ICT REVIEWER

4th UNIT

Introduction to Database  RELATIONAL – The most popular type of

database model that is used to access
DATABASE – collection of organized data and store information. Organized as
stored on a computer storage medium, tables.
such as disk, that can be used for more DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM –
than one purpose. application that allows user to create,
HIERARCHY OF DATA modify, and retrieve data from a
database.
 BIT – the smallest form
 BYTE – represents a character which is  DBMS ENGINE – It accepts logical
the building block of information, typically requests from various other DBMS
contain 8 bits of data subsystems.
 FIELD – collection of characters. a  DATA DEFINITION SUBSYSTEM – It
specific piece of data in the record helps the user to create and maintain the
 RECORD – a collection of related fields data dictionary.
 FILE – a collection of related records  DATA MANIPULATION SUBSYSTEM – It
 DATABASE – the highest level in the data helps the user to add, change and delete
hierarchy. It is a collection of related files information.
 APPLICATION GENERATION
SUBSYSTEM – It facilitates to help users
ELEMENTS OF DATA develop applications.
 ENTITY – A data collected, stored, and  DATA ADMINISTRATION SUBSYSTEM
maintained. – It helps users to manage the overall
 ATTRIBUTE – The characteristics of an database environment by providing
entity. The specific values of an attribute facilities.
are found in the fields or the record that CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME
represents the entity. POPULAR DBMS
 KEY – A field or a group of fields that is
used to identify and group records.  MySQL – It is an open relational
Special type of key that is used to database management system. It is
uniquely identify the record. based on the SQL (STRUCTURED
QUERY LANGUAGE). It is used for
adding, removing, and modifying
TYPE OF DATABASE MODELS information in the database. It is
 FLAT-FILE – Single table. A table is commonly found on Web servers.
composed of a set of fields (Columns) and  ORACLE – It is an OBJECT-RELATIONAL
records (Rows). DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
 HIERARCHICAL – Organized into a tree- (ORDBMS) from the Oracle Corporation.
like structure. The structure allows Originally developed by Lawrence Ellison.
representing information using It is one of the most widely-used
parent/child relationships. relational databases engines.
 NETWORK – Generalized graph structure.  MICROSOFT ACCESS – It is developed
by Microsoft. It is an application used to
create and manage databases on used to perform calculations, to
desktop computers or in a network. combine data from different tables, or
even to add, change, or delete table
data.
RELATIONAL DATABASES
4. FORM – used to create a user
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM –create,
interface for a database application.
update, and manage a relational
database. (Relational Database consists
of tables made up of rows and columns). MS ACCESS 2010 INTERFACE
a type of DBMS that is based on the It contains a collection of tools and
relational model introduced by E. F. Codd. commands that will allow you to create
and modify tables. It also features tools
SCHEMA – structure of a database that
for adding, deleting, arranging, and
is supported by the DBMS. In a relational
editing tables.
database, the schema defines the tables,
the fields in each table, and the BACKSTAGE VIEW – appears by default,
relationships between fields and tables. collection of commands
RIBBON – A bar located across the top of
Built into all RDBMS are 2 languages that the interface which contains all the tools
are used to create, modify, and retrieve and command
data from database:
NAVIGATION PANE – pane located on
DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE (DDL) – the left side of the interface. It displays
used to define the database structure or the objects of an opened database.
schema
DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE MS ACCESS DATA TYPES
(DML) – used for managing data within DATA TYPE – Is a characteristic of a field
the database that determines what type of data it can
hold. The data type tells Access what
type of information you plan to store in
that field.
MS ACCESS 2010 ESSENTIALS TYPES OF FIELD DATA
- Also known as Access, it is a relational  TEXT – a combination of text and
database management system numbers, or numbers that are not used
developed by Microsoft. It is an in calculations.
application used to create and  MEMO – mostly used for long text and
manage databases on desktop numeric strings.
computers or in a network.  NUMBER – It stores numeric values
 DATE/TIME – It stores 8 bytes of data
1. TABLE – used to store data. A table and time values
consists of records and fields.  CURRENCY – It stores 8 bytes of data for
2. REPORT – used to display and currency values and numeric data
summarize the data.  AUTONUMBER – It automatically
3. QUERY – used to display filtered data generates number that increments or
based on specified criteria. A Query is random numbers up to 4 bytes.
a request for data, or for both. It is  YES/NO – It stores logical values Yes/No
 OLE OBJECT – It stores object that could 2. SELECT Title, Author FROM Books WHERE Year
be linked HYPERLINK – Stores text as BETWEEN '1990' AND '2000';
hyperlink address. Retrieves Title and Author for books published between 1990
o TEXT TO DISPLAY – appears in a and 2000.
field or control 3. SELECT Title FROM Books WHERE Title LIKE 'K%';
o ADDRESS – the path to a file or page
Finds books whose title starts with 'K'.
o SUB ADDRESS – a location within the
file or page
o SCREEN TIP – the text displayed as a Components of DBMS (Database Management System)
tooltip
1. Hardware → Physical devices like servers
ATTACHMENT – It stores any supported 2. Software → DBMS software (e.g., MySQL, MS Access)
file type LOOKUP WIZARD – not a data 3. Data → Information stored in databases
4. Procedures → Instructions for database management
type. can create value list and lookup
5. Users → People who interact with the database
fields.

