BAHIR DAR UNIVERSTY

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS

COURSE: - FARMING SYSTEM

INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT

TITLE: - POULTERY PRODUCTION

NAME ID

ASTER GIRMAW 1505197

SUBMITTED TO: -Mrs. AMARECH

DATE OF SUBMISSION:5/7/2017
Contents
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 1

Definition of Poultry...................................................................................................................................... 1

History of poultry .......................................................................................................................................... 1

Importance of poultry production and consumption ................................................................................... 2

Feeders and drinkers .................................................................................................................................... 2

Poultry production systems .......................................................................................................................... 3

1.The traditional free-scavenging production system .............................................................................. 3

2.Semi- intensive chicken production system .......................................................................................... 3

feeding system .............................................................................................................................................. 4

Poultry nutrition............................................................................................................................................ 4

Identification of Different Characteristics of Breeds and their Source......................................................... 5

Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................................... 7

References .................................................................................................................................................... 8
Introduction
Poultry production is the fastest-growing agricultural sector, especially in the tropics and subtropics.
Stress has been defined as a biological response elicited when an animal feels a threat to its normal
physiological homeostasis (Alagawany et al., 2017). Further, it may be defined as any situation that elicits
the biological stress mechanism of an animal (Moberg and Mench, 2000). Physiological stress that arises
from the adverse climatic conditions may have severe consequences on productive or reproductive
performance, health status and immune responses of the exposed birds (Aarif and Mahapatra, 2013;
Alagawany et al., 2017; Abd El-Hack et al., 2018).

These factors include the temperature, light, humidity, altitude (partial pressures and air pressure of O2
and CO2), wind velocity (airflow), quality of air and water, solar energy radiations, and population
density (floor space) (NRC, 1981). Among all the environmental stressors, heat stress is detrimental and
has introduction

Poultry production is the fastest-growing agricultural sector, especially in the tropics and subtropics.
Stress has been defined as a biological response elicited when an animal feels a threat to its normal
physiological homeostasis (Alagawany et al., 2017). Further, it may be defined as any situation that elicits
the biological stress mechanism of an animal (Moberg and Mench, 2000). Physiological stress that arises
from the adverse climatic conditions may have severe consequences on productive or reproductive
performance, health status and immune responses of the exposed birds (Aarif and Mahapatra, 2013;
Alagawany et al., 2017; Abd El-Hack et al., 2018).

These factors include the temperature, light, humidity, altitude (partial pressures and air pressure of O2
and CO2), wind velocity (airflow), quality of air and water, solar energy radiations, and population
density (floor spael)

Definition of Poultry
Poultry is the class of domesticated fowl (birds) farmed for their meat, eggs or feathers most typically are
members of order Galliformes (such as chickens and Turkeys)

order Anseriformes (waterfowl such as ducks and geese). All species of poultry are used by rural
smallholders throughout the world. The most important species are: chickens, guinea fowl, ducks
(including Muscovy ducks), pigeons, turkeys and geese.

History of poultry
Chicken is most popular poultry species worldwide in terms of their number & economic importance.
Taking in to account :geographic range of the species (Crawford, 1990)archaeological discoveries in 16
Neolithic sites along Huang He (Yellow River valley) in Northeast China indicated that domestication of
chickens may have taken place as early as 6000 BC (West and Zhou, 1998).protein polymorphisms &
morphological characteristics (Moiseyeva et al., 2003), Domestic chicken were derived from red jungle
fowlanother study based on DNA, indicated that ancestor of domestic chicken was a particular sub-
species of Red Jungle Fowl (Gallus gallus gallus) (Fumihito et al., 1994). archaeological discoveries in a
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series of studies that analyzed 400 base pairs of mt DNA D-loop region offour species of genus Gallus
(Gallus gallus, Gallus sonnerrati, Gallus lafayetti & Gallus varius), three sub-species of Gallus gallus (G.g
gallus, G.g spadiceus, G.g bankiva)nine domestic breeds of chicken from south Asia.

