By way of comparison: the carbon price in European emissions trading currently
fluctuates between 20 and 30 euros per tonne; the national carbon price in
Germany rises from 25 euros next year to 55 euros in 2025. These current carbon
prices thus reflect only a small part of the actual climate damage. According to the
polluter-pays principle, they would need to be adjusted upwards significantly.

1. Which of the following Conventions deals with curtailment of Green house gases?
(a) Kyoto Convention (c) Vienna Convention
(b) UNFCC (d) Geneva Convention

2. The National Green Tribunal is the apex body for tackling ecological crimes in
India. What is the status of this body?
(a) NGT is a constitutional body.
(b) NGT is a statutory body.
(c) NGT is a an executive body formed on the basis of cabinet resolution.
(d) None of the above.

3. The law on pollution by industries is provided as, "An enterprise, which is engaged
in hazardous or inherently dangerous industry which poses a potential threat to
the health and safety of the persons working in the factory and residing in the
surrounding areas owes an Absolute and non-delegatable duty to the community to
ensure that no harm results to anyone on account of hazardous or inherently
dangerous activity which it has undertaken. The principle of absolute liability offers
no exception to the industries involved in hazardous activities and they are
absolutely liable for the damage so caused, despite observance of due diligence”
There was a gas leakage at a fertilizer factory, situated in Mumbai. The cause of the
leakage after the investigation was found to be torrential rains not recorded in the
last 500 years. Workers of the factory used to reside outside the factory premise in
the workers quarter and they were affected by the leakage. The people affected filed
a case of absolute liability against the factory seeking compensation. Will the
people be successful against the factory?
(a) No, as the leakage was caused due to external circumstances
(b) No, as the leakage was within the premises
(c) Yes, as the leakage was foreseeable due to the rains and immediate precautions
should have been taken by the factory
(d) Yes, as there are no exceptions to the principle of absolute liability.

4. The factual matrix is to be decided on the legal principle as stated above.

A company called ‘Feliance’ dealt in the field of nuclear medicine. It required a
sizeable area of land to install its plant for which the consent of all the villagers of
certain village was taken. The company installed its project there but one fine day a
minor radiation took place which affected only 5-10 houses of the village who had
not only consented to the making of the project in written but were also fiscal
beneficiaries from the plant. Now they intend to sue the company for the radiation
and the company claims a defense of volunti-non-fit-injuria. Discuss the probable
consequence of the case.
(a) Nothing can be said till it is found that if the company excercised due diligence
or not.
(b) The company is liable for minor radiation.
(c) The company is not liable because the villagers had assented to the same and
were also fiscal beneficiaries from the activities of the plant.
(d) The company is not liable as the radiation was not on a major scale and was in
the nature of private damages.

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NLAT UG 2020

5. Which of the following statements is absolutely true about the study enumerated in
the passage?
(a) That the study has completely understood analyzed the impact of environment
on the economy.
(b) That the study has completely analysed the environmental costs on various
geographical spheres of the world.
(c) That the study has broadly highlighted the economic costs of environmental
degradation, though the study is not exhaustive in nature.
(d) That the study wishes to highlight the urgency to overcome environmental
depredations by way of law making.

6. According to the passage which of the following statements can be logically

deduced?
(a) With the increase in temperatures new pastures for cultivation will open up and
thus creating more lands for agriculture.
(b) With increase in temperatures certain frozen areas will open up as sea routes
thus boosting the marine economy.
(c) Both a and b.
(d) None of the above.

7. The sentence enclosed within ‘[1]’ in the passage may have a grammatical error.
Which of the following would be required to remove the error, if any?
(a) Replacing the word ‘costs’ with ‘cost’.
(b) Replacing the word ‘centres’ with ‘centre’.
(c) Both a and b.
(d) No change required.

