Question 1

This question is based on the map below.

Spanish Explorations in North America, 1528–1542

Nancy A. Hewitt and Steven F. Lawson, Exploring American Histories, Bedford/St.

Martin's, p. 22. Reprinted by permission.

The process illustrated in the map above

● a. changed American Indian beliefs on the environment.

● Selected:b. triggered extensive demographic and social change.This answer
is correct.
● c. ended American Indian resistance.
● d. led to the development of a hunter–gatherer economy.

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Question 2

This question is based on the map below.

Spanish Explorations in North America, 1528–1542

Nancy A. Hewitt and Steven F. Lawson, Exploring American Histories, Bedford/St.

Martin's, p. 22. Reprinted by permission.

The most devastating impact of the Spanish conquest and exploration was

● a. the subjugation of American Indians.

● Selected:b. the spread of deadly epidemics.This answer is correct.
● c. American Indian resistance and conflict.
● d. the forced conversion of natives to Christianity.

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Question 3
 This question is based on the following passage.

“And it is further enacted by the authority aforesaid, that…no sugars, tobacco,

cotton-wool, indigo, ginger, fustic or other dying wood, of growth, production, or
manufacture of any English plantations in America, Asia, or Africa, shall be shipped,
carried conveyed or transported, from any of the said English plantations to any
land, island, territory, dominion, port or place whatsoever, other than to such other
English plantations as do belong to his Majesty…under the penalty of the forfeiture
of said goods, or the full value thereof, and also the ship, with all her guns, tackle,
apparel, ammunition and furniture.”

The Navigation Act of 1660

The policies stated in the above law can best be seen as an example of

● a. Enlightenment thinking.
● b. capitalism.
● c. communism.
● Selected:d. mercantilism.This answer is correct.

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Question 4

This question is based on the following passage.

“And it is further enacted by the authority aforesaid, that…no sugars, tobacco,

cotton-wool, indigo, ginger, fustic or other dying wood, of growth, production, or
manufacture of any English plantations in America, Asia, or Africa, shall be shipped,
carried conveyed or transported, from any of the said English plantations to any
land, island, territory, dominion, port or place whatsoever, other than to such other
English plantations as do belong to his Majesty…under the penalty of the forfeiture
of said goods, or the full value thereof, and also the ship, with all her guns, tackle,
apparel, ammunition and furniture.”

The Navigation Act of 1660

 After the Seven Years’ War, Britain shifted its position on imperial regulations to

● a. find ways to safeguard its borders and maintain neutral trading rights.
● Selected:b. alleviate its massive debt from the war.This answer is correct.
● c. end trading, commerce, and negotiations with American Indians.
● d. promote greater colonial migration to the West.

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Question 5

This question refers to the following excerpt.

“Loving and kind father and mother:

“…this is to let you understand that I your Child am in a most heavy case by reason
of the nature of this Country [which] is such that it causeth much sickness.…And
when we are sick there is nothing to comfort us; for since I came out of the ship, I
never ate anything but peas, and loblollie (that is water gruel)….There is indeed
some fowl, but we are not allowed to go, and get it, but must work hard both early
and late for a mess of water gruel, and a mouthful of bread, and beef.…[I]f you did
know as much as I, when people cry out day, and night—Oh that they… would not
care to lose any limb to be in England again….And I have nothing to comfort me…I
have nothing at all—no, not a shirt to my back but two rags, nor no clothes but one
poor suit….My cloak is stolen by one of my own fellows, and to his dying hour [he]
would not tell me what he did with it; but some of my fellows saw him buy butter
and beef from a ship, which my cloak, [no] doubt, paid for….And he [Mr. Jackson]
much marveled that you would send a servant to the Company; he saith that I had
been better knocked on the head. And indeed so I find it now, to my great grief and
misery; and saith if you love me you will redeem me suddenly, and for which I do
entreat and beg. And if you cannot get the merchants to redeem me for some little
money, then for God’s sake get a gathering or entreat some good folks to lay out
some little sum of money in meal and cheese and butter and beef.”

Letter from Richard Frethorne, indentured servant, to his parents in England, 1623

Susan Myra Kingsbury, ed., The Records of the Virginia Company of London, Volume
IV (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1935).
 The excerpt above is best understood in the context of which of the following?

● a. The emergence of autonomous political communities based on English

models
● Selected:b. The spreading of European conflicts to North AmericaThis answer
is incorrect.
● c. The shared labor market of the Atlantic economy in the 18th century
● d. A strong belief in British cultural superiority

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Question 6

This question refers to the following passage.