Taxonomy

Kingdom………. Animale

Phylum…………. chordata

Class……………. Aves

Order……………Galliforms

Family……………Phasianidae

S Family…………. PhasianinaeGenus ……….Gallusy of poultry

Genus………………Gallus

Importance of poultry production and consumption

Poultry sector is possibly the fastest growing and most flexible of all livestock sectors. Driven primarily
by very strong demand it has expanded, consolidated and globalized over the past 15 years in all income
countries. Livestock is fundamental to the livelihoods of about one billion of the world’s poorest people.
Rural poultry, in particular, is essential for the livelihood of many resource poor farmers often especially
for women, enhances the rural poor capacity to cope with shocks and reduce economic problem
vulnerability and provides manure for vegetable garden and crop production. Beyond its economic or
nutritional importance, the importance of sociocultural and religious functions of village being the only
asset they possess. It significantly contributes to improve human nutrition; provides food (eggs and meat)
with high quality nutrients and micronutrients, generates small income and savings; poultry production is
also widey recognized for smallholder livelihoods. Chickens are ‘waste converters’: they ‘convert’ a
scavenged feed resource base into animal protein. They are therefore by far the most important species for
generating income for rural famiies. Similarly, poultry production does not require large initial capital
rather it requires low labour input.and land. The return of poultry prod2: Poultry Production System
suction is also immediate, they have a wide range of adaptability for different agroecology.

Feeders and drinkers

Feeders and drinkers are similar across the production systems. Feeders and drinkers should always be
kept clean to prevent the spread of diseases. They should be big enough for all chickens of the same age
to feed at the same time. A one-meter trough or a 35 cm diameter tube feeder is big enough for 20 adult
chickens to eat and for 40 to drink.

Feeders and drinkers may easily be produced out of local materials. They can be prepared from tin,
regularly for refills.suppliers, either in metal or plastic form. However they are often expensive and
normally notany better sizes should be used based on the age of chicks. Ensure that feeders minimize feed

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wastage. Feed wooden material, clay, plastic jericans or plastic tubes and so on. Usually several waterers
in different wastage’s can be minimized when feeders are not filled to the top. Fill feeders half full and
check them Commercial feeders and drinkers may also be bought at the market from agricultural
equipment than locally produced feeders or drinkers.

Poultry production systems

Poultry production systems can be categorized into three types based on: chicken breed type,input and
output level, mortality rate, type of producer, purpose ofproduction,lengthofbroodiness as wel as growth
rate and number of chicken reared. These are scavenging/free-range productionsystem, semi-intensive
production system and intensive production system.

1.The traditional free-scavenging production system

The present situation in most of the deveoping world is that the traditional poultry system is left with
minimal care. The chickens search their feed by scavenging worms in compounds around households. in
addition, they may get legume and cereal leftovers from the harvest and from the kitchen. This type of
production is very cheap, but nutritional needs of the chickens are difficult to meet. It covers 9598% of
the chicken production system of the country and it is not profitable since it is not market oriented. The
chicken does not have their own constructed chicken house, rather are maintained in the main house with
the family. The amount of feed they get is small and do not fulfill their nutrient requirement and, weeks of
life, mainly due to insufficient nutrition, chilling, diseases, predation by eagles, cats and others. Mortality
destroys up to 56% of the number of chickens that moved out of flock, implying that disease use only 4%
of the total eggsavailable for hatching. There is very high chick mortality during the first hence, their
productivity is low. The egg production per year per local layer is 4656 of which householdscontrol may
be top priority intervention area for poultrvantages of frey production.

Advantage of scavenging chicken production system: the chickens are healthy since they exercise in
the open air freely, there is minima infection with parasites if enough space is available, there is little or
no labor input, the chickens in this type of production system help to limit the amount of rubbish in a
productive way and the direct costs of the system are low.