8. Which of the following words is the correct antonym for the word ‘comprehensive’
as used in the passage?
(a) Compendious (c) Partial
(b) Exhaustive (d) Complete

9. If by the year 2100 a global worming of 8°C was witnessed in the regions other than
tropic regions, and the total economic output was $935 million then the loss in the
economic output will be (approximately):
(a) $135.25 million (c) $150 million
(b) $187 million (d) $143 million

10. If in the next year 50 tonnes of CO2 emitted in Germany and the emission
increased by 10% by the end of year 2025, then what will be the percentage
increase economic damage caused in Europe? (Keeping all other factors constant)
(a) 104% (b) 122% (c) 142% (d) 200%

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NLAT UG 2020

NLAT ANSWER KEY

1 A 1 C 1 D 1 B
2 B 2 A 2 B 2 B
3 B 3 A 3 C 3 D
4 D 4 D 4 D 4 B
5 B 5 B 5 D 5 C
6 D 6 D 6 C 6 D
7 D 7 A 7 B 7 D
8 D 8 D 8 C 8 C
9 B 9 A 9 A 9 B
10 C 10 C 10 B 10 C
ANSWER & EXPLANATION
1. The correct answer is A: At the center of the Middle East, on the shores of the
Mediterranean in the Levant (the area bordering the eastern Mediterranean Sea),
lies the country of Israel. Israel is bordered by Lebanon to the north, Syria and
Jordan to the east, and Egypt to the south.

2. The correct answer is B:- In a major diplomatic breakthrough, the UAE became the
first Gulf country and the third in the Arab world to establish diplomatic relations
with Israel as part of a deal to halt the controversial annexation of parts of the West
Bank that Palestinians see as a part of their future state.

3. The correct answer is B The act of Israel is legal as the Hezobollah is a terrorist
organization and the bunker destroyed had a potential harm for the state of Israel.
Thus it is justified as a military organization and such destruction of property was
necessary.

4. The correct answer is D According to the Article 49 of the Geneva Convention, the
action of Israel is justified, however Israel is bound to transfer back the individual
to west bank once the hostilities are over. As this option has not been provided
anywhere, None of the above is the correct option.

5. The correct answer is B: Clearly the entire passage provides that how after the
conflict arose between Israel and Palestine, the people have suffered. Thus war has
no winners and only loosers and that is why the passage hints at ending such
conflict as soon as possible.

6. The correct answer is D: Refer, “The economy of the Palestinian Territory was a
viable and thriving one before the occupation in June 1967. It generated significant
production and income that sustained a growing population of 1 million people and

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generated a gross domestic product (GDP) per capita of about $1,349 in 2004
prices, which was sufficient for it to be considered a lower-middle-income economy
at that time. Tragically, it has become a land on the verge of economic and
humanitarian collapse”. Thus Option D which states that Palestine had a growing
economy with sufficient income for any middle income country, had war not
occurred is the correct answer.
7. The correct answer is D Here the sentence is absolutely correct and no change is
required. “Seven key findings were identified”. ‘Findings’ cannot be replaced as it is
in plural verb form and ‘were’ cannot be substituted as the sentence is in past
tense.
8. The correct answer is D The word ‘unliveable’ means where one cannot live or the
place is unhabitable. All the three options stated here are the synonyms for the
word and thus Option D is the correct answer.

Gross domestic production

9. GDP per capita is defined as . Now, as mentioned in the
Total population
passage GDP per capita is given as 1,349 $ and the population in 2004 is 10
million thus the Gross Domestic Production = $ 1,349 × 10 = $ 13,490 million.
Further the same in Rs. will be 13,490 × 73.25 = 988142.5 Rs.
10. In a decade means from 2004 to 2014, thus, the population of Palestinian Territory
120
in 2014 will be 1000000   1200000 , out of which 75% people lived in Gaza,
100
75
hence the population of Gaza in 2014 will be 1200000   900000 . Now,
100
according to the passage the unemployment rate in Gaza in 2014 was 45% thus we
45
can say that out of 900000 people 900000   405000 were unemployed.
100
Further, according to the question 60% of Gaza’s population is to be considered as
60
young thus, the young population of Gaza will be 900000   540000 and out of
100
this young population, according to the passage 63% were unemployed, thus the
63
people which are young as well as unemployed are 540000   340200 and the
100
remaining unemployed persons i.e. 405000 – 340200 = 64800 are unemployed but
not considered as young.

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PASSAGE – II

1. The correct answer is C: The arrival of the Rohingyas (in three phases) from the
Rakhine state started in 1978. The latest wave in 2017 was by far the largest, and
the refugee population is estimated at 882,676 or 203,137 families. Children make
up more than half the population.

2. The correct answer is A: Aung San Suu Kyi, the Nobel peace laureate & Myanmar
leader, was stripped of Freedom of Paris award over her failure to speak out against
a crackdown on Myanmar’s Rohingya minority. The move, made Myanmar’s de
facto leader the first person to lose the freedom of the French capital, a purely
symbolic award.

