Article 370

Article 370 Introduction

Pandit Nehru, on the floor of Lok Sabha on 23rd November 1963, said that Article 370 has been eroded and
the process of gradual erosion is going on. A year later, the then Home Minister Gulzari Lal Nanda, again on
the floor of Lok Sabha on 4 December 1964, said, Article 370 is a tunnel to take the Constitution of India to
Jammu and Kashmir. He further said that in the end, only the shell will remain there and it will be bereft of
its contents, and it will hardly make any difference whether it is kept or not.

These two statements by two tall leaders of the country speak volumes about the dilution of Article 370 of
the Constitution of India just merely after one decade of its enactment. The process had right away started in
the year 1950, with the issuance of the Constitutional Application Order 1950, and thereafter, a number of
parlances took place between the Centre and the State leadership, which evolved into an agreement known
as the Delhi Agreement of 1952, wherein a number of subjects apart from those in the Instrument of
Accession were agreed to be made applicable to the State of J&K. Some of them are as under:

• Appointment of the head of State.

• Persons having domicile in the State of J&K shall be Citizens of India.
• Fundamental Rights
• Jurisdiction of Supreme Court
• National Flag
• Financial Integration
• Emergency Powers

The key feature of Article 370 was that the Central laws passed by the Parliament did not automatically
apply to the erstwhile State of J&K, and it was the right of the State Legislature to approve them by passing
a parallel act.

Presidential Orders

Under Article 370 of the Constitution of India, the President had the power of issuing orders for the
application of provisions of the Constitution of India with modifications, exceptions and amendments in the
provisions. And this power has been upheld in several cases by the Supreme Court, e.g., in P. L. Lakhanpal
vs the State of J&K.

As already said, for the application of other provisions of the Constitution of India to the State of J&K, the
only mode available was the Constitutional Application Order. And the same was to be done with the
consultation and concurrence of the State Government. The Presidential Orders, broadly speaking, deal with
the following subject matters:

• Enhancing the jurisdiction of the Parliament to enact laws in the State of J&K out of the Union List.
• Laws relating to an increase or decrease in the area of the State.
• Making provisions for the return of the permanent residents of the State who migrated to the
territories included in Pakistan under permit for settlement.
• Providing for constitutional protection to the laws relating to permanent residents of the state, their
special rights and privileges, employment under Government, acquisition of immovable property,
settlement in the State, scholarship.
• Earmarking the number of seats in the House of the people, excluding the area under the occupation
of Pakistan.
• Provision for delimitation of Parliament Constituencies.
 • Transfer of judges from the High Court of J&K or to the said Court.
• Exclusion of the State List.
• Provision as regards the decision affecting the disposition of the State of J&K.
• Acquisition and requisition of immovable property on behalf of and at the expense of the Union.
• Provision relating to the use of the official language of the Union and in the proceedings before the
Supreme Court.
• Provisions for the proclamation of emergency.
• Provisions for non-application of the amendments carried out by the Parliament of India in the
Constitution of India.
• Provision for Governor and the Election Commission.

In the year 1954, the Constitutional Application Order 1950 was renamed as the Constitutional Application
Order 1954 and its issuance was the first infringement on the constitutional autonomy of the State of J&K. It
culminated with the issuance of the Constitution (Application to J&K) Order, 2019. Article 370 itself was
used to make it weak after remaining on the Constitution book for 70 years.

Article 370
370 - Temporary provisions with respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir

(1) Notwithstanding anything in this Constitution,

(a) The provisions of Article 238 shall not apply in relation to the State of Jammu and Kashmir;

(b) The power of Parliament to make laws for the said State shall be limited to

1. those matters in the Union List and the Concurrent List which, in consultation with the
Government of the State, are declared by the President to correspond to matters specified in the
Instrument of Accession governing the accession of the State to the Dominion of India as the matters
with respect to which the Dominion Legislature may make laws for that State; and
2. such other matters in the said Lists as, with the concurrence of the Government of the State, the
President may by order specify Explanation For the purposes of this article, the Government of the
State means the person for the time being recognized by the President as the Maharaja of Jammu
and Kashmir acting on the advice of the Council of Ministers for the time being in office under the
Maharajas Proclamation dated the fifth day of March, 1948 ;

(c) The provisions of Article 1 and of this article shall apply in relation to that State;

(d) such of the other provisions of this Constitution shall apply in relation to that State subject to such
exceptions and modifications as the President may by order specify: Provided that no such order which
relates to the matters specified in the Instrument of Accession of the State referred to in paragraph 1 of sub
clause (b) shall be issued except in consultation with the Government of the State: Provided further that no
such order which relates to matters other than those referred to in the last preceding proviso shall be issued
except with the concurrence of that Government.