Acronyms and Meanings

Introduction to Queries  DBMS → Database Management System
 SQL → Structured Query Language
QUERY – request for data results and it is  ORDMBS → Object-Relational Database Management
used to search, filter, or retrieve data System
from a table or to make calculations  DDL → Data Definition Language (Defines database
within a table in the database. structure)
 DML → Data Manipulation Language (Handles data
operations)
 MS → Microsoft
STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE – It  VB → Visual Basic
is a programming language that is used  DDS → Distributed Database System
to communicate and retrieve information  DMS → Document Management System
from the database. SQL basic database  DAS → Direct-Attached Storage
tasks such as retrieving, updating,
adding, and deleting data.
SELECT statement – retrieve information Essay Questions
from a table in a database. first SQL
command that every programmer learns. 1. How does the SELECT statement work and what are its
uses?
SQL (Structured Query Language) Commands
The SELECT statement is used in SQL to retrieve specific
SELECT → Retrieves data from a database. data from a database. It allows users to filter, sort, and
manipulate data using different conditions like WHERE,
WHERE → Filters records based on conditions. ORDER BY, IN, LIKE, and BETWEEN.
LIKE → Finds patterns in text fields. Example: SELECT * FROM Students WHERE Age > 18;
BETWEEN → Selects values within a specified range. retrieves all students older than 18.

IN → Checks if a value matches any from a given list. 2. Why is it important to maintain the integrity of data in a
database?
ORDER BY → Sorts results in ascending or descending order.
Data integrity ensures that information is accurate,
Example Queries consistent, and reliable.
1. SELECT * FROM Books; → Selects all data from the Books It helps prevent data corruption, ensures correct decision-
table. making, and protects sensitive information.
 Integrity is maintained using constraints (e.g., primary keys,
foreign keys) and validation rules.

Final Tips
Review SQL commands and their uses.
Understand DBMS components and their functions.
Memorize important acronyms related to databases.
Practice True/False and Identification questions.
Go through the essay topics and write sample answers.
ACCESSING DATABASE valid data source like MS SQL
server database, an Oracle
Database or from a MS Access
ADO.NET – It is the primary data access database.
services for the .NET Framework. It
provides the classes that allow user to
develop database applications with VB.
 .NET FRAMEWORK DATA
PROVIDERS – It contains classes that DATA SOURCE CONFIGURATION
allow access to the data stored in the WIZARD
database.  Guides you in creating and editing data
o CONNECTION – provides sources in your application. These data
connection to the database or sources can be made from databases,
accesses the database. services or objects. It can also be bound
o COMMAND – enables access to to controls in order to display data.
database commands to return  It is one of the methods in accessing a
data, modify data and send or database. It guides the programmers in
retrieve information. the process of configuring the connection
o DATAREADER – provides a high- between a VB program and a database. It
performance stream of data from also provides options that will help you
the data source. not only in connecting to a database, but
o DATAADAPTER – provides the also in retrieving data from the database.
connection between data source 1. CHOOSE THE DATA SOURCE TYPE
(any database such as MS Access 2. CHOOSE THE DATABASE MODEL
File) and the Dataset. It uses 3. CHOOSE THE DATA CONNECTION
command objects to execute SQL 4. SAVE THE CONNECTION STRING
commands at the data source to TO THE APPLICATION FILE.
both load the DataSet with data 5. CHOOSE THE DATABASE OBJECTS.
and join changes that were made  After closing the Data Source Source
to the data in the DataSet back to Configuration Wizard, the Data Source
the data source. window will display a table containing the
dataset. The next step is to add the fields
 DATA SETS – It contains classes that to the form.
stores the data retrieved from  The process of using the Data Source
database and manipulate the data Configuration Wizard is illustrated
inside the VB program. through the use of the Videos databse
o DataSet in ADO.NET allows you to (Videos.accdb). The Videos databse
work with the data in a dataset contains a table called
even if an application becomes VIDEOCOLLECTION.
disconnected from the database. o MOVIENUMBER
The DataSet maintains information o ACTRESSNAME
about the changes made to its o MOVIETITLE
data; updates can be tracked and o ACTORNAME
sent back to the database when an o DIRECTORNAME
application reconnected. The data o YEARRELEASED
in DataSet can be loaded from any o CATEGORY
 interface and provide the data to
the consumers.
DATAGRIDVIEW – control that provides
a flexible way in displaying data in a
tabular format. Fields and records are JOINT ENGINE TECHNOLOGY (JET) –
organized into columns and rows. Also referred to as MICROSOFT JET
or MICROSOFT JET DATABASE
 NAME – identifier that represents the
ENGINE. It is a database engine on
DataGridView control
which several Microsoft products are
 DATASOURCE – indicates the source
built.
of data to be displayed
 READONLY – indicates whether or not
the data contained in the cells of the DATABASE ENGINE – It is a
data grid is editable fundamental component of DBMS that
store and retrieves data to and from
BINDINGSOURCE – It a component the database.
that acts as both a path and a data
source for other controls to bind to. It
CONNECTION OBJECTS:
is used to simplify the process of
binding controls to basic data source. OPEN – a method that is used to open
It can also be used to add data the connection
directly so that the component itself CLOSE – a method for terminating the
functions as a data source. connection

