FIGURE 1.
1 The Modern Networking Ecosystem
From Foundations of Modern Networking: SDN, NFV, QoE, IoT, and Cloud by William Stallings (0134175395)
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
FIGURE 1.2 A Global Networking
Architecture
From Foundations of Modern Networking: SDN, NFV, QoE, IoT, and Cloud by William Stallings (0134175395)
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
FIGURE 1.3 A Typical Network Hierarchy
From Foundations of Modern Networking: SDN, NFV, QoE, IoT, and Cloud by William Stallings (0134175395)
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
FIGURE 1.4 A Basic Enterprise LAN
Architecture
From Foundations of Modern Networking: SDN, NFV, QoE, IoT, and Cloud by William Stallings (0134175395)
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
FIGURE 1.5 Ethernet and Wi-Fi Timelines
From Foundations of Modern Networking: SDN, NFV, QoE, IoT, and Cloud by William Stallings (0134175395)
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
FIGURE 1.7 Cloud Computing Context
From Foundations of Modern Networking: SDN, NFV, QoE, IoT, and Cloud by William Stallings (0134175395)
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
FIGURE 2.3 Big Data Networking Ecosystem
From Foundations of Modern Networking: SDN, NFV, QoE, IoT, and Cloud by William Stallings (0134175395)
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
FIGURE 2.4 Cloud Network Model
From Foundations of Modern Networking: SDN, NFV, QoE, IoT, and Cloud by William Stallings (0134175395)
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
FIGURE 2.5 World Total Monthly Mobile Voice and Data Traffic (exabytes/month) [AKAM15]
From Foundations of Modern Networking: SDN, NFV, QoE, IoT, and Cloud by William Stallings (0134175395)
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
FIGURE 2.6 Forecast Monthly Enterprise IP Traffic (Exabytes/Month) [CISC14]
From Foundations of Modern Networking: SDN, NFV, QoE, IoT, and Cloud by William Stallings (0134175395)
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
QoS and QoE
QoS -> Quality of Service
QoE -> Quality of Experience
QoS and QoE enable the network manager to determine whether the
network is meeting user needs and to diagnose problem areas that
require adjustment to network management and network traffic control.
QoS – Commonly Specified Properties
• Throughput
• Delay
• Packet jitter
• Error rate
• Packet loss
• Priority
• Availability
• Security
QoE Feature Categories
• Perpetual - the sensory aspects of the user
experience
• Psychological - the user’s feeling about the experience
• Interactive - related to the interaction between the
user and the application or device
Routing and Congestion Control
These are the basic tools needed to support
network traffic and to provide QoS and QoE.
Characteristics of Routing
• Any internet accepts packets from a source station and
delivers them to a destination station.
• For this, a path or route through the network must be
determined.
• Generally, more than one route is possible.
• Therefore, a routing function must be performed.
• The selection of a route is based on some performance
criterion: e.g. minimum-hop
FIGURE 2.7 Network Architecture
Example
From Foundations of Modern Networking: SDN, NFV, QoE, IoT, and Cloud by William Stallings (0134175395)
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Packet forwarding in Routing
• The key function of any router is to accept incoming
packets and forward them.