3. The correct answer is A Clearly Ahmed can claim protection as a refugee as his
persecution was done because of him belonging to a certain ethnicity/religion. This
is clearly covered under the UN Refugee Convention.

4. The correct answer is D: The objective of Ahmed escaping back to Bangladesh was
only to fetch one of his family members back and does not in any sense amount to
him voluntarily re-availing himself of the protection of the country of his
nationality. Thus D is the correct answer.

5. The correct answer is B: Refer, “The immediate effect of Bangladesh hosting about
a million people on its soil, as pointed out in the report, is that prices of daily
essentials have risen by about 50 percent, wages of day labourers have decreased”
This clearly points out that as more and more individuals would be available for
labour, the wages of the labourers will decrease. Thus Option B is the correct
answer.

6. The correct answer is D: Clearly the passage points out that the economic condition
of the state receiving refugees will go down and thus the economic prospectus of
the country will reduce. Thus option A is eliminated. Similarly, Option B and
Option C are no where provided in the passage. Thus option D is the correct
answer.

7. The correct answer is A: “The damaging effects of hosting so many people in the
areas of some hill districts has had an adverse effect on the local economy”. Clearly
‘area’ needs to be replaced with ‘areas’ as the same is grammatically correct.

8. The correct answer is D: All the three words i.e ‘inflow’, ‘inundation’ and ‘ingress’
are the synonyms of the term Influx and thus D is the correct option as none of
them is an antonym to the word.

9. According to the passage (para 2): Initial expenditure on daily essentials = 250 Rs.
and according to the question the initial wages of a labourer per day was Rs. 500,
thus a labourer’s initial saving was 500 – 250 = 250 Rs. Now, after the hosting of
the refugees the price on daily essentials increased by 50% thus, the new
150
expenditure will be 250   375 Rs. and according to the question the new
100

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80
wages will be 500   400 Rs. Hence, the labourer will ow save 400 – 375 = 25
100
250  25
Rs. Further, the percentage decrease in the savings will be  100  90% .
250

10. According to the question total population of Bangladesh after the influx in 2017
was 6110000 out of which according to passage 4.7% are refugees thus, total
4.7
number of refugees after the influx were 6110000   287170 . Now, out of these
100
refugees 11170 were already hosted by the country before the influx thus the new
refugees will be 287170 – 11170 = 176000. Further, this is 10% more than the
number of refugees which Europe received in 2016, thus the number of refugees
176000
which Europe received in 2016 at the time of Syrian Crises were  160000 .
1.1

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PASSAGE – III
1. The Correct Answer is D Four Indian states shares border with Pakistan. Jammu
and Kashmir has longest border with Pakistan, having a length of 1222 km,
followed by Rajasthan with 1179 km. Gujarat has 506 km, while Punjab has 425
km.
2. The Correct Answer is B The McMahon Line is the demarcation line between the
Tibetan region of China and the North-east region of India proposed by British
colonial administrator Henry McMahon at the 1914 Simla Convention signed
between British and Tibetan representatives. The Durand Line the international
2,430-kilometre (1,510 mi) land border between Afghanistan and Pakistan in South
Asia. The Radcliffe Line was the boundary demarcation line between the Indian and
Pakistani portions of the Punjab and Bengal provinces of British India. Thus
Option C is the correct answer.
3. The Correct Answer is C: Refer, ““Article 51 of the UN Charter provides, that
nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or
collective self-defence if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United
Nations, until the Security Council has taken measures necessary to maintain
international peace and security”. In this case the armed attack had not occurred
and there was just information on it. So the action of Country A is unjustified.
4. The Correct Answer is D: Country A’s action will not fall within the legal opinion
provided by ICJ. This is because the ICJ had opined that Article 51 of the Charter
recognises existence of an inherent right of self-defence only in the cases of armed
attack by one state against another state. However in this case the attacks were
carried out by the terrorists of Country B and thus Option D is correct.
5. The Correct Answer is D: Refer, “In 2003, India increased its military spending to
Rs 653 billion from Rs 560 billion the previous year while Pakistan’s rose
marginally from Rs 158 billion to Rs 160 billion. However, Pakistan’s military
expenditure as a percentage of its gross domestic product is substantially higher
than India’s and the same goes for its per capita military spending. Pakistan
spends almost twice as much as India per citizen on its military and the amount
rose from Rs 1,060 in 2003 to Rs 1,161 in 2007”. Thus Option D is the correct
answer.