“It is proposed that humble application be made for an act of Parliament of Great
Britain, by virtue of which one general government may be formed in America,
including all the said colonies, within and under which government each colony may
retain its present constitution, except in the particulars wherein a change may be
directed by the said act as hereafter follows….That they make such laws as they
judge necessary for regulating all Indian trade….That they raise and pay soldiers,
and build forts for the defence of any of the Colonies, and equip vessels of force to
guard the coasts and protect the trade on the oceans, lakes, or great rivers; but shall
not impress men in any Colony, without the consent of the Legislature. That for
these purposes they have power to make laws and lay and leavy such general
duties, imposts, or taxes as to them shall appear most equal and just…and such as
may be collected with the least inconvenience to the people…”

Albany Plan of Union, 1754

Documents Illustrative of the Formation of the Union of the American States, ed.
Charles C. Tansill. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1927) House
Document No. 398.

The authors of the excerpt above were most likely motivated by

● Selected:a. the British government’s relative indifference to colonial

governance.This answer is correct.
● b. the political thought of the Enlightenment.
● c. resistance to imperial control.
● d. Britain’s desire to maintain a viable North American empire.

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Question 7

This question refers to the following quotation.

“These colonies ought to regard the act with abhorrence. For who are a free people?
Not those over whom government is reasonably and equitably exercised but those
who live under a government, so constitutionally checked and controlled, that
proper provision is made against its being otherwise exercised. The late act is
founded on the destruction of constitutional security.… In short, if they have a right
to levy a tax of one penny upon us, they have a right to levy a million upon us. For
where does that right stop?...To use the words of Mr. Locke, ‘What property have we
in that, which another may, by rights take, when he pleases, to himself?’…We are
therefore—I speak it with grief—I speak with indignation—we are slaves.”

John Dickinson, Letter from a Farmer, 1768

John Dickinson, Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania to the Inhabitants of the

British Colonies (New York: The Outlook Company, 1903), 75–78.

The passage above was written in response to

● a. debates over the issue of slavery.

● b. calls for a stronger central government.
● c. the perceived corruption of the British government.
● Selected:d. British efforts to tax the colonies.This answer is correct.

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Question 8

This question is based on the excerpt below.

“SECTION 1…If any persons shall unlawfully combine or conspire together, with
intent to oppose any measure or measures of the government of the United
States…, or to impede the operation of any law of the United States, or to intimidate
or prevent any person holding…office in or under the government of the United
States, from undertaking, performing or executing his trust or duty, and if any
person or persons, with intent as aforesaid, shall counsel, advise or attempt to
procure any insurrection, riot, unlawful assembly, or combination…, he or they shall
 be deemed guilty of a high misdemeanor, and on conviction...shall be punished by a
fine not exceeding five thousand dollars, and by imprisonment during a term not
less than six months nor exceeding five years…

SECTION 2…If any person shall write, print, utter or publish, or shall cause or procure
to be written, printed, uttered or published…, any false, scandalous and malicious
writing or writings against the government of the United States, or either house of
the Congress of the United States, or the President of the United States, with intent
to defame the said government…or to bring them...into contempt or disrepute; or to
excite against them...the hatred of the good people of the United States…, or to aid,
encourage or abet any hostile designs of any foreign nation against the United
States…, then such person, being thereof convicted…shall be punished by a fine not
exceeding two thousand dollars, and by imprisonment not exceeding two years.”

The Sedition Act, 1798

Excerpted text from congressional bill, July 14, 1798.

The legislation above was passed in response to which of the following challenges?

● Selected:a. The threat posed by foreign alliances and entanglementsThis

answer is correct.
● b. The limitations of the Articles of Confederation
● c. The potential for loyalist criticism and sabotage
● d. The constant fear of Indian attacks along the border

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Question 9

This question is based on the excerpt below.

“SECTION 1…If any persons shall unlawfully combine or conspire together, with
intent to oppose any measure or measures of the government of the United
States…, or to impede the operation of any law of the United States, or to intimidate
or prevent any person holding…office in or under the government of the United
States, from undertaking, performing or executing his trust or duty, and if any
person or persons, with intent as aforesaid, shall counsel, advise or attempt to
procure any insurrection, riot, unlawful assembly, or combination…, he or they shall
 be deemed guilty of a high misdemeanor, and on conviction...shall be punished by a
fine not exceeding five thousand dollars, and by imprisonment during a term not
less than six months nor exceeding five years…

SECTION 2…If any person shall write, print, utter or publish, or shall cause or procure
to be written, printed, uttered or published…, any false, scandalous and malicious
writing or writings against the government of the United States, or either house of
the Congress of the United States, or the President of the United States, with intent
to defame the said government…or to bring them...into contempt or disrepute; or to
excite against them...the hatred of the good people of the United States…, or to aid,
encourage or abet any hostile designs of any foreign nation against the United
States…, then such person, being thereof convicted…shall be punished by a fine not
exceeding two thousand dollars, and by imprisonment not exceeding two years.”