• For this purpose, a router maintains forwarding tables
Additional information is often used to determine the
forwarding decision, such as the source address, packet flow
identifier, or security level of the packet:
• Failure
• Congestion
• Topology change
FIGURE 2.8 Packet Forwarding Tables (using Figure 2.7)
From Foundations of Modern Networking: SDN, NFV, QoE, IoT, and Cloud by William Stallings (0134175395)
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
FIGURE 2.9 Use of Exterior and Interior Routing Protocols
From Foundations of Modern Networking: SDN, NFV, QoE, IoT, and Cloud by William Stallings (0134175395)
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
FIGURE 2.10 Elements of a Router
From Foundations of Modern Networking: SDN, NFV, QoE, IoT, and Cloud by William Stallings (0134175395)
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Congestion Control
Effects of Congestion
FIGURE 2.11 Interaction of Queues in a Data Network
From Foundations of Modern Networking: SDN, NFV, QoE, IoT, and Cloud by William Stallings (0134175395)
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Congestion Control
Techniques
FIGURE 2.14 Mechanisms for Congestion Control
From Foundations of Modern Networking: SDN, NFV, QoE, IoT, and Cloud by William Stallings (0134175395)
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Congestion Control Techniques
• Backpressure
• Choke Packet
• Implicit Congestion Signalling
• Explicit Congestion Signalling
Works in one of two directions:
1. Backward
2. Forward
Three general categories of signalling:
1. Binary
2. Credit based
3. Rate Based
Evolving Network Scenario
Demand Is Increasing
• Cloud computing
• Big data
• massive parallel processing on thousands of servers
• Mobile traffic
• Sophisticated apps that can consume and generate
image and video traffic
• The Internet of Things (IoT)
• number of such devices for enterprises results in a
significant load on the network
Evolving Network Scenario
Supply Is Increasing
• Evoution of communication technogy increasing capacity form MBPS to GBPS, 4G and
5G provides better ability for changing traffic requirement and handling mobility
• Quality and capacity of network devices LAN Switches, routers and firewalls etc is
also increasing.
Traffic Patterns Are More Complex
• “horizontal” traffic between servers and “vertical” traffic between servers and clients
• Network convergence of voice, data, and video traffic creates unpredictable traffic
patterns
• Mobility and portability of devices and applications
• Use of public clouds by enterprises.
• practice of application and database server virtualization has significantly increased
SDN: Modern Networking Requirements
• Adaptability: based on application needs, business policy, and network conditions.
• Automation: Policy changes must be automatically propagated
• Maintainability. Introduction of new features and capabilities must be seamless
• Model management: Must allow management of the network at a model level
• Mobility: Must accommodate mobility for mobile user devices and virtual servers.
• Integrated security: Network applications must integrate seamless security as a core
service instead of as an add-on solution.
• On-demand scaling: Ability to scale up or scale down the network and its services
SDN and NFV
NFV and SDN are independent but
complementary schemes.
FIGURE 2.15 Software-Defined Networking
From Foundations of Modern Networking: SDN, NFV, QoE, IoT, and Cloud by William Stallings (0134175395)
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
FIGURE 2.16 Network Functions Virtualization
From Foundations of Modern Networking: SDN, NFV, QoE, IoT, and Cloud by William Stallings (0134175395)
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Similarities between SDN and NFV
They share the following objectives:
• Move functionality to software.
• Use commodity hardware platforms instead of proprietary
platforms.
• Use standardized or open application program interfaces
(APIs).
• Support more efficient evolution, deployment, and
repositioning of network functions.
• Drives down complexity and cost and increases agility.
Differences between SDN and NFV
Features SDN NFV
NFV focuses on service
Focus or major role SDN focuses on data center.
providers or operators.
It splits the control and data It replaces hardware network
Strategy
forwarding planes. devices with software.
Not finalized yet, does
protocol Uses OpenFlow
support OpenFlow
Where will the applications Applications run on industry Applications run on industry
run? standard servers or switches standard servers
Vendors of enterprise
Telecom service providers or
Prime initiative supporters networking software and
operators.
hardware.
Business initiator Corporate IT Service provider
routers, firewalls, gateways,
Cloud orchestration and
Initial applications CDN, WAN accelerators, SLA
networking
assurance
Open Networking Foundation
Formalization body ETSI NFV Working Group
(ONF)
FIGURE 2.17 Modern Networking Schema
From Foundations of Modern Networking: SDN, NFV, QoE, IoT, and Cloud by William Stallings (0134175395)
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Modern Networking Schema
If both SDN and NFV are implemented for a network, the
following relationships hold:
• Network data plane functionality is implemented on VMs.
• The control plane functionality may be implemented on a
dedicated SDN platform or on an SDN VM.
• In either case, the SDN controller interacts with the data
plane functions running on VMs.
• It is the SDN controller that is responsible for enforcing
QoS parameters for the various network users.
