ICSE SEMESTER 2 EXAMINATION

SAMPLE PAPER - 1
HINDI
(SECOND LANGUAGE)

Maximum Marks: 40 Time allowed: 1:30 hours

You will not be allowed to write during the first 10 minutes.
This time is to be spent in reading the question paper.
SECTION A is compulsory.
SECTION B - Answer questions from any two books that you have studied.
The intended marks for questions or parts of questions are given in brackets [ ].

Section-A
Question 1.
Write a short composition in Hindi of approximately 200 words on any one of the following topics:
fuEufyf[kr fo"k;ksa esa ls fdlh ,d fo"k; ij fgUnh esa yxHkx 200 'kCnksa esa fuca/k fyf[k,%
(i) 
djr&djr vH;kl osG tM+efr gksr lqtku—bl dgkor dks vk/kkj cukdj fo|kFkhZ thou esa ifjJe dk egRo crkrs gq, fuca/k
fyf[k,A
(ii) ^eksckby Qksu* vkt dh vfuok;Z vko';drk gSA bl dFku ij i{k ;k foi{k esa vius fopkj izLrqr dhft,A

(iii) 
ns'k&izse loksZPp Hkkouk gS] blls gh ekuo esa R;kx o cfynku dh Hkkouk dk fodkl gksrk gSA—bl fo"k; ij vius fopkj izLrqr
dhft,A
(iv) tSlh djuh oSlh Hkjuh—bl dgkor dks vk/kkj cukdj ,d ekSfyd dgkuh fy[ksaA

(v) 
uhps fn, x, fp= dks /;ku ls nsf[k;s vkSj fp= dks vk/kkj cukdj] mldk ifjp; nsrs gq, dksbZ ys[k] ?kVuk vFkok dgkuh fyf[k;sA
ftldk lh/kk o Li"V laca/k fp= ls gksuk pkfg,A

Question 2.
Write a letter in Hindi of approximately 120 words on any one of the topics given below:
fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdlh ,d fo"k; ij fgUnh esa yxHkx 120 'kCnksa esa i= fyf[k,%
vkidk NksVk HkkbZ Nk=kokl esa jgdj i<+kbZ dj jgk gSA mlus vkils ijh{kk dh rS;kjh osG fy, ekxZ&n'kZu pkgk gSA ijh{kk dh rS;kjh dh
lykg nsrs gq, i= fyf[k,A
vFkok
vkiosG fo|ky; esa [ksy&owGn laca/kh lqfo/kkvksa dh deh gSA bl vksj /;ku vkdf"kZr djkrs gq, d{kk ekWuhVj dh vksj ls vius fo|ky;
osG iz/kkukpk;Z dks ,d i= fyf[k,A
Section-B (Answer questions from any of the two books that you have studied.)

lkfgR; lkxjµlaf{kIr dgkfu;k¡

Question 3.
(i)
vkuanh dk C;kg JhoaGB flag osG lkFk oSGls gks x;k\
(ii)
jaxhu izk.kh dkSu Fks\ muosG fo"k; esa cw<+s fl;kj us D;k tkudkjh nh\
(iii)
vkcknh ds c<+us ls ns'k ij D;k çHkko iM+rk gS\
(iv)
fp=k dks ?kj ykSVus esa nsj D;ksa gqbZ\
lkfgR; lkxjµi|
Question 4.
(i)
^vkt esjs lkeus gS jkLrk bruk iM+k* iafDr dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,A
(ii)
rqylhnkl osG vuqlkj thou esa lq[k fdl izdkj izkIr gks ldrk gS\
(iii)
lwjnkl th dk thou ifjp; fyf[k,A
(iv)
es?kksa osG fy, ^cu&Bu osG] l¡oj osG* vkus dh ckr D;ksa dgh xbZ gS\
u;k jkLrk
Question 5.
(i)
fookg osG vykok ehuw osG thou dk D;k y{; Fkk\
(ii)
o"kks± osG I;kj&nqykj osG ckn yM+dh dks vius ifjokj ls fcNqM+uk D;ksa iM+rk gS\
(iii)
lkekftd ca/ku ls D;k ehuw eqDr gks ldh\ Li"V dhft,A 
(iv)
ehuw lekt osG >wBs vkoj.k dks gBkdj D;k lR; fn[kkuk pkgrh Fkh\
,dkadh lap;
Question 6.