(2) If the concurrence of the Government of the State referred to in paragraph 2 of sub clause (b) of clause (1)
or in the second proviso to sub clause (d) of that clause be given before the Constituent Assembly for the
purpose of framing the Constitution of the State is convened, it shall be placed before such Assembly for such
decision as it may take thereon.

(3) Notwithstanding anything in the foregoing provisions of this article, the President may, by public
notification, declare that this article shall cease to be operative or shall be operative only with such exceptions
and modifications and from such date as he may specify: Provided that the recommendation of the
Constituent Assembly of the State referred to in clause (2) shall be necessary before the President issues
such a notification.

What is Article 370?

• Article 370 is a constitutional provision that gave Jammu and Kashmir its special status.
• The provision was incorporated in Part XXI of the Constitution: Temporary, Transitional and Special
Provisions.
o As evident from the title of the Part, it was supposed to be a temporary provision and its
applicability was projected to last till the formulation and adoption of the State's constitution.
• It restricts the Parliament’s legislative powers with respect to the state of J&K.

Application of 370

• However, the State's constituent assembly dissolved itself on 25 January 1957 without
recommending either abrogation or amendment of Article 370, leaving the status of the provision on
a cliffhanger.
• The provision was later held to have acquired permanent status by way of rulings of the Supreme
Court of India and the High Court of Jammu and Kashmir.
• This implied that to apply a central law to the state on subjects included in the Instrument of
Accession, mere "consultation" with the state government is required.
• However, to apply a central legislation to matters other than defence, foreign affairs and
communications, ''concurrence" of the state government was mandatory.

Jammu and Kashmir Constitution

• Article 3-> Relationship of the State with the Union of India:- The State of Jammu and Kashmir is
and shall be an integral part of the Union of India.
• In the Preamble to the Constitution, not only is there no claim to sovereignty, but there is a categorical
acknowledgement about the object of the J&K Constitution being "to further define the existing
relationship of the state with the Union of India as its integral part thereof."

Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 2019

1. (1) This Order may be called the Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 2019.

(2) It shall come into force at once, and shall thereupon supersede the Constitution (Application to
Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 1954 as amended from time to time.

2. All the provisions of the Constitution, as amended from time to time, shall apply in relation to the State
of Jammu and Kashmir and the exceptions and modifications subject to which they shall so apply shall
be as follows:-

To article 367, there shall be added the following clause, namely:-

"(4) For the purposes of this Constitution as it applies in relation to the State of Jammu and Kashmir-

(a) References to this Constitution or to the provisions thereof shall be construed as references to the
Constitution or the provisions thereof as applied in relation to the said State;
(b) references to the person for the time being recognized by the President on the recommendation of the
Legislative Assembly of the State as the Sadar-i-Riyasat of Jammu and Kashmir, acting on the advice of
the Council of Ministers of the State for the time being in office, shall be construed as references to the
Governor of Jammu and Kashmir;

(c) references to the Government of the said State shall be construed as including references to the
Governor of Jammu and Kashmir acting on the advice of his Council of Ministers; and

(d) in the proviso to clause (3) of Article 370 of this Constitution, the expression "Constituent Assembly of
the State referred to in clause (2)" shall read "Legislative Assembly of the State".

Has Article 370 been scrapped?

• The Presidential order signed by the President of India has not scrapped Article 370.
• But invoking this very article, the special status of Jammu & Kashmir has been withdrawn.
• Thus, Article 370 is very much on the statute book.
• In other words, the move by the government gives full applicability of the Indian Constitution in
Jammu and Kashmir. Earlier, only a set of limited provisions such as foreign relations, communication
and defence had jurisdiction over Jammu and Kashmir.

What is the status of Article 35-A?