THE CONNECTION OBJECT – It

serves as a path between VB program MANIPULATING DATABASE
and the database. It contains
information about the database name,
location, and database engine
TECHNIQUES IN MANIPULATING
information that determine the kinds
DATABASE: NAVIGATING, ADDING,
of access the program will need. It
UPDATING and DELETING RECORDS.
allows a data in and out of a DataSet.

CONNECTION STRING – It is used to NAVIGATING THE RECORDS

establish the connection to a  It involves the task in displaying the
particular databse. contents of the data set on a form. It can
be done by going to either, first, next,
OBJECT LINKING AND EMBEDDING previous or last record.
DATABASE (OLEDB) – It is used to  This section introduces the commands
connect your application to text files, that will allow you to add specific
database files, and other database file elements of the database navigation bar.
types. It is a set of interfaces  intIndex – a variable used to store the
implemented using COM (Component current value of the record pointer.
Object Model).  Rows.Count – property that indicates
 CONSUMERS – applications that the number of rows in the dataset.
need access to the data  Rows().Item("Item Here").ToString()
 PROVIDERS – application – represents to get the collection of rows
components that implement the that belong to a table and set the data
 stored in specified by name in String procedure used to update records in the
Value. data source.
 Fill Data – fill data in the text boxes. The UPDATE statement is an SQL
statement that is used to update records
ADDING A RECORD in a table.Its syntax is:
 Adding records to the table requires
OleDbCommand Class and the INSERT
INTO statement. OleDbCommand Class is
used to represent an SQL statement or
stored procedure to execute on a data
source.
 The OleDbCommand Class has the
following properties and methods:
o CONNECTION – gets or sets the
OleDbConnectiob used in the
DELETING A RECORD
OleDbCommand
 Deleting a record from the table requires
o COMMANDTEXT – gets or sets SQL
the use of DeleteCommand. The
statement or stored procedure to execute
DeleteCommand is a property that sets
at the data source
an SQL statement for deleting records
o EXECUTENONQUERY – executes an SQL
from the data set.
statement against the Connection and The DELETE statement is used to delete
returns the number of rows affected rows or records in a table. The syntax is:
o INSERTCOMMAND – sets an SQL
statement or stored procedure used in
insert new records into the data source

The INSERT INTO is an SQL statement

that is used to insert new records into a
table. Its syntax is:
intIndex – Variable storing current record
pointer.
FillData – Used to fill data in textboxes.
DataAdapter – Sends SQL statement for
executing data commands.
UPDATE STATEMENT – Updates records
in a table.
DELETE STATEMENT – Deletes records
from a table.
Data Sets – Contains classes that allow
access to database data.
UPDATING A RECORD
DataReader – Retrieves data from
 It involves changing the content of one or
database.
more fields on the record. The
Data Source Configuration Wizard –
UpdateCommand is a property that sets
Helps create data source connection.
the UPDATE SQL statement or stored
OleDbCommand Class – Executes
commands and procedures.
DATA PROVIDERS – Connects data
source to database.

A. Fields under Video Collection Table

1. VideoID
2. Title
3. Genre
4. Duration
5. ReleaseDate
B. Types of Field Data:
1. Text
2. Number
3. Currency
4. Date/Time
5. Yes/No

Q1: Difference between INSERT INTO and

UPDATE
INSERT INTO adds new records to a
table.
UPDATE modifies existing data in the
table based on a condition.
Q2: What is the function of ADO.NET?
ADO.NET is used to connect
applications to databases for
accessing, retrieving, inserting,
updating, and deleting data efficiently
and securely.