(i)
,dkadh osG var esa csyk #a/ks xys ls D;k dgrh gS\
(ii)
banq dks csyk dh dkSu&lh ckr lcls vf/kd ijs'kku djrh gS\ D;ksa\
(iii)
cuohj dkSu Fkk\ ifjp; nhft,A
(iv)
^nhinku* mRlo dk vk;kstu fdlosG }kjk djk;k x;k vkSj D;ksa\

mÙkjekyk

Section-A
Answer 1.
(i)
ßdjr&djr vH;kl ls tM+efr gksr lqtkuA
jljh vkor tkr rs] fly ij ijr fulkuAÞ
vFkkZr~ oqG,¡ ls ikuh [khaprs le; jLlh iRFkj ij xgjk fu'kku Mky nsrh gS] blfy, vH;kl og ewyea= gS] ftlls ew[kZ Hkh
fo}ku cu tkrk gS vkSj fo}ku vkSj Hkh oqG'ky gks tkrk gSA vH;kl vkSj ifjJe dk ekxZ viukdj euq"; lQyrk dh lhf<+;k¡
p<+rk tkrk gSA vH;kl euq"; osG xq.kksa dks fodflr djrk gSA bfrgkl bl ckr dk lk{kh gS fd vH;kl vkSj ifjJe osG cy ij
euq"; us vlaHko dks Hkh laHko dj fn[kk;kA vtqZu rFkk ,dyO; fujarj vH;kl vkSj ifjJe djus osG dkj.k gh egku /kuq/kZj cu
losGA okYehfd lrr~ vH;kl osG dkj.k gh vkfndfo okYehfd cusA
eqgEen xkSjh us l=g ckj ijkftr gksdj Hkh gkj ugha ekuh] blfy, vBkjgoha ckj i`Fohjkt pkSgku dks ijkftr dj ldkA gkWdh osG
izfl¼ f[kykM+h /;kupan vH;kl osG dkj.k gh gkWdh osG tknwxj cu losGA
 tks yksx vH;kl ls eq¡g eksM+rs gSa] lQyrk muls dkslksa nwj jgrh gSA laLÏr esa ,d dgkor gS—^vuH;kls fo"k fo|k* vFkkZr~ vH;kl
osG fcuk fo|k fo"k osG leku gks tkrh gS] blfy, fo|kFkhZ thou esa bldk egRo vkSj Hkh c<+ tkrk gSA tks fo|kFkhZ vkyL; osG dkj.k
ifjJe ls eq¡g eksM+rs gSa] os vius y{; dks izkIr ugha dj ikrsA
thou osG lHkh {ks=ksa esa] pkgs og [ksy&owGn gks ;k i<+kbZ] laxhr gks ;k dyk&dkS'ky vH;kl djus ij gh fuiq.krk izkIr gksrh
gSA vH;kl u osGoy O;fDr] cfYd iwjs lekt o ns'k osG mRFkku dk ewyea= gSA fujarj vH;kl ls gh euq"; dh ekufld rFkk
vkè;kfRed mUufr laHko gS] vr% gesa blls vius dne ihNs ugha gVkus pkfg,A
(ii) eksckby Qksu—vkt dh vfuok;Z vko';drk
vk/kqfud ;qx esa rst+ j¶rkj ls nkSM+rs thou esa eksckby Qksu vfuok;Z vax cu x;k gSA ^eksckby* 'kCn dk vFkZ gS—pyrs&fQjrs]
,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij vkrs&tkrsA vr% ftl Qksu dk iz;ksx dgha Hkh] fdlh Hkh LFkku ij fd;k tk ldrk gS] eksckby Qksu
dgykrk gSA
i{k esaµvkt eksckby Qksu us le;&LFkku dh nwjh dks de dj fn;k gSA vkt dgha Hkh] fdlh ls Hkh ckr phr dj ldrs gSaA ?kj
cSBs&cSBs gh n¶rj dk cgqr&lk dke iwjk dj ysrs gSaA D;ksafd eksckby Qksu gj le; muosG ikl gSA bldh rduhdh esa fuR; fodkl