• Since Presidential Order of August 5 has extended all the provisions of the Constitution to
Kashmir, the Fundamental Rights chapter has now been extended and therefore some discriminatory
provisions of Article 35-A may not be in accordance with prescribed Rules.
• Therefore the President can also declare this to be inapplicable.

Background

• Article 35A of the Indian Constitution is an article that empowers the Jammu and Kashmir states
legislature to define “permanent residents”.
• The provision mandates that no act of the state legislature coming under the ambit of Article 35A can
be challenged for violating the Indian Constitution or any other law of the land.

Who Are Permanent Residents?

• The rights are given in the state Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir.
o as a person who was a state subject on May 14, 1954
o who had been a resident of the state for 10 years
o has lawfully acquired immovable property in the state
• The state legislature can alter the definition of a permanent resident by passing a law with a two-
thirds majority.
• Permanent residents are given a Permanent Resident Certificate which forms the basis of their rights
in the state.
• It also has a provision to recognize as permanent residents, people who had migrated to Pakistan and
returned, though subject to certain conditions.

Rights and Privileges

• Special Rights and Privileges are given in the following four categories:
o Employment under the state government/State Public Sector Jobs
o Acquisition of immovable property in the state
o Settlement in the state
o Right to scholarships and such other forms of aid as the state government may provide
Why was the move a necessity?

By reorganising Kashmir’s political status, Modi govt. is addressing a colonial mess

• In Africa and Asia, there are countless territorial conflicts. The Indo-Tibetan frontier opened up by
Curzon remains a contested boundary dispute between India and China. More broadly, the buffers and
protectorates constructed by the Raj to limit conflict with Russia are now zones of political contestation
between India and a rising China.
• The Durand Line drawn between India and Afghanistan in 1893, a few years before Curzon arrived
in India, remains disputed between Kabul and Islamabad. Even the Taliban, nurtured by Pakistan as
an instrument to gain influence in Afghanistan, does not accept the Durand Line.
• Many other peripheries of the Raj, from Balochistan in the west to Xinjiang and Kashmir in the
north to Tibet and the eastern Himalayan regions between India, upper Burma and China are all in
turmoil of varying degrees.

Part of the problem lies in the nature of the frontiers that the Subcontinent inherited from the Raj.

The land borders of India were not defined by a single line, but by what Curzon identified as the three-fold
frontier.

• There was the “administrative frontier” that marked out regions that the Raj governed to the fullest
extent.
• Beyond that was the “frontier of active defence” like the Durand Line.
• A third was the “strategic frontier” consisting of the outer boundaries of protectorates over which the
Raj exercised a measure of control.

Confusion over Control of Territories

• While the British Raj, Czarist Russia and Qing China found ways to live with ambiguities in remote
corners of the empire, the new nationalist regimes that succeeded them have had much more difficulty.
• The Partition of the subcontinent, based on religious considerations, added an explosive dimension to
an already complex inheritance.
• The successor states to the empires laid formal claims to tracts of territory that had an ambivalent
status, but have struggled to realise them.

The colonial past has left territories that are claimed by many countries with significant challenges

• Pakistan has struggled to find stability on its western borderlands — where the Baloch and the
Pashtun continue to challenge its claims.
• China reacted furiously when Delhi in 1975 ended Sikkim’s protectorate status and integrated it with
India. It took nearly three decades for China to accept the new reality.
o Beijing continues to claim the entire state of Arunachal Pradesh.
o But the arguments with China are now mostly political. After instigating trouble in each other’s
territory for a period, Delhi and Beijing are now committed to managing the dispute peacefully,
while expanding the broader relationship.
o There is a frequent spike in military tensions, but there has been no shooting war.
• India has had greater success with Bangladesh. Early on in his first term, Prime Minister Narendra
Modi seized the opportunities to settle the disputes with Dhaka on the land and maritime boundary
inherited from the Partition.

Conclusion
 • But unlike Dhaka and Beijing, Rawalpindi is not really prepared for a peaceful resolution. Repeated
efforts by Indira Gandhi (1972), Atal Bihari Vajpayee (1999), and Manmohan Singh (2005-07) ended
in failure. The inherent difficulty of negotiation has been compounded by Pakistan’s use of terrorism
and Kashmir’s ambiguous political status within the Indian Union.
• In confronting Pakistan’s terrorism and reorganising the political status of Kashmir, the Modi
government has set a new policy template.
• The key to its success lies in finding early political reconciliation within Kashmir and persuading the
Pakistan army that its interests are better served by stable, peaceful and legitimate frontier with India.