The Sedition Act, 1798

Excerpted text from congressional bill, July 14, 1798.

The concerns that sparked the legislation above were most similar to concerns
during which of the following wars?

● a. World War II
● b. The Spanish-American War
● Selected:c. World War IThis answer is correct.
● d. The Vietnam War

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Question 10

This question refers to the following image.

Courtesy, Winterthur Museum.
 The creator of the illustration above would most likely have supported which of the
following?

● Selected:a. The ideal of “republican motherhood”This answer is correct.

● b. The efforts of women to gain the right to vote
● c. The rise of Gilded Age women’s clubs
● d. The antebellum women’s movement

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Question 11

This question refers to the following quotation.

“The great rule of conduct for us in regard to foreign nations is, in extending our
commercial relations to have with them as little political connection as possible. So
far as we have already formed engagements let them be fulfilled with perfect good
faith. Here let us stop.…The Unity of Government which constitutes you one
people…is a main Pillar in the Edifice of your real independence…your tranquility at
home; your peace abroad.…I have already intimated to you the danger of parties in
the State, with particular reference to founding them on geographical
discriminations.…The Spirit of Party…is inseparable from our nature, having its root
in the strongest passions of the human mind. It exists under different shapes, in all
governments, more or less stifled, controlled or repressed; but in those of the
popular form, it is seen in its greatest rankness, and is truly their worst enemy. The
alternate dominion of one faction over another, sharpened by the spirit of revenge…
is itself a frightful despotism; but this leads at length to a more formal and
permanent despotism.”

George Washington, Farewell Address, 1796

From James D. Richardson, ed., A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the
Presidents (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1896–1899), 1:205–
216 passim.

The speech above best reflects which of the following continuities in United States
history?

● a. Debates over how to properly interpret the Constitution

● b. Debates over the relationship between the executive and legislative
branches
● Selected:c. Debates over the proper role of political partiesThis answer is
 correct.
● d. Debates over the relationship between federal and state governments

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Question 12

This question refers to the following quotation.

“If any one proposition could command the universal assent of mankind, we might
expect it would be this: that the government of the Union, though limited in its
powers, is supreme within its sphere of action. This would seem to result necessarily
from its nature. It is the government of all; its powers are delegated by all; it
represents all, and acts for all. Though any one State may be willing to control its
operations, no State is willing to allow others to control them. The nation, on those
subjects on which it can act, must necessarily bind its component parts.… Although,
among the enumerated powers of government, we do not find the word ‘bank’ or
‘incorporation,’ we find the great powers to lay and collect taxes; to borrow money;
to regulate commerce; to declare and conduct a war; and to raise and support
armies and navies…a government, intrusted with such ample powers…must also be
instructed with ample means for their execution.…We are unanimously of opinion,
that the law passed by the legislature of Maryland, imposing a tax on the Bank of
the United States, is unconstitutional and void.”

Chief Justice John Marshall, McCullough v. Maryland, 1819

Which of the following did NOT result from the Supreme Court ruling above or similar
rulings by the Supreme Court in the early 1800s?

● a. The recognition of federal power over state laws

● b. The Court determining the meaning of the Constitution
● c. The assertion of the primacy of the judiciary
● Selected:d. The promotion of regional interests over national concernsThis
answer is correct.

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Question 13

This question refers to the following quotation.

 “If any one proposition could command the universal assent of mankind, we might
expect it would be this: that the government of the Union, though limited in its
powers, is supreme within its sphere of action. This would seem to result necessarily
from its nature. It is the government of all; its powers are delegated by all; it
represents all, and acts for all. Though any one State may be willing to control its
operations, no State is willing to allow others to control them. The nation, on those
subjects on which it can act, must necessarily bind its component parts.… Although,
among the enumerated powers of government, we do not find the word ‘bank’ or
‘incorporation,’ we find the great powers to lay and collect taxes; to borrow money;
to regulate commerce; to declare and conduct a war; and to raise and support
armies and navies…a government, intrusted with such ample powers…must also be
instructed with ample means for their execution.…We are unanimously of opinion,
that the law passed by the legislature of Maryland, imposing a tax on the Bank of
the United States, is unconstitutional and void.”

