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Kafka Streams in Action, Second Edition
1. About_this_book
2. Acknowledgements
3. Preface
4. PART_1:_INTRODUCTION
5. 1_Welcome_to_the_Kafka_Event_Streaming_Platform
6. 2_Kafka_Brokers
7. PART_2:_GETTING_DATA_INTO_KAFKA
8. 3_Schema_Registry
9. 4_Kafka_Clients
10. 5_Kafka_Connect
11. PART_3:_EVENT_STREAM_PROCESSING_DEVELOPMENT
12. 6_Developing_Kafka_Streams
13. 7_Streams_and_State
14. 8_The_KTable_API
15. 9_Windowing_and_Timestamps
16. 10_The_Processor_API
17. 11_ksqlDB
18. 12_Spring_Kafka
19. 13_Kafka_Streams_interactive_queries
20. 14_Testing
21. Appendix_A._Schema_Compatibility_Workshop
22. Appendix_B._Working_with_Avro,_Protobuf_and_JSON_Schema
23. Appendix_C._Understanding_Kafka_Streams_architecture
24. Appendix_D._Confluent_Resources
25. index
About this book
I wrote the 2nd edition of Kafka Streams in Action to teach you how to build
event streaming applications in Kafka Streams and include other components
of the Kafka ecosystem, Producer and Consumer clients, Connect, and
Schema Registry. I took this approach because for your event-streaming
application to be as effective as possible, you’ll need not just Kafka Streams
but other essential tools. My approach to writing this book is a pair-
programming perspective; I imagine myself sitting next to you as you write
the code and learn the API. You’ll learn about the Kafka broker and how the
producer and consumer clients work. Then, you’ll see how to manage
schemas, their role with Schema Registry, and how Kafka Connect bridges
external components and Kafka. From there, you’ll dive into Kafka Streams,
first building a simple application, then adding more complexity as you dig
deeper into Kafka Streams API. You’ll also learn about ksqlDB, testing, and,
finally, integrating Kafka with the popular Spring framework.
Part 1 introduces event streaming and describes the different parts of the
Kafka ecosystem to show you the big-picture view of how it all works and
fits together. These chapters also provide the basics of the Kafka broker for
those who need them or want a review:
Part 2 moves on and covers getting data into and out of Kafka and managing
schemas: . Chapter 3 covers using Schema Registry to help you manage the
evolution of your data’s schemas. Spoiler alert: you’re always using a
schema-if not explicitly, then it’s implicitly there. . Chapter 4 discusses the
Kafka producer and consumer clients. The clients are how you get data into
and out of Kafka and provide the building blocks for Kafka Connect and
Kafka Streams. . Chapter 5 is about Kafka Connect. Kafka Connect provides
the ability to get data into Kafka via source connectors and export it to
external systems with sink connectors.
Part 3 gets to the book’s heart and covers developing Kafka Streams
applications. In this section, you’ll also learn about ksqlDB and testing your
event-streaming application, and it concludes with integrating Kafka with the
Spring Framework . Chapter 6 is your introduction to Kafka Streams, where
you’ll build a Hello World application and, from there, build a more realistic
application for a fictional retailer. Along the way, you’ll learn about the
Kafka Streams DSL. . Chapter 7 continues your Kafka Streams learning path,
where we discuss application state and why it’s required for streaming
applications. In this chapter, some of the things you’ll learn about are
aggregating data and joins. . Chapter 8: You’ll learn about the KTable API.
Whereas a KStream is a stream of events, a KTable is a stream of related
events or an update stream. . Chapter 9 covers windowed operations and
timestamps. Windowing an aggregation allows you to bucket results by time,
and the timestamps on the records drive the action. . Chapter 10 dives into the
Kafka Streams Processor API. Up to this point, you’ve been working with the
high-level DSL, but here, you’ll learn how to use the Processor API when
you need more control. . Chapter 11 takes you further into the development
stack, where you’ll learn about ksqlDB. ksqlDB allows you to write event-
streaming applications without any code but using SQL. . Chapter 12
discusses using the Spring Framework with Kafka clients and Kafka Streams.
Spring allows you to write more modular and testable code by providing a
dependency injection framework for wiring up your applications. . Chapter
13 introduces you to Kafka Streams Interactive Queries or IQ. IQ is the
ability to directly query the state store of a state operation in Kafka Streams.
You’ll use what you learned in Chapter 12 to build a Spring-enabled IQ web
application. . Chapter 14 covers the all-important topic of testing. You’ll
learn how to test client applications with a Kafka Streams topology, the
difference between unit testing and integration testing, and when to apply
them. . Appendix A contains a workshop on Schema Registry to get hands-on
experience with the different schema compatibility modes. . Appendix B is a
survey of working with the different schema types Avro, Protobuf, and JSON
Schema. . Appendix C covers the architecture and internals of Kafka Streams.
. Appendix D presents information on using Confluent Cloud to help develop
your event streaming applications.
In many cases, the original source code has been reformatted; we’ve added
linebreaks and reworked indentation to accommodate the available page
space in the book. In rare cases, even this was not enough, and listings
include line-continuationmarkers (➥).
Additionally, comments in the source code have often been removed from the
list-ings when the code is described in the text. Code annotations accompany
many of thelistings, highlighting important concepts.
Finally, it’s important to note that many of the code examples aren’t meant
tostand on their own: they’re excerpts containing only the most relevant parts
of what is currently under discussion. You’ll find all the examples from the
book in the accompanying source code in their complete form.
Last but certainly not least, I thank the reviewers for their hard work and
invaluable feedback in making the quality of this book better for all readers.