Hkh gks jgk gSA vc jaxhu vkSj oSGejs okys eksckby Qksu vk x, gSa ftuls QksVks [khapus osG lkFk&lkFk laxhr Hkh lquk tk ldrk gSA
buesa oSGyoqGysVj gksus osG dkj.k dgha Hkh cSBdj fglkc&fdrkc fd;k tk ldrk gSA bu ij fQYesa Hkh ns[kh tk ldrh gSaA orZeku
esa rks i<+kbZ] ukSdjh] O;olk;] [kjhnnkjh vkfn lHkh dk;Z eksckby osG ek/;e ls gh fd, tk jgs gSaA
eksckby dh yksdfiz;rk vkSj dk;Z{kerk dk vuqeku osGoy blh ckr ls yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd oqGN o"kks± esa gh blosG miHkksDrkvksa
dh la[;k djksM+ksa esa igq¡p xbZ gSA orZeku esa m|ksxifr;ksa ls ysdj Jfed rd] ;gk¡ rd fd igyh] nwljh d{kk osG cPpksa rd osG
gkFk esa eksckby Qksu fn[kkbZ nsus yxk gSA
bl izdkj blosG c<+rs iz;ksx ls vkneh gj dk;Z vklkuh ls dj ldrk gSA blfy, vkt dk ;qx eksckby Qksu dk ;qx gSA
foi{k esaµijUrq fdlh Hkh oLrq dk iz;ksx ,d lhek rd gh Bhd gSA vf/kd iz;ksx djus ls mlosG dbZ uqdlku Hkh gks ldrs gSA
eksckby T;knk iz;ksx djus ls fljnnZ] uhan esa xM+cM+h] ;knnk'r] fpM+fpM+kiu] gkFk vkSj xnZu esa nnZ vkSj vk¡[kksa ls de fn[kkbZ]
nsus tSlh leL;kvksa dk lkeuk Hkh djuk iM+ ldrk gS blfy, Qksu ls jsfM,'ku ls mRiUu [krjksa esa lcls T;knk oSaGlj dk gSA lkFk
gh vU; chekfj;ksa dk f'kdkj Hkh gks ldrs gSaA bl dkj.k eksckby Qksu dk iz;ksx] mi;ksx vko';drk gksus ij gh djuk pkfg,A
(iii) ns'k izse
ßftldks u fut xkSjo rFkk fut ns'k dk vfHkeku gSA
og uj ugha] uj i'kq fujk gS vkSj e`rd leku gSAÞ
ftl /kjrh ij geus tUe fy;k] ftl ij yksV&yksV dj cM+s gq,] ftlus vius vUu ls gesa ikyk&ikslk] ml /kjrh dh Hkk"kk] laLÏfr
ijaijkvksa osG izfr izse] Lusg dh Hkkouk gh ns'k&izse gSA
;g xq.k ekuo ân; esa LokHkkfod :i ls fo|eku jgrk gS] blhfy,] euq"; pkgs fo'o osG fdlh Hkh dksus esa jgs] ogk¡ lkjh
lq[k&lqfo/kk,¡ Hkksxrs gq, Hkh mldk ân; ns'k dh feV~Vh osG fy, rjlrk gSA ekr`Hkwfe osG vk¡py dh Nk¡o esa mls tks vkuan feyrk
gS] ftl lq[k dh vuqHkwfr gksrh gS] og vU;= ugha gSA blfy, dgk x;k gS—
tuuh tUeHkwfe'p LoxkZnfi xjh;lh
vFkkZr~ ekrk vkSj tUeHkwfe LoxZ ls Hkh c<+dj gSaA euq"; dh rks ckr gh D;k gS] i'kq&if{k;ksa rd esa ;g Hkkouk ikbZ tkrh gSA os Hkh
tUeHkwfe osG fy, viuk loZLo cfynku djus dks rS;kj jgrs gSaA blh izse ls izsfjr gksdj os fnu&Hkj ?kwe&fQj dj jkr dks vius
clsjs esa ykSV vkrs gSaA iwGy&ikS/kksa rd esa ekr`Hkwfe osG izfr vlhe izse gksrk gSA dfooj ek[kuyky prqosZnh iq"i dh blh vfHkyk"kk