Chief Justice John Marshall, McCullough v. Maryland, 1819

Which of the following groups would most likely have supported the arguments in
the excerpt above?

● a. Democratic-Republicans in the early 1800s

● b. States’ rights advocates in the 1850s
● c. Jacksonian Democrats in the 1830s and 1840s
● Selected:d. Federalists in the 1790sThis answer is correct.

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Question 14

This question is based on the 1856 political cartoon below.

 Sumner-Brooks Cartoon

American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA / The Bridgeman Art

Library

The sentiments such as those depicted in the cartoon above most directly
contributed to which of the following?

● a. The willingness of abolitionists to use violence to achieve their goals

● Selected:b. Breakdown in trust between sectional leadersThis answer is
correct.
● c. Repeated attempts at political compromise
● d. The secession of Southern states

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Question 15

This question refers to the following quotation.

 “In the spring of 1853 we grew tired of our diggings because we were entirely
dependent on the rains for water and determined to seek a better place to mine. So
James, Rezin Anderson, and I took our respective rolls of bedding on our backs and
our rifles on our shoulders and started for Rabbit Creek in Sierra country. We arrived
at Rabbit Creek when the snow was sixteen feet deep. All of the miners’ cabins had
steps cut in the snow down to the doors…The mines were all deep gravel channels
from 25 to 125 feet deep on mountain spurs and ridges, and were worked by
hydraulic pipes in which water was piped down into the cuts and thrown against the
banks which were composed of quartz, gravel and sand. These immense gravel beds
were once ancient river beds before the mountains and ridges upheaved, and all
contained enough fine gold to pay richly for washing them away by hydraulic
process. Through lines of sluice boxes the sand and gravel was dumped into the
surrounding canyons which drained into the North fork of the Yuba River. Here the
claims were 200 feet square. No man could have more than one claim. Every mining
district in California in those days had their own laws made by the miners and by
them enforced.”

Granville Stuart, A Memoir from California, 1852–1853

Granville Stuart, Forty Years on the Frontier, edited by Paul C. Phillips (Cleveland:
The Arthur H. Clark Company, 1925).

The ideas expressed in the excerpt above reflect which of the following continuities
in United States history?

● a. Battles between business interests and conservationists over unspoiled

wilderness
● Selected:b. The desire for resources causing environmental
transformationThis answer is correct.
● c. The competition for land in the West leading to increasingly violent
conflict
● d. Individuals challenging their prescribed “place” in society

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Question 16

This question refers to the following quotation.

“When we came in sight of the camp I saw the American flag waving and heard
Black Kettle tell the Indians to stand around the flag, and there they were huddled—
 men, women, and children. This was when we were within fifty yards of the Indians. I
also saw a white flag raised. These flags were in so conspicuous a position that they
must have been seen. When the troops fired the Indians ran, some of the men into
their lodges, probably to get their arms. They had time to get away if they had
wanted to…After the firing the warriors put the squaws and children together, and
surrounded them to protect them. I saw five squaws under a bank for shelter. When
the troops came up to them they ran out and showed their persons to let the
soldiers know they were squaws and begged for mercy, but the soldiers shot them
all.…There seemed to be indiscriminate slaughter of men, women, and children.…
The squaws offered no resistance. Everyone I saw dead was scalped.”

Testimony of Robert Bent, Colorado rancher, before a U.S. Senate Committee

investigating the Sand Creek Massacre of 1864, 1867

Testimony of Robert Bent before U.S. Senate Investigative Committee on the

Chivington Massacre, 1867, U.S. Senate, 39th Congress, 2nd session, “The
Chivington Massacre,” Reports of the Committees, Senate Report No. 156
(Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1867), p. 42

The excerpt above best serves as evidence of which of the following?

● Selected:a. The increasing conflict between the U.S. government and

American Indians as the country expanded territoriallyThis answer is correct.
● b. The new economic opportunities sought by Asian, African American, and
white peoples in the West
● c. The rise of a major, often violent nativist movement in the United States
● d. The efforts of the U.S. government to end American Indian tribal identities
through assimilation

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Question 17

This question is based on the following passage.