Preface
After completing the first edition of Kafka Streams in Action, I thought that I
had accomplished everything I had set out to do. But as time went on, my
understanding of the Kafka ecosystem and my appreciation for Kafka
Streams grew. I saw that Kafka Streams was more powerful than I had
initially thought. Additionally, I noticed other important pieces in building
event-streaming applications; Kafka Streams is still a key player but not the
only requirement. I realized that Apache Kafka could be considered the
central nervous system for an organization’s data. If Kafka is the central
nervous system, then Kafka Streams is a vital organ performing some
necessary operations.
But Kafka Streams relies on other components to bring events into Kafka or
export them to the outside world where its results and calculations can be put
to good use. I’m talking about the producer and consumer clients and Kafka
Connect. As I put the pieces together, I realized you need these other
components to complete the event-streaming picture. Couple all this with
some significant improvements to Kafka Streams since 2018, and I knew I
wanted to write a second edition.
But I didn’t just want to brush up on the previous edition; I wanted to express
my improved understanding and add complete coverage of the entire Kafka
ecosystem. This meant expanding the scope of some subjects from sections
of chapters to whole chapters (like the producer and consumer clients), or
adding entirely new chapters (such as the new chapters on Connect and
Schema Registry). For the existing Kafka Streams chapters, writing a second
edition meant updating and improving the existing material to clarify and
communicate my deeper understanding.
Taking on the second edition with this new focus during the pandemic was
not easy and not without some serious personal challenges along the way. But
in the end, it was worth every minute of it, and if I were to go back in time, I
would make the same decision. I hope that new readers of Kafka Streams in
Action will find the book an essential resource and that readers from the first
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edition will enjoy and apply the improvements as well.
PART 1: INTRODUCTION
In part one, you’ll learn about events and event streaming in general. Event
streaming is a software development approach that considers events as an
application’s primary input and output. But to develop an effective event
streaming application, you’ll first need to learn what an event is (spoiler alert:
it’s everything!). Then you’ll read about what use cases are good candidates
for event-streaming applications and which are not.
First, you’ll discover what a Kafka broker is and how it’s at the heart of the
Kafka ecosystem, and the various jobs it performs. Then you’ll learn what
Schema Registry, producer and consumer clients, Connect, and Kafka
Streams are and their different roles. Then you’ll learn about the Apache
Kafka event streaming platform; although this book focuses on Kafka
Streams, it’s part of a larger whole that allows you to develop event-
streaming applications. If this first part leaves you with more questions than
answers, don’t fret; I’ll explain them all in subsequent chapters.
1 Welcome to the Kafka Event
Streaming Platform
This chapter covers
Defining event streaming and events
Introducing the Kafka event streaming platform
Applying the platform to a concrete example
First, the software systems consume and store all the information obtained
from your interaction and the interactions of other subscribers. Then,
additional software systems use that information to make recommendations
to you and to provide the streaming service with insight on what
programming to provide in the future. Now, consider that this process occurs
hundreds of thousands or even millions of times per day, and you can see the
massive amount of information that businesses need to harness and that their
software needs to make sense of to meet customer demands and expectations
and stay competitive.
Processing the event stream in real time is essential for making time-sensitive
decisions. For example, Does this purchase from customer X seem
suspicious? Are the signals from this temperature sensor indicating
something has gone wrong in a manufacturing process? Has the routing
information been sent to the appropriate department of a business?
Since everything in life can be considered an event, any problem domain will
benefit from processing event streams. But there are some areas where it’s
more important to do so. Here are some typical examples
But streaming applications are only a fit for some situations. Event-streaming
applications become necessary when you have data in different places or a
large volume of events requiring distributed data stores. So, if you can
manage with a single database instance, streaming is unnecessary. For
example, a small e-commerce business or a local government website with
primarily static data aren’t good candidates for building an event-streaming
solution.
In this book, you’ll learn about event-stream development, when and why it’s
essential, and how to use the Kafka event-streaming platform to build robust
and responsive applications. You’ll learn how to use the Kafka streaming
platform’s various components to capture events and make them available for
other applications. We’ll cover using the platform’s components for simple
actions such as writing (producing) or reading (consuming) events to
advanced stateful applications requiring complex transformations so you can
solve the appropriate business challenges with an event-streaming approach.
This book is suitable for any developer looking to get into building event-
streaming applications.
Although the title, "Kafka Streams in Action," focuses on Kafka Streams, this
book teaches the entire Kafka event-streaming platform, end to end. That
platform includes crucial components, such as producers, consumers, and
schemas, that you must work with before building your streaming apps,
which you’ll learn in Part 1. As a result, we don’t get into the subject of
Kafka Streams itself until later in the book, in Chapter 6. But the enhanced
coverage is worth it; Kafka Streams is an abstraction built on top of
components of the Kafka event streaming platform, so understanding them
gives you a better grasp of how you can use Kafka Streams.
I’ve used a lot of different terms in this introduction, so let’s wrap this section
up with a table of definitions:
Figure 1.1 A sequence of events comprising an event stream starting with the online purchase of
the flux ch01capacitor
1. You complete the purchase on the retailer’s website, and the site
provides a tracking number.
2. The retailer’s warehouse receives the purchase event information and
puts the Flux Capacitor on a shipping truck, recording the date and time
your purchase left the warehouse.
3. The truck arrives at the airport, and the driver loads the Flux Capacitor
on a plane and scans a barcode recording the date and time.
4. The plane lands, and the package is loaded on a truck again headed for
the regional distribution center. The delivery service records the date
and time they loaded your Flux Capacitor.
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