dks O;Dr djrs gq, dgrs gSa—
eq>s rksM+ ysuk ouekyh] ml iFk ij rqe nsuk isaGd]
ekr`Hkwfe ij 'kh'k p<+kus] ftl iFk tk,¡ ohj vusdA
ns'k&izse loksZPp Hkkouk gS] blls gh ekuo esa R;kx o cfynku dh Hkkouk dk fodkl gksrk gSA ;g Hkkouk gh euq"; dks ns'k dh
j{kk] dY;k.k vkSj fodkl osG fy, izsfjr djrh gSA
ftl ns'k us gesa thou fn;k] ikyu&iks"k.k fd;k] ml ns'k dh lsok djuk gekjk ije drZO; gSA O;fDrxr LokFkks± dh rqyuk esa
jk"Vªh; fgrksa dks loksZifj LFkku nsuk pkfg,] ftlls ns'k mUufr osG iFk ij vxzlj gks losGA blosG fy, ;g vko';d gS fd ge
vius erkfèkdkj dk mfpr iz;ksx djrs gq, ;ksX; O;fDr;ksa dks gh pqusaA ge ns'k dh lH;rk] laLÏfr dh j{kk dj] lekt esa iSGyh
oqGjhfr;ksa dks nwj dj] bZekunkjh o fu"Bk ls viuk dke djosG ns'k dh lsok dj ldrs gSaA fdlku vUu mitkdj] /kuh /ku nsdj]
etnwj ifjJe ls] oSKkfud u, vkfo"dkj dj vius ns'k&izse dk ifjp; ns ldrs gSaA
 vr% izR;sd ns'koklh dk drZO; gS fd og ns'k dh mUufr esa iw.kZ lg;skx ns] le; iM+us ij ns'k osG fy, viuk ru&eu&/ku lc
oqGN U;ksNkoj djus osG fy, rRij jgs] rHkh gekjs ns'k dk xkSjo c<+sxkA
(iv)
tSlh djuh oSlh Hkjuh
,d ckj dh ckr gS fdlh xk¡o esa ,d fdlku jgrk FkkA tksfd nw/k ls ngh vkSj eD[ku cukdj mls cspdj viuk thou;kiu djrk
FkkA ,d fnu mldh iRuh us mls eD[ku rS;kj djosG fn;k] oks mls cspus osG fy, vius xk¡o ls 'kgj dh rjQ jokuk gks x;kA
os eD[ku xksy&eksy isM+s dh 'kDy esa cuk gqvk Fkk vkSj gj is<+sa dk otu ,d fdyksxzke FkkA 'kgj esa fdlku us ml eD[ku dks
jkst dh rjg ,d nqdkunkj dks csp fn;k vkSj nqdkunkj ls pk;iÙkh] lkcqu] phuh] jlksbZ dk rsy oxSjg [kjhndj okil vius xk¡o
tkus osG fy, jokuk gks x;kA ml fdlku osG tkus osG ckn ml nqdkunkj us eD[ku dks Ýhtj esa j[kuk pkgk vkSj vpkud mls [;ky
vk;k fd D;ksa u buesa ls ,d is<+s dk otu tk¡pk tk,] otu rksyus ij isM+s 900 xzke dk fudykA gSjr vkSj fujk'kk ls mlus lksj isM+s
rksy Mkysa exj fdlku osG yk, gq, lHkh isM+s 900-900 xzke osG gh fudysA Bhd vxys g¶rs fQj fdlku ges'kk dh rjg eD[ku
ysdj tSls gh nqdkunkj dh ngyht ij p<+kA nqdkunkj us fdlku ls fpYykrs gq, dgk—rw nQk gks tk ;gk¡ ls] fdlh csbZeku vkSj
/kks[ksckt 'k[l ls dkjksckj djuk] ij eq>ls ughaA 900 xzke eD[ku dks iwjk ,d fdyks dg dj cspus okys 'k[l dks oks 'kDy Hkh
ns[kuk xokjk ugha djrkA