Disadvantages of free-scavenging chicken production system: it is difficult to control and manage the
chicken especially the young chicks are easily exposed to predators andunfavorable weather conditions,
the chickens destroy sown seeds and seedlings, a large percentage of the eggs can be lost as the laying
hens do not use restricted nests, occurrence of high disease

2.Semi- intensive chicken production system

This type of chicken production system is better than the free scavenging production since small scale
producers use inputs like supplemental feed, vaccine. It is characterized by having one or more pens in
which the chickens can forage on natural vegetation and insects to such as a small house which
accommodates laying nest and feeders to serve as chicken house for night time. the day times. The fence
can be made from mesh wire or other materials and will not allow the chicken with energy and protein
feeds and get better health management practice like vaccination against NCD. the house has one or two
side open door for easy movement of the chicken to the fenced area during to escape above it. The fenced
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area should be always clean and dry. The chickens are supplemented than free scavenging system. They
are more productive than the chicken in free scavenging system. It contains flock size of 50-200 improved
chicken per house hold. supplement the feed supply has a small house which accommodates laying nest
and feeders to serve as chicken house for night time. the day time. The fence can be made from mesh wire
or other materials and will not allow the chicken with energy and protein feeds and get better health
management practice like vaccination against NCD The house has one or two side open door for easy
movement of the chicken to the fenced area during to escape above it. The fenced area should be always
clean and dry. The chickens are supplemented than free scavenging system. They are more productive
than the chicken in free scavenging system. It contains flock size of 50-200 improved chicken per
household.

Advantage of semi intensive chicken production system: complete control over operation, useful for
record purposes, operational throughout the year, economic use of land and there is better protection
during winter and operated with low in cost.

Disadvantage of semi-intensive chicken production system: high cost in fencing, danger of over Stoc
Intensive.

3.intensive chicken production system

is to get better profit. The number of chickens involved is more than 500. It sources day oldchicks from a
hatchery. Chicken houses may have earth or cement floors but the upper half of the walls have This type
of chicken production system uses more inputs (feeds and feeding, breed, health, housing and other inputs)
than the above two systems. It is market oriented and the main objective of production wire netting while
the bottom half is made of wooden planks, iron sheets or brick walling depending on the financial
capacity of the production. Corrugated iron sheets are normally used for the roofing. Wood shavings are
used for the deep litter andwater and feed is supplied in wooden trough, plastic or metal commercial
feeders and drinkers. Improved breeds (layer or broiler) are used in this system of production. There are
three types of intensive chicken production system, which incude deep litter system, cage system and full
slated rearing.

feeding system
e following are key aspects in relation to the provision of a quality diet: ingredients from which the diet is
made must be of good qualityweighing or measuring of all ingredients must be accurate All of specified
ingredients must be included. If one e.g. a grain is unavailable, the diet should be re-formulated. One
ingredient is not usually a substitute for another without re-formulation. micro-ingredients such as
amino acids, vitamins & other similar materials should not be too old & stored in cool storage -
many such ingredients lose their potency over time, and particularly so in high temperatures. Do
not use mouldy ingredients - these should be discarded. Mould in poultry food may contain toxins that
may affect the birds. Do not use food that is too old or has become mouldy. Storage facilities such as
silos should be cleaned frequently to prevent the accumulation of mouldy material

Poultry nutrition
The diet of poultry must include the following essential nutrients:
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 ❖ water

❖ energy sources

❖ protein (amino acids)

❖ vitamins

Identification of Different Characteristics of Breeds and their Source

Local chicken ecotype

The majority (99%) of indigenous chicken are maintained under a traditional system with little or no
inputs for housing, feeding or health care. The most dominant chicken types reared in this system are
local ecotype which show a large variation in body position, colour, comb type and productivity (Halima
etal. 2007). The greater part of the feed for village chicken is obtained through scavenging, which
includes the household cooking waste, cereal and cereal by-products, pulses, roots and tubers, oilseeds,
shrubs, nationa economy in general and the rural economy in particular and contribute to 98.5% and
99.2% of the national egg and chicken meat production, respectively (Tadelle 1996). However, the
economic indigenous chicken are known to possess desirabe characteristics such as thermo-tolerance,
resistance contribution of the sector is stil not proportional to the huge chicken numbers, attributed to the
fruits and animal proteins (Tadelle 1996).