Criticisms

Due process

• The process of revocation of Article 370, which ties the state with India, needed the approval of J&K’s
Constituent Assembly. In the absence of such an assembly, it can be removed with the concurrence of
the state legislative assembly. But the assembly does not exist at the moment either, and the notification
suggests that it was the Governor’s concurrence that was obtained to render the provisions
irrelevant. This is clearly not sufficient.
• The process has been pushed through without consultations with Kashmir’s political leaders, who
have been under detention.
• Further, the reorganisation of states requires the consent of the state assembly concerned.
• In this case, J&K has been bifurcated, and statehood diluted to UT status, without any deliberations in
the assembly.

Article 3 of the Constitution

• It says that before parliament can consider a bill that diminishes the area of a state or changes its name,
the bill must be “referred by the President to the Legislature of that State for expressing its views
thereon”.
• This is an essential safeguard of India’s federal system and has clearly not been followed in this case.
• In Parliament, the Home Minister invoked that since the J&K assembly was dissolved and the state is
under Central rule, it is parliament that gets to exercise the prerogatives of the assembly.
• This move will strain India’s social fabric not only in its impact on Jammu and Kashmir but also in
the portents it holds for federalism, parliamentary democracy and diversity.
• The Centre’s abrupt move disenfranchised people on a matter that directly affects their life and
sentiments.

Kashmiris seek greater democracy

• Like all Indian citizens, Kashmiris seek greater democracy.

• Elements keen to destabilize India would seek to build a narrative that Delhi is taking away powers
from the local level. It is important that the process of turning the state into a UT does not lead to
alienation.

Deepen communal and religious lines

• While Ladakhi Buddhists, for instance, are now celebrating the fulfilment of their long-pending
demand for Union Territory status, the voices of Kargilis who are still under a strict curfew are yet
to be heard.
• They may not support this decision because ‘a Union Territory without a legislature’ not only negates
the idea of decentralisation of power to the grassroots (the undergirding principle of the autonomous
 hill council) but could well lead to a shifting of the loci of power to Leh, resulting in losing whatever
gains they have assiduously made over the years.

Instrument of Accession

• In Kashmir’s Instrument of Accession in Clause 5, Raja Hari Singh, ruler of J&K, explicitly mentioned
that the terms of “my Instrument of Accession cannot be varied by any amendment of the Act or of
Indian Independence Act unless such amendment is accepted by me by an Instrument supplementary
to this Instrument”.
• Clause 7 said “nothing in this Instrument shall be deemed to commit me in any way to acceptance of
any future constitution of India or to fetter my discretion to enter into arrangements with the
Government of India under any such future constitution”.
• Originally it was India’s stated policy that wherever there was a dispute on accession, it should be
settled in accordance with the wishes of the people rather than a unilateral decision of the ruler
of the princely state.
o In India’s acceptance of the IoA, Lord Mountbatten stated that “it is my Government’s wish
that as soon as law and order have been restored in Kashmir and her soil is cleared of the
invader, the question of the State’s accession be settled by a reference to the people”.

Elections in Jammu and Kashmir were delayed

• The three independent observers appointed by the Election Commission — to assess the readiness for
assembly elections in Jammu & Kashmir — are learnt to have conveyed to the poll panel that the
situation is conducive for elections immediately after Lok Sabha polls.

Why Jammu and Kashmir is special?

• Former MP Karan Singh, son of Maharaja Hari Singh, wrote in An Examined Life: “The right
wing seems to resent that J&K carries a special status. That has always surprised me. We are a great
country, we should be large-hearted. J&K came to India under complex and difficult circumstances.
Now after all these years to ask why it holds a special position is baffling. It will always be special
because it was born out of a special historical event and subsequent political developments. In England
they have all sorts of governing systems…, we should feel so lucky that J&K, a Muslim-majority state
became a part of India despite the religion-led Partition. Cherish that; relish that; honour that.”
• In November 1963, in a debate in Parliament, when Hari Vishnu Kamath argued that Kashmir was
“not fully” integrated, Nehru asserted that it was, indeed, “fully integrated” with India. He said: “The
House will remember that we have some restrictions with respect to NEFA and other places;
outsiders cannot buy land. This is also in some other districts, the hill districts of Assam. This is
to protect them.”