fdlku us cM+h gh fouezrk ls nqdkunkj ls dgk] ßesjs HkkbZ eq>ls ukjkt er gksukA ge rks xjhc vkSj cspkjs yksx gSa] gekjs ikl
eki&rksy osG fy, ckV [kjhnus dh gSfl;r dgk¡] vkils tks ,d fdyks phuh ysdj tkrk gw¡ mlh dks rjktw osG ,d iyMs esa j[kdj
nwljs iyMs esa mrus gh otu dk eD[ku rksydj ys vkrk gw¡A blesa esjh dksbZ xyrh ugha gSAÞ
ßtks ge nwljksa dks nsaxs] ogh ykSVdj vk,xk--------
fQj pkgs oks bTtr] lEeku gks] ;k fQj /kks[kk------- !!!Þ
vr% ge tks nwljksas dks nsrs gS] cnys esa gesa ogh fey tkrk gSA ;gh lalkj dk fu;e gSA ;gh rks gS—tSlh djuh] oSlh HkjuhA
(v) dksjksuk % ,d oSf'od egkekjh
dksjksuk ,d izk.k?kkrd jksx gS vkSj blls cpko gh bldh nok gSA ;g jksx phu osG oqgku 'kgj ls 'kq: gksdj iwjs fo'o esa iSGy x;k
vkSj bruk fodjky gks x;k fd fo'o ds vf/kdrj ns'kksa dks iwjh rjg can ?kksf"kr dj fn;k x;kA
;g egkekjh ,d ok;jl tfur jksx gS] ftlus egkekjh dk :i ys fy;k gS vkSj leLr lalkj esa rckgh epk jgk gSA bl jksx dh
'kq:vkr tqdke ,oa [kk¡lh ek= ls gksrh gS tks /khjs&/khjs fodjky :i /kkj.k dj ysrh gS vkSj jksxh osG 'olu ra= dks cqjh rjg izHkkfor
djrh gSA var esa O;fDr dh e`R;q rd gks tkrh gSA
dksjksuk dh mRifÙk lcls igys 1930 esa ,d eqxhZ ls gqbZ Fkh vkSj blus eqxhZ osG 'olu iz.kkyh dks izHkkfor fd;k FkkA vkxs pydj
1940 esa dbZ vU; tkuojksa esa ik;k x;k FkkA bu lcosG ckn 2019 esa bls nqckjk fodjky :i esa phu esa ns[kk x;k vkSj ckn esa iwjs
fo'o esa iSGy x;kA
dksjksuk ls cpko gh le>nkjh gS D;ksafd ;g ,d laØked jksx gS tks cgqr gh rsth ls ,d&nwljs esa iSGyrk gSA MCyw- ,p- vks- us
oqGN lko/kkfu;ksa dh lwph fudkyh gS vkSj ;g Hkh crk;k gS fd dksjksuk ls cpko osG ;s ewy ea= gSaA ;s ea= fuEu gSa—
1. lnSo ckgj ls vkus osG ckn vius gkFkksa dks lkcqu ls djhc 20-30 lsosaGM rd vo'; /kks,¡A
2. vius gkFkksa dks eq[k ls nwj j[ksa] ftlls laØe.k gksus ij Hkh vkiosG eq[k esa vanj u tk ik,A
3. yksxksa ls 5 ls 6 QhV dh nwjh vo'; cuk;saA
4. lnSo ekLd o lSfuVkbtj dk iz;ksx djsaA
5. laØe.k dh fLFkfr esa [kqn dks nwljksa ls vyx j[ksa vkSj utnhdh vLirky esa lwfpr djsaA
dksjksuk dk laØe.k cM+h rst+h ls iSGy jgk gSA bldh vc rd dksbZ fuf'pr nok ugha gS] blfy, bls cgqr gh izk.k?kkrd jksx dh
Js.kh esa j[kk x;k gSA blfy, crkbZ xbZ lko/kkuh vo'; cjrsa vkSj lroZG jgsaA lkFk gh bl chekjh dks nqfu;k ls [kRe djus dh tax
esa ,d cgqewY; ;ksxnku nsaA
Answer 2.