“We assert that fourteen of the states have deliberately refused for years past to
fulfill their constitutional obligations, and we refer to their own statutes for proof.…
Those states have assumed the right of deciding upon the propriety of our domestic
institutions; and have denied the rights of property established…and recognized by
the Constitution…they have permitted the open establishment among them of
societies, whose avowed object is to disturb the peace of and eloign [take away] the
 property of citizens of other States.…A sectional party has found within…the
Executive Department, the means of subverting the Constitution itself.…On the 4th
of March next this party will take possession of the Government.…The guarantees of
the Constitution will then no longer exist; the equal rights of the States will be lost.
The Slaveholding States will no longer have the power of self-government, or self-
protection, and the Federal Government will have become their enemy.”

South Carolina Declaration of the Causes of Secession, December 24, 1860

Frank Moore, ed., The Rebellion Record, Volume I (New York: G.P. Putnam, 1861).

The ideas expressed in the passage above most clearly show the influence of which
of the following?

● a. The principles of federalism and separation of powers

● Selected:b. The use of states’ rights for the defense of slaveryThis answer is
correct.
● c. Resistance to initiatives for democracy and inclusion
● d. Public debates about how to set national goals and priorities

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Question 18

This question refers to the following quotation.

“The van of the Caucasian race now atop the Rocky Mountains, and spread down
upon the shores of the Pacific. In a few years a great population will grow up there,
luminous with the accumulated lights of European and American civilization. Their
presence in such a position cannot be without its influence upon eastern Asia.…
Civilization, or extinction has been the fate of all people who found themselves in
the track of the advancing Whites, and civilization, always the preference of the
Whites, has been pressed as an object, while extinction has followed as a
consequence of its resistance. The Black and Red races have often felt their
ameliorating influence.”

Congressional Speech by Senator Thomas Hart Benton, 1846

Congressional Globe, May 28, 1846.

 The excerpt above is best understood in the context of the

● a. theory of Social Darwinism.

● b. U.S. interest in expanding trade westward to Asia.
● Selected:c. idea of Manifest Destiny.This answer is correct.
● d. policies of imperialism.

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Question 19

This question refers to the map below.

The Impact of Immigration

Nancy A. Hewitt and Steven F. Lawson, Exploring American Histories, Bedford/St.

Martin's, p. 564. Reprinted by permission.
 Between 1880 and 1900, the largest group of immigrants to the United States came
from

● a. Africa.
● b. Latin America.
● Selected:c. southern and eastern Europe.This answer is correct.
● d. northern and western Europe.

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Question 20

This question refers to the following image.

Sears Roebuck Consumer’s Guide

The Granger Collection, New York

 The image above most clearly epitomized the Gilded Age focus on

● a. labor reform.
● Selected:b. consumption.This answer is correct.
● c. utopianism.
● d. business consolidation.

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Question 21

This question is based on the quotation below.

“When I first saw Yosemite, and read the notices posted by the State
Commissioners, forbidding the cutting or marring the beauty in any way of the trees
and shrubs, etc., I said, ‘How fine it is that this grand valley has been made a park,
for the enjoyment of all the world! Here we shall have a section of the wonderful
flora of the mountains of California….’ But instead of enjoying special protection…it
has suffered special destruction, for lack of the extraordinary care that so much
trampling travel in it required. Therefore, now, instead of being most preciously
cared for as the finest of all the park-gardens, it looks like a frowzy, neglected
backwoods pasture. The best meadows are enclosed for hay-fields by unsightly
fences, and all the rest of the floor of the valley is given up to the destructive
pasturage of horses.”

John Muir, Speech to the Sierra Club, 1895

John Muir, "The National Parks and Forest Reservations," Proceedings of the Meeting
of the Sierra Club Held November 23, 1895. Published in Sierra Club Bulletin, Vol. 7,
1896.

The point of view expressed in the passage above is most consistent with the
sentiments of which of the following groups?

● a. Corporatists
● b. Modernists
● c. Nativists
● Selected:d. PreservationistsThis answer is correct.

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Question 22
 This question refers the following photograph.

Highland Park Ford Assembly Plant, c. 1908

Courtesy: CSU Archives / Everett Collection

How did Progressive reformers attempt to better the lives of workers such as those
in the photograph above?

● a. Progressives called for less government intervention in the economy.

● b. Progressives pushed for a transition from a rural, agricultural society to an
urban, industrial one.
● Selected:c. Progressives urged the creation of new organizations aimed at
addressing social problems associated with an industrial society.This answer
is correct.
● d. Progressives focused their reform efforts exclusively at the local level in
order to assist workers more directly.

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Question 23
This question refers to the following 1929 magazine advertisement.
 Lucky Strike Advertisement

Picture Research Consultants & Archives

The advertisement pictured above best demonstrates which of the following

changes in the early decades of the 20th century?

