Political Science 101: Key Theories & Thinkers
Introduction
Political Science is the systematic study of government, political institutions, processes, and
behavior. This guide provides a concise overview of key theories and thinkers that have shaped the
discipline.
Classical Political Thought
• **Plato** – Advocated for philosopher-kings and the idea of justice in 'The Republic'. • **Aristotle**
– Father of Political Science; emphasized empirical observation and classification of governments. •
**Cicero** – Roman thinker; promoted natural law and civic duty.
Social Contract Theories
• **Thomas Hobbes** – 'Leviathan'; believed humans are naturally selfish and require strong
authority. • **John Locke** – Advocated natural rights (life, liberty, property); foundation for liberal
democracy. • **Jean-Jacques Rousseau** – 'The Social Contract'; emphasized general will and
popular sovereignty.
Modern Political Philosophy
• **Karl Marx** – Critiqued capitalism; proposed class struggle as the driver of political change. •
**John Stuart Mill** – Defended liberty and individual freedom; early advocate for gender equality. •
**Max Weber** – Developed theory of bureaucracy, legitimacy, and authority types (traditional,
charismatic, legal-rational).
20th Century Thinkers
• **Antonio Gramsci** – Concept of cultural hegemony; role of ideology in maintaining power. •
**Hannah Arendt** – Wrote on totalitarianism, authority, and the nature of power. • **John Rawls**
– 'A Theory of Justice'; fairness, equality, and the veil of ignorance.
Key Political Theories
• **Liberalism** – Emphasizes individual rights, freedom, and limited government. •
**Conservatism** – Values tradition, social order, and gradual change. • **Socialism** – Advocates
social ownership and reducing inequality. • **Feminism** – Focuses on gender equality and
dismantling patriarchal systems. • **Realism (International Relations)** – Focus on power politics
and national interest. • **Constructivism (International Relations)** – Emphasizes social norms,
identity, and ideas in shaping politics.
Conclusion
Political Science is enriched by diverse theories and thinkers, each offering unique perspectives on
power, governance, and society. This overview serves as a foundation for deeper exploration of the
discipline.