,&2/243,
lqpsrk Ïiykuh ekxZ
xkserh uxj] y[kuÅ (m- iz-)
08 tuojh] 20XX
fiz; vuqt]
e/kqj LusgA
 rqEgkjk i= feykA i= i<+dj lc gky ekywe fd;kA rqe ogk¡ loqG'ky gks] ;g tkudj [kq'kh gqbZA eSa bl i= osG ek/;e ls crkuk
pkgrk gw¡ fd vPNs vad ykus osG fy, oSGls rS;kjh djksA
vuqt] rqEgkjh ijh{kk,¡ ekpZ osG izFke lIrkg ls vkjEHk gksaxhA vc rqe de ls de ik¡p ?kaVs i<+us dh le; lkfj.kh cuk yksA vFkkZr~
izR;sd fo"k; osG fy, ,d ?kaVk le; fudkyksA oqGN Nk= dfBu fo"k;ksa dks [kwc i<+rs gSa ij vklku fo"k;ksa ij /;ku ugha nsrs gSaA
ifj.kkeLo:i vklku fo"k;ksa esa gh muosG vad vPNs ugha vkrs gSaA gk¡] xf.kr vkSj foKku tSls fo"k;ksa osG fy, vfrfjDr le; ij
i<+kbZ djksA bu nks fo"k;ksa osG fy, izkr%dky dk v/;;u csgrj gksxkA izkr%dky dk le; i<+kbZ osG fy, loksZÙke gksrk gS] blfy,
izkr% i<+kbZ djksA esjh 'kqHkdkeuk,¡ rqEgkjs lkFk gSaA i= esa fy[kuk fd rqeus esjh lykg dks fdruk viuk;kA
i=ksÙkj dh çrh{kk esa
rqEgkjk vxzt
e;ad
vFkok
lsok esa]
iz/kkukpk;Z th]
jktdh; fo|ky;]
}kfjdk] fnYyhA
fo"k;—[ksy&owGn laca/kh lqfo/kkvksa osG vHkko osG laca/k esa
egksn;]
fouez fuosnu gS fd eSa bl fo|ky; dh nloha d{kk dk ekWuhVj gw¡A ;g fo|ky; iBu&ikBu dh mÙke O;oLFkk ,oa mPp f'k{k.k
O;oLFkk osG fy, izfl¼ gS] ftldk izek.k foxr dbZ o"kks± dk mPp ijh{kk ifj.kke gSA
Jheku th] fo|ky; esa ;fn fdlh pht dh deh [kVdrh gS rks og gS [ksy&owGn laca/kh lqfo/kkvksa dhA ge Nk= izfro"kZ [ksy izfr
Li/kkZvksa esa Hkkx ysrs gSa ij dksbZ iqjLdkj ;k miyfC/k vftZr ugha dj ikrs gSaA dbZ lky igys gekjk fo|ky; [ksyksa esa Hkh ind
thrk djrk FkkA [ksy&owGn osG fy, tks lkeku gesa fn, tkrs gSa os iqjkus rFkk VwVs&iwGVs gksrs gSa] ftuls vH;kl ugha gks ikrk gSA blosG
vykok bl fo|ky; esa nks lky ls ØhM+k v/;kid Hkh ugha gS] ftlls gekjk vH;kl izHkkfor gksrk gSA
vkils izkFkZuk gS fd [ksyksa osG fy, u, lkeku [kjhndj [ksy&owGn laca/kh lqfo/kk,¡ c<+kus dh Ïik djsa rkfd [ksy&owGn esa Hkh ge
Nk= ind thrdj fo|ky; dk xkSjo c<+k,¡A
/kU;okn lfgr]
vkidk vkKkdkjh f'k";
izdk'k 'kekZ
(ekWuhVj&nloha)
15 fnlEcj] 20XX

Section-B
Answer 3.
(i) 
Hkwiflag viuh pkSFkh yM+dh vkuanh osG fookg osG fy, yM+ds ns[k jgk Fkk rHkh ,d fnu JhoaGBflag muosG ikl ukxjh&izpkj dk
pans dk #i;k ek¡xus x;kA Hkwiflag muosG LoHkko ij jh> x, vkSj /kwe/kke ls JhoaGBflag dk vkuanh osG lkFk C;kg gks x;kA
(ii) 
jaxhu izk.kh okLro esa rhu jaxs fl;kj Fks tks Øe'k% uhys] ihys vkSj gjs jax esa jaxs gq, FksA cw<+s fl;kj us bu jaxhu izkf.k;ksa dk ifjp;
nsrs gq, dgk fd ;s lHkh LoxZ yksd osG izk.kh gSa] izk.kh ugha cfYd nsork gSaA ;s ihys jax okys fopkjd gSa] dfo vkSj ys[kd gSaA uhys