● a. The transition to an urban, industrial society

● Selected:b. The increasing focus on producing consumer goodsThis answer
is correct.
● c. Improved manufacturing techniques
● d. The development of new technologies

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Question 24

This question refers to the following 1932 photograph.

 Hooverville Photograph

Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library & Museum

In response to the conditions depicted in the photograph above, many American

families

● a. resented President Roosevelt’s unwillingness to use government power to

provide them with relief.
● b. advocated for overseas expansion.
● Selected:c. migrated within the United States.This answer is correct.
● d. disrupted society with racial strife.

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Question 25

This question refers to the following 1942 poster for Westinghouse.

World War II Factory Worker

National Archives
 Which aspect of America’s involvement in World War II is best illustrated by this
painting?

● a. Technological and scientific contributions

● Selected:b. The mass mobilization of American society to the war effortThis
answer is correct.
● c. The popular commitment to advancing democratic ideals
● d. Questions about American values

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Question 26

This question refers to the following quotation.

“All through the night I heard people getting up, dragging cots around. I stared at our
little window, unable to sleep. I was glad Mother had put up a makeshift curtain on
the window for I noticed a powerful beam of light sweeping across it every few
seconds. The lights came from high towers placed around the camp.…I remembered
the wire fence encircling us, and a knot of anger tightened in my breast. What was I
doing behind a fence like a criminal? Of one thing I was sure. The wire fence was
real. I no longer had the right to walk out of it. It was because I had Japanese
ancestors. It was also because some people had little faith in the ideas and ideals of
democracy….”

Monica Itoi Stone, Nisei Daughter, 1953

Monica Itoi Sone, Nisei Daughter (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1953), 176–178.

The experience described in the excerpt above was an example of

● a. opportunities for women.

● b. isolationism.
● c. segregation.
● Selected:d. internment.This answer is correct.

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Question 27

This question refers to the excerpt below.

 “We regard the decision of the Supreme Court in the school cases as clear abuse of
judicial power.…This unwarranted exercise of power by the court, contrary to the
Constitution is creating chaos and confusion in the states principally affected. It is
destroying the amicable relations between the white and Negro races that have
been created through ninety years of patient effort by the good people of both
races. It has planted hatred and suspicion where there has been heretofore
friendship and understanding. Without regard to the consent of the governed,
outside agitators are threatening immediate and revolutionary changes in our public
school systems. If done, this is certain to destroy the system of public education in
some of the states.”

The Southern Declaration on Integration, March 11, 1956

Which landmark development largely ended the possibility of support for the
author’s goals outlined in the quote above?

● a. The 15th Amendment

● Selected:b. The Civil Rights Act of 1964This answer is correct.
● c. Post-September 11, 2001, civil rights debates
● d. The New Deal

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Question 28

This question refers to the excerpt below.

“We regard the decision of the Supreme Court in the school cases as clear abuse of
judicial power.…This unwarranted exercise of power by the court, contrary to the
Constitution is creating chaos and confusion in the states principally affected. It is
destroying the amicable relations between the white and Negro races that have
been created through ninety years of patient effort by the good people of both
races. It has planted hatred and suspicion where there has been heretofore
friendship and understanding. Without regard to the consent of the governed,
outside agitators are threatening immediate and revolutionary changes in our public
school systems. If done, this is certain to destroy the system of public education in
some of the states.”
 The Southern Declaration on Integration, March 11, 1956

The argument in the passage above is most clearly a demand for the reinstatement
of which prior historical development?

● a. Restrictive immigration quotas

● b. Plessy v. Ferguson
● c. Prohibition
● Selected:d. The Harlem Renaissance movementThis answer is incorrect.

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Question 29

This question refers to the table below.

Gallup Polls of the Biggest Problems Facing America, 1950–1980

Gallup polls reported in the New York Times, August 1, 1999. Reprinted by
permission.
 Which of the following most contributed to the Gallup poll results in 1950 as shown
in the table above?

● a. The Vietnam War

● b. Concerns about the Middle East
● c. World War II
● Selected:d. The Korean WarThis answer is correct.

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Question 30

This question refers to the table below.

Gallup Polls of the Biggest Problems Facing America, 1950–1980

Gallup polls reported in the New York Times, August 1, 1999. Reprinted by
permission.

Which factor most likely led to the change in American sentiment about communism
between 1950 and 1954?

● a. The escalating military crisis in Latin America

● b. Multiple oil crises in the Middle East
 ● Selected:c. Investigations of suspected domestic Communist activityThis
answer is correct.
● d. Growing U.S. military involvement in Vietnam

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Question 31

This question refers to the image below.