Looking at these arguments from the past, the people, the local political parties in Jammu and Kashmir and
the political parties in India should have been taken into confidence for bringing about an end to a legislation
that was indeed the bridge between India and the state of Jammu and Kashmir.

Challenges

• The first and most obvious result could be a worsening of the law and order situation in the Kashmir
Valley.
o The recent pre-emptive deployment of additional forces into Jammu and Kashmir enables the
state government to deal appropriately with any situation.
o If large-scale protests do erupt, how they are handled will be extremely important.
• Pakistan will undoubtedly step up its support to terror activities in Kashmir.
 o Pakistan can be expected to fish actively in the troubled waters of Kashmir. Buoyed by the
recent statements of United States President Donald Trump on mediation, Pakistan will attempt
to internationalize the issue of Kashmir.
o However, there are limits to Pakistan’s response. Hobbled by international pressure and a dire
financial situation, Pakistan needs to keep its actions calibrated to ensure that the situation does
not escalate to a conventional conflict.
o The Indian Army’s deployment along the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir is extremely
robust, and will not allow large-scale infiltration.
• It is also essential to not look at tackling the situation purely through a security approach. If the
government’s action aims to find a resolution to the Kashmir conflict, it has to take the local
population into confidence.
• It must also be understood that narratives are more than verbal messages; they also need visible
actions to show the sincerity of the political leadership in finding a just solution.
o The decision of the government must not be painted in terms of victory or defeat, but as a win-
win for everyone.
o The advisory to various state governments to ensure the safety and security of the
residents of Jammu and Kashmir is a step in the right direction.

It must now be followed up by a genuine outreach to the people of the state.

Union Territory Status

• There were seven union territories (UTs) specified under Part II of the First Schedule to the
Constitution of India, viz. Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli,
Daman and Diu, Lakshadweep, National Capital Territory of Delhi and Puducherry.
• Except for the National Capital Territory of Delhi and Puducherry, UTs did not have their own
legislature until now.
• Now, the state of Jammu and Kashmir has also been added along with Delhi and Puducherry to
be a UT with a legislature.

Article 240 of the Indian Constitution

• According to Article 240, the President of India has the power to make regulations for UTs not having
their own legislature.

Is it right to give a state Union Territory status? Yes

• A delegation headed by Chewang Rigzin, President, Ladakh Buddhist Association approached the
then Prime Minister of India Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru and submitted a memorandum in New Delhi
on 4th May 1949 which concludes as under:- “Ladakh is not prepared to go to Pakistan whatever the
result of the plebiscite may be”.
o Frederic Drew, who served as Governor of Ladakh in the 19th Century had rightly
observed that “the territories of J&K have no other bond of cohesion than the fact of Maharaja’s
rule, no simple name for it exists”.
o Ladakhis since then have consistently been demanding a separate region from the Jammu and
Kashmir State and asking for the status of Union Territory for the area.
• Jammu and Kashmir is strategically important for India.
o With the United States seeking a quick exit from, and willing to let the Inter-Services
Intelligence-sponsored Taliban control Afghanistan (and China deeply embedded in the power
play), the heartland of Central Asia has rarely been as adverse to Indian interests since
1989, when the Soviet Union withdrew from Afghanistan. Kashmir could, in these
circumstances, become even more vulnerable to external elements than it was in the 1990s.
 o The situation emerging in the western neighbourhood and the possible re-ascendance of the
Taliban in Afghanistan call for greater attention and care to be taken in what will remain as
J&K after bifurcation. Making it a Union Territory with a legislature makes a lot of strategic
sense.
o In the interest of security, this is a good move. Once all the security measures are met, we can
give statehood as it happened with Goa and Arunachal Pradesh in the past.
• It will insulate Ladakh from the happenings in the other two regions and provide for greater
development of the region.
• Ladakh remained critical for India’s national security. Imagine, without Ladakh, China’s People’s
Liberation Army would be sitting on the southern foothills of the Himalayas. It has been self-harming
to have ignored Ladakh thus far.
o Ladakh’s unique geographical location should offer India a huge counter-offensive potential in
terms of leveraging connectivity to the Eurasian region and China.
• 'My Frozen Turbulence in Kashmir' (1986)
o It is a book penned by Ex-Governor of J&K Jagmohan during 1984-1990.
o “Article 370 is nothing but a breeding ground for the parasites at the heart of the paradise. It
skins the poor. It deceives them with its mirage. It lines the pockets of the ‘power elites’”.