okys usrk gSa vkSj LoxZ esa i=dkj gSa rFkk gjs okys /keZxq# gSaA
(iii) 
ns'k esa tula[;k dh o`f¼ gksus ls ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk ij cqjk çHkko iM+rk gSA vUu mRiknu tula[;k dh vis{kk de gksrk gSA
blls eg¡xkbZ vkSj csjkstxkjh c<+rh gSA jkstxkj lhfer yksxksa dks gh fey ikrk gSA f'k{kk] LokLF;] ;kr;kr lEcU/kh lqfo/kk,¡ eg¡xh
gks tkrh gSa vkSj lcdks miyC/k ugha gks ikrhaA tula[;k ds c<+us ls ns'k esa xjhch c<+rh gSA ys[kd us bl ys[kd ds ek/;e ls
crk;k fd ckcw] deykdkar dk ifjokj cM+k gksus ds dkj.k og viuh lhfer vkenuh esa ls u rks lq[kn vkokl ns ikrk gS vkSj u
gh ikSf"Vd HkkstuA ifj.kkeLo:i mlds ifjokj ds lnL; chekj jgrs gSa vkSj /ku dh deh ds dkj.k Bhd çdkj ls bykt Hkh ugha
gks ikrkA
(iv) 
fp=k dks fp=dyk osG laca/k esa fons'k tkuk Fkk blfy, og vius xq#th ls feydj okil ?kj ykSV jgh FkhA ?kj ykSVrs le; mlus
ns[kk fd isM+ osG uhps ,d fHk[kkfju ejh iM+h Fkh vkSj mlosG nksuksa cPps mlosG lw[ks gq, 'kjhj ls fpid dj cqjh rjg jks jgs FksA ml
n`'; dks fp=k vius oSGuokl ij mrkjus yx xbZ vkSj blh dkj.k mls ?kj ykSVus esa nsj gks xbZA
Answer 4.
(i) 
izLrqr iafDr;ksa esa dfo dk vk'k; gS fd eafty rd igq¡pus osG fy, jkLrs esa cgqr #dkoVsa vkrh gSaA mu #dkoVksa dks nwj djrs gq,
y{; rd igq¡puk gh euq"; osG thou dk mís'; gSA D;ksafd thou iFk cgqr yEck gS bls ikj djus vkSj y{; çkIr djus ds fy,
xfr'khy jguk vfuok;Z gSA fuf"Ø; jgdj dke ugha pysxkA
(ii) 
dfo dk dguk gS fd Hkxoku Jhjke dh Ïik ls euq"; dks thou esa gj izdkj osG lq[k izkIr gks ldrs gSa] D;ksafd Jhjke cM+s n;kyq
gSaA os fcuk lsok osG gh xjhc vkSj nhu&nqf[k;ksa dk dY;k.k dj nsrs gSaA
(iii) 
HkfDrdky osG izsekJ;h 'kk[kk osG egku dfo lwjnkl th dk tUe 1478 esa vkxjk&eFkqjk ekxZ esa fLFkr #udrk uked {ks= esa gqvk
FkkA ysfdu oqGN fo}ku lwjnkl dk tUeLFkku lhgh uked {ks= dks crkrs gSaA lwjnkl osG firk dk uke jkenkl cSjkxh FkkA lwjnkl
lxq.k HkfDr /kkjk ls ;qDr JhÏ".k osG ije HkDr FksA blhfy, mUgksaus Hkxoku fo".kq dks viuk vkjk/; nso ekudj Ï".k ls lacaf/kr
fofHkUu jpukvksa dk l`tu fd;kA ftuesa lwj&lkxj] lkfgR;&ygjh] lwj&lkjkoyh vkfn izeq[k jpuk,¡ gSaA
(iv) 
cgqr fnuksa rd uk vkus ds dkj.k xk¡o esa es?k dh çrh{kk dh tkrh gS ftl çdkj esgeku cgqr fnuksa ckn vkrs gSa mlh çdkj es?k Hkh
cgqr le; ckn vk;s gSa vfrfFk tc ?kj vkrs gSa mlh çdkj es?k Hkh cgqr le; ckn vk;s gSa vfrfFk tc ?kj vkrs gSa rks laHkor% muds
nsj gksus dk dkj.k mudk cu&Bu dj vkuk gh gksrk gSA dfo us es?kksa esa lthork Mkyus ds fy, es?kksa ds ^cu Bu ds] l¡oj ds* vkus
dh ckr dgh gSA
Answer 5.