 Levittown Advertisement, 1950s

Courtesy of The State Museum of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Historical and Museum

Commission

By 1980, how had the traditional family illustrated above changed?

● Selected:a. Many more women worked outside the home.This answer is

correct.
● b. Parents initiated a sexual revolution thereby liberalizing U.S culture.
● c. Middle-class prosperity had expanded as a result of real wage growth.
● d. Fundamentalist Christian political influence on society had almost
completely waned.

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Question 32

This question refers to the image below.

 Levittown Advertisement, 1950s

Courtesy of The State Museum of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Historical and Museum

Commission

The creation of the type of society depicted in the image above was possible
because of
 ● a. conservative victories on taxation.
● b. strict environmental regulations.
● Selected:c. the suburbanization of the middle class.This answer is correct.
● d. the dismantling of the New Deal.

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Question 33

This question refers to the excerpt below.

“We are people of this generation, bred in at least modest comfort, housed now in
universities, looking uncomfortably to the world we inherit….Our comfort was
penetrated by events too troubling to dismiss. First, the permeating and victimizing
fact of human degradation, symbolized by the Southern struggle against racial
bigotry.…Second, the enclosing fact of the Cold War symbolized by the presence of
the Bomb, brought awareness…of our common peril. [We] witness other
paradoxes….While two-thirds of mankind suffers undernourishment, our own upper
class revel amidst superfluous abundance….The search for truly democratic
alternatives to the present, and a commitment to social experimentation with them
is a worthy and fulfilling human enterprise….As students, for a democratic society,
we are committed to simulating this kind of social movement, this kind of vision and
program.”

The Port Huron Statement, Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), 1962

Students for a Democratic Society, Port Huron Statement, 1962. Reprinted by

permission of Senator Tom Hayden.

What future activity was LEAST consistent with the sentiments expressed in the
passage above?

● a. Passionate demonstrations against the Vietnam War

● b. Demands for social justice for minority groups
● Selected:c. The emergence of neoconservative ideals and policiesThis
answer is correct.
● d. Nonviolent protests for African American civil rights

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Question 34

This question refers to the following quotation.

 “For in your time we have the opportunity to move…upward to the Great Society.
The Great Society rests on abundance and liberty for all. It demands an end to
poverty and racial injustice, to which we are totally committed in our time.…So I
want to talk to you today about three places where we begin to build the Great
Society—in our cities, in our countryside, and in our classrooms….There are those
timid souls who say this battle cannot be won, that we are condemned to a soulless
wealth. I do not agree. We have the power to shape the civilization that we want. But
we need your will, your labor, your hearts, if we are to build that kind of society.”

President Lyndon Johnson, Commencement Address at the University of Michigan,

1964

Lyndon B. Johnson, Remarks of the President at the University of Michigan, Ann

Arbor, Michigan, May 22, 1964, in Statements of LBJ, Lyndon B. Johnson Library and
Museum.

Which of the following early 20th-century groups would most likely support the goals
stated in the passage above?

● a. Industrialists
● b. Nativists
● c. Social Darwinists
● Selected:d. ProgressivesThis answer is correct.

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Question 35

This question refers to the following quotation.

“For in your time we have the opportunity to move…upward to the Great Society.
The Great Society rests on abundance and liberty for all. It demands an end to
poverty and racial injustice, to which we are totally committed in our time.…So I
want to talk to you today about three places where we begin to build the Great
Society—in our cities, in our countryside, and in our classrooms….There are those
timid souls who say this battle cannot be won, that we are condemned to a soulless
wealth. I do not agree. We have the power to shape the civilization that we want. But
we need your will, your labor, your hearts, if we are to build that kind of society.”
 President Lyndon Johnson, Commencement Address at the University of Michigan,
1964

Lyndon B. Johnson, Remarks of the President at the University of Michigan, Ann

Arbor, Michigan, May 22, 1964, in Statements of LBJ, Lyndon B. Johnson Library and
Museum.

The initiatives outlined above are most similar to the legislative goals of which
president?

● a. Woodrow Wilson
● b. Ronald Reagan
● Selected:c. Franklin RooseveltThis answer is correct.
● d. Abraham Lincoln

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Question 36

This question refers to the following quotation.

“For in your time we have the opportunity to move…upward to the Great Society.
The Great Society rests on abundance and liberty for all. It demands an end to
poverty and racial injustice, to which we are totally committed in our time.…So I
want to talk to you today about three places where we begin to build the Great
Society—in our cities, in our countryside, and in our classrooms….There are those
timid souls who say this battle cannot be won, that we are condemned to a soulless
wealth. I do not agree. We have the power to shape the civilization that we want. But
we need your will, your labor, your hearts, if we are to build that kind of society.”