Conclusion

• Geographically and metaphorically, Jammu and Kashmir is the crown of secular India. Its people and
leaders had chosen secular India over Pakistan.
• The new doctrine will have to persuade the majority of the people of Jammu and Kashmir that greater
integration with India will provide them with more opportunities, provide more freedom and space,
and strengthen their rights much more than the alternatives proposed by other mainstream parties or
separatists.
• Going forward, India should take the people of J&K into confidence, bring development which
includes all sections of society and restore statehood as per its initial promise.

Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019

• It is an act by the Indian Parliament where the State of Jammu and Kashmir was bifurcated into two
union territories — Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh.
o The Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir will have a legislative assembly,
o Whereas the Union Territory of Ladakh will not have a legislative assembly and will be
administered by the Lieutenant Governor alone.
• The Union Territory of Ladakh will include the districts Leh and Kargil which will, in effect,
cease to be part of the existing state of Jammu and Kashmir.
• The remaining territories will remain with Jammu and Kashmir after the bifurcation.
• Representation in the House of People: Out of the six Lok Sabha seats in the state of Jammu and
Kashmir, five will remain with the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir and one will go to the
Union Territory of Ladakh.
• The Election Commission may conduct Lok Sabha elections for both the Union Territories as per the
allocation of seats specified in the Delimitation of Parliamentary Constituencies Order, 1976 as
amended by this act.

The Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir

• The Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly will have a tenure of five years unless it’s dissolved
earlier by the L-G.
• Provisions contained under Article 239a of the constitution that are applicable to Puducherry
shall be applicable here as well.
 o This allows the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir to function as a legislative assembly
under an administrator appointed under the said Article. In this case, it will be the LG.
• The delimitation of constituencies following the bifurcation may be determined by the Election
Commission.
o The constituencies will be re-organised through a de-limitation exercise under the 2002 Act
of Parliament.
o For the purpose of delimitation, the 2011 census figures will be taken as the benchmark.
• The number of seats in the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir shall be increased from
107 to 114.
o The state assembly currently has 111 seats, of which 46 are in the Valley, 37 in Jammu and
the remaining four are in the Ladakh division.
o Of these, 24 seats would be deemed to be vacant till the time Pakistan-Occupied Kashmir
comes under the jurisdiction of the Indian state.
• With this, the existing legislative council in Jammu and Kashmir stands abolished. “Every
member thereof ceases to be such member and all bills pending in the Legislative Council shall
lapse.”
• Four sitting members of the council of states (Rajya Sabha) representing the existing state of
Jammu and Kashmir shall be deemed to have been elected to fill the seats allocated to the Union
Territory of Jammu and Kashmir. Their term of office remaining unaltered.
• The High Court of the existing state of Jammu and Kashmir will be the common High Court of the
two Union Territories.
• The new Assembly shall have reservations for Scheduled Caste and Tribes as in other parts of the
state.

Legislative powers of the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir

• The Legislative Assembly may make laws for the whole or any part of the Union Territory of Jammu
and Kashmir with respect to any of the matters enumerated in the state list except on subjects “public
order” and “police” which will remain in the domain of the Centre vis-a-vis the LG.
• In case of inconsistencies between laws made by Parliament and laws made by the Legislative
Assembly, earlier law shall prevail and law made by the Legislative Assembly shall be void.

Role and powers of the Lieutenant Governor

• The Governor of the existing State of Jammu and Kashmir shall be the Lieutenant Governor for the
Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, and the Union Territory of Ladakh for such period as may be
determined by the President.
• Appointment of L-G in Ladakh: The President shall appoint the L-G under article 239.
o The L-G will be assisted by advisors appointed by the Centre since the Union Territory will
not have a Legislative Assembly.
• In the case of Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir, the L-G shall “act in his discretion” on issues
which fall outside the purview of powers conferred on the Legislative Assembly, in which he is
required to exercise any judicial functions, and/or matters related to All India services and the Anti-
Corruption Bureau.