(i) 
ehuw osG thou dk y{; ,d oqG'ky vf/koDrk cudj vkRefuHkZj cuuk FkkA ehuw dfBu esgur o yxu ls i<+kbZ dj vius y{;
dks izkIr djuk pkgrh Fkh vkSj lekt esa fookg osG vfrfjDr Hkh oqGN mís'; gks ldrk gS] bl vkn'kZ dks Hkh LFkkfir djuk pkgrh
FkhA
(ii) 
lekt esa ;g ijaijk gS fd yM+dh osG fookg osG ckn og vius llqjky vFkkZr~ ifr osG ?kj tkrh gSA vr% llqjky tkus osG fy, mls
vius ?kj ls fonk ysuh iM+rh gSA fookg osG ckn llqjky gh mldk okLrfod ?kj ekuk tkrk gSA ;g fo/kku fgUnw ijaijk osG vuqlkj
gSA
(iii) 
ehuw dHkh Hkh lkekftd ca/ku dks rksM+uk ugha pkgrh Fkh] cfYd og fookg tSlh ijEijk esa fo'okl j[krh FkhA og vkRefuHkZj
cudj] uo;qofr;ksa esa uopsruk o tkxzfr Hkjuk pkgrh Fkh] u fd lkekftd 'kks"k.k dk f'kdkj gksuk pkgrh FkhA odhy cu tkus
ij og lkekftd :i ls vkRefuHkZj cu xbZ vkSj vius thou osG y{; dks izkIr dj fy;k FkkA
(iv) 
ehuw dks ckj&ckj yM+osG }kjk vLohÏr fd, tkus osG dkj.k mlosG vanj ghuHkkouk ?kj dj xbZ FkhA vc og lekt esa viuk ,d
vyx LFkku cukuk pkgrh FkhA og vkRefuHkZj cudj lekt esa lEeku dk thou O;rhr djuk pkgrh Fkh] u fd ckj&ckj :i vkSj
jax osG dkj.k vLohÏr gksukA og lekt esa viuh dkfcfy;r fn[kkuk pkgrh FkhA
Answer 6.
(i) 
,dkadh osG var esa csyk #a/ks daB ls nknk th ls ;g dgrh gS fd vki ifjokj :ih bl isM+ dh fdlh Mkyh dk VwV tkuk ilan ugha
djrsA ij D;k vki ;g pkgsaxs fd isM+ ls yxh&yxh dksbZ Mkyh lw[k dj eqj>k tk,\ izrhdkRed 'kCnksa esa csyk ?kj dh ijs'kkuh
O;Dr djrh gSA
(ii) 
csyk dk LoHkko ?keaMh gSA vius LoHkko osG dkj.k og vius ek;osG dks lcls mGij le>rh gSA mlosG fy, ckdh lHkh phtsa csdkj
gSaA og nwljksa dks ew[kZ x¡okj vkSj vlH; le>rh gSA csyk dh ;g ckrsa banq dks lcls vf/kd ijs'kku djrh gS D;ksafd blh osG dkj.k
?kj esa 'kkafr o ,drk Hkax gks jgh Fkh vkSj ifjokj VwVus dh dxkj ij vk igq¡pk FkkA
(iii) 
jk.kk lk¡xk ds HkkbZ i`Fohjkt dh nklh ls mRiUu ,d iq= Fkk] ftldk uke cuohj FkkA mls jktdqekj mn;flag dh j{kk dk Hkkj lkSaik
x;k FkkA cuohj ds eu esa fpÙkkSM+ ds flagklu ij vf/kdkj djus dh ykylk tkx mBhA mlus foØekfnR; ds 'kklu ls vlarq"V
ljnkjksa] lkearksa vkSj lSfudksa dks vius i{k esa dj fy;kA ,d jkr jktegy esa cuohj us u`R;&laxhr dk mRlo djk;k vkSj /kks[ks
ls foØekfnR; dh gR;k dj nhA og mn;flag dks Hkh ekjuk pkgrk Fkk] fdUrq iUuk /kk; dh LokfeHkfDr vkSj cqf¼eÙkk us mn;flag
dks cpk fy;kA
(iv) 
^nhinku* mRlo dk vk;sktu fpÙkkSM+ osG rRdkyhu lapkyd cuohj us djk;k FkkA mlus ;g vk;kstu fpÙkkSM+ osG flagklu osG
mÙkjkfèkdkjh mn;flag dh gR;k djus osG fy, fd;k FkkA cuohj dh ;kstuk Fkh fd tc lHkh mRlo ns[kus esa yhu gksaxs rks og jkf=
osG vaèkdkj esa tkdj mn;flag dh gR;k dj nsxk vkSj mlosG jktk cuus dk ekxZ iz'kLr gks tk,xkA
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