6. The Correct Answer is C: Refer, “For instance, after the attack on Parliament in
2001, there was a military standoff at the India-Pakistan border with continued
infiltrations and killing of soldiers on either side of the Line of Control. While the
countries finally retreated, the conflict led to massive costs for both.” Thus it can be
logically deduced that such conflicts though not having any visible costs, impact
the economies of both the states as more and more funds and personnel are
diverted.

7. The Correct Answer is B: “India’s action has the potential to turn into a full-blown
war between the nuclear-armed neighbours”. Option B is grammatically correct as
when the preposition ‘between’ is used it has to be followed by a plural verb form as
represting two countries. Thus Option B is correct.

8. The Correct Answer is C: ‘Jingoism’ refers to extreme chauvinism or nationalism

marked especially by a belligerent foreign policy. Thus option C is the correct
answer.

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9. According to the passage (para 5) total expenditure made by India = $600 million,
600
thus the per month expenditure in Rs. will be  65  3000 million Rs.
13
10. According to the passage (para 6) in 2003, India increased its military spending to
Rs 653 billion from Rs 560 billion the previous year. Thus, the required percentage
653  560
increase witnessed was  100  16.60% .
560

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PASSAGE – IV

1. The correct answer is B: The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate

Change (UNFCCC) is an International Environmental Treaty that seeks to reduce
atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases with the aim of preventing
dangerous anthropogenic interference with earth's climate system. It is a
framework which requires individual participating countries to commit to
stabilizing greenhouse gas emissions. The UNFCCC has 197 parties to the
convention, who meet annually in Conferences of the Parties (COP) to assess
progress in dealing with climate change.

2. The correct answer is B: National Green Tribunal is a statutory body established by

a Government Notification using the powers of Section 3 of the NGT Act 2010. It
has replaced National Environment Appellate Authority.

3. The correct answer is D:- In India, the principle of “Absolute Liability” applies,
where there are no exceptions if the dangerous object/substance is leaked and in
this case, the gas is leaked by which the workers suffered injuries, so they will be
successful against the factory and will get compensation. Thus Option D is the
correct answer.

4. The correct answer is B:- As stated above the Indian law follows the principle of
Absolute liability. There is no exception whatsoever in this principle and thus the
company would be liable for the damage even if minor radiation has been caused.
Thus B is the correct option.

5. The correct answer is C: The correct answer is C as the study has broadly
highlighted the economic costs of environmental degradation, though the study is
not exhaustive in nature. Nothing is stated about various geographical spheres or
law making and thereby options B and D are eliminated. Further the study is not
exhaustive as the author himself states that some weather related events etc and
their impacts have not been analysed. So Option A is also eliminated.

6. The correct answer is D: Clearly both the statements a) and b) highlight the
advantages of global warming which has not been provided anywhere in the
passage. Thus option D is correct.

7. The Correct Answer is D The correct sentence is, “They affect our harvests and they
mean extra stress and thus costs for our infrastructure as for instance computer
centres need to be cooled.” Thus no change is required in the sentence.

8. The Correct Answer is C: The word comprehensive means of large scope; covering
or involving much or inclusive. The three words i.e Compendious, Exhaustive and
Complete are synonyms of the term Comprehensive itself. However Option C,
“Partial” means incomplete and is thus the correct antonym for the word.

9. According to the passage (para 1) a global warming of 4°C can make the regions
loose almost 10% of the economic output, thus we can say that 8°C will make the
regions loose 20% of the economic outputs. Hence, the loss in the economic output
20
will be 935   $187 million.
100

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10. According to the passage (para 6) the national carbon price in Germany in the next
year will be 25 euros per tonne thus, the economic damage caused will be 25 × 50
= 1250euros. Similarly, in 2025 the price will be 55 euros and according to the
question the emission increased by 10%, hence the new quantity of CO 2 emitted
will be 50 × 1.1 = 55 tonnes and resultingly the economic damage will be 55 × 55 =
3025 euros.
3025  1250
Further, the required percentage increase will be  100  142% .
1250

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