A,Layer breeds

•Layers are chicken breeds known fo are chicken breeds known for their high productivity in egg
production.

•The white egg laying types of hens are comparatively smaller in size, relatively eat white egg layers,

•There are two types of egg layers: the white and the brown egg laying hens.

•White leg horn layer can produce up to 236 eggs per year.

•Because of their white color chickens are visible from distance and susceptible to attacks by predators.

• Layer chickens start laying eggs before they reach 18 weeks of age and continue to their 72-78 weeks
old in most cases.

•The breeds are regarded as efficient by producing a kilogram of egg with a feed up to 2.5 kg.

•There are two types of egg layers: the white and the brown egg laying hens.

•The brown egg laying hens are relatively larger in size and eat more food compared to white egg layers,

•Introducing different exotic layer breeds to small holder farming systems of Ethiopia is necessary since
performance of indigenous chicken is low.

B, Broiler breeds
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•Broilers have been selected for high / increased meat production.

•Broilers are big in size, have very high growth rate and better feed conversion ability.

•Egg production of these breeds is small.

•Physicaly, broilers are short legged, muscular and big in size.

•Day old broiler chicken should grow for the period of about 42 days for marketing/consumption.

•Some of the imported breeds adopted in our countries are HubbardJV, Hubbardclassic,

Rose308 and Cobb500.

•The key to successful broiler production depends on an efficient management program.

C.Dual purpose breed

Dual purpose chickens are well adopted under small holder farmer conditions.

•They are most appropriate for poultry producers who are interested in both egg and

meat equally.

•Their better adaptation to wider agro-ecologies and less management requirement

make them the right choice in villages.

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Conclusion
However, the economic contribution of the sector is not still proportional to the huge chicken number,
consumption in Ethiopia is one of the lowest in the world which is 57 eggs and 2.85 kg of chicken meat
per annum. possible to improve the chicken production and productivity and to supply chicken products
to the attributed to the presence of many productions, reproduction and infrastructural constraints. Due
use of selected and productive poultry breed as well as improvement of the production system (feeds and
feeding, housing, health, etc) through provision of trainings with well-prepared manuals, it is utilization
of chicken production system which is modern, market oriented and compatible with the is significantly
lower than the rest of African countries. The per capita poultry and poultry product existing situation of
the farming system. Therefore, by minimizing the production constraints through to this, the contribution
of poultry production to the overall national economy and nutritional use One and the major suggested
solution to increase the production and productivity of chicken is market demand for household
consumption.

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References
 Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia. 126 pp.

 D. I. Givens Nutritional Sciences Research Unit, Schoo of Agriculture, Policy and Development,
University of Animal, Wildife and Grassland Sciences, University of the Free State,
Bloemfontein, South Africa.

 Island Red, Fayomy and Loca chicken in Umbulo Wachu water shade in Sidama zone. MSc
thesis. FSA Consulting, 2015. Poultry GHG Mitigation.

 FAO, 2013. Poultry development review. ISBN 9789251080672

 Assefa Tadesse. 2007. Poultry management practices and on farm performance evaluation of
Rhode

 FAO of the United Nations, 2013. Greenhouse Gas emissions from pig and chicken supply chains.

 https://www.bigdutchmanusa.com/en/poultry-production/poultry-production/broiler-management/
of Reading, Reading R6 6AR, UK

 Halima Hassen Mogesse. 2007. Phenotypic and genetic characterization of indigenous chicken
populations in northwest Ethiopia. PhD thesis. Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences,
Department