President Lyndon Johnson, Commencement Address at the University of Michigan,

1964

Lyndon B. Johnson, Remarks of the President at the University of Michigan, Ann

Arbor, Michigan, May 22, 1964, in Statements of LBJ, Lyndon B. Johnson Library and
Museum.
 The ideas expressed in the passage above most directly reflect which of the
following continuities in American history?

● a. Debates about the multiethnic and multiracial nature of American society

● b. Debates about the assimilation of immigrants into American society
● Selected:c. Debates about the size and scope of the federal government’s
powerThis answer is correct.
● d. Debates about the definition and extension of democratic ideals

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Question 37

This question refers to the following excerpt.

“Why are we in South Vietnam? We are there because we have a promise to keep…
to strengthen world order (and)…because there are great stakes in the
balance….Our objective is the independence of South Vietnam, and its freedom from
attack. We want nothing for ourselves—only that the people of South Vietnam be
allowed to guide their own country in their own way….We will not be defeated. We
will not grow tired. We will not withdraw, either openly or under the cloak of a
meaningless agreement….In Asia, as elsewhere, the forces of the modern world are
shaking old ways and uprooting ancient civilizations. There will be turbulence and
struggle and even violence. Great social change—as we see in our country now—
does not always come without conflict.”

President Lyndon Johnson, Remarks at John Hopkins University, 1965

From Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Lyndon Johnson, 1965
(Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966), 394–397.

The passage above was most clearly a response to

● a. concerns about the growth of a “military–industrial complex.”

● b. the lack of Republican and Democratic party support for the policy of
containment.
● c. debates over the methods and policies to root out communism within the
United States.
● Selected:d. growing public protests against the conflict in Vietnam.This
answer is correct.

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Question 38

This question refers to the following excerpt.

“Why are we in South Vietnam? We are there because we have a promise to keep…
to strengthen world order (and)…because there are great stakes in the
balance….Our objective is the independence of South Vietnam, and its freedom from
attack. We want nothing for ourselves—only that the people of South Vietnam be
allowed to guide their own country in their own way….We will not be defeated. We
will not grow tired. We will not withdraw, either openly or under the cloak of a
meaningless agreement….In Asia, as elsewhere, the forces of the modern world are
shaking old ways and uprooting ancient civilizations. There will be turbulence and
struggle and even violence. Great social change—as we see in our country now—
does not always come without conflict.”

President Lyndon Johnson, Remarks at John Hopkins University, 1965

From Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Lyndon Johnson, 1965
(Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966), 394–397.

In the excerpt above, President Johnson drew an analogy between the conflict in
Vietnam and the struggle of

● a. gays and lesbians for greater social and economic equality.

● Selected:b. African Americans for civil rights and racial justice.This answer is
correct.
● c. rebellious youth against cultural conformity.
● d. Americans to adapt to growing economic inequalities.

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Question 39

This question refers to the following excerpt.

“We are all in it together. This is a war. We take a few shots and it will be over. We
will give them a few shots and it will be over. Don’t worry. I wouldn’t want to be on
the other side right now.…I want the most comprehensive notes on all those who
tried to do us in. They didn’t have to do it. If we had had a very close election and
they were playing the other side I would understand this. No—they were doing this
 quite deliberately and they are asking for it and they are going to get it.…We have
not used the Bureau, and we have not used the Justice Department, but things are
going to change now.…And who the hell are they after? They are after us. It is
absolutely ridiculous. It is not going to be that way anymore.”

Transcript of President Nixon speaking to John Dean in the Oval Office, September
5,1972

U.S. Congress, House. National Archives.

The sentiments expressed in the excerpt above are most consistent with which of
the following political challenges?

● a. Political attacks by conservative movements against liberal principles

● b. Groups on the left claiming U.S. foreign policy was immoral
● Selected:c. Political scandals and clashes over the power of the
presidencyThis answer is correct.
● d. Growing public opposition to and protests against the Vietnam War

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Question 40

This question refers to the following excerpt.

“We are all in it together. This is a war. We take a few shots and it will be over. We
will give them a few shots and it will be over. Don’t worry. I wouldn’t want to be on
the other side right now.…I want the most comprehensive notes on all those who
tried to do us in. They didn’t have to do it. If we had had a very close election and
they were playing the other side I would understand this. No—they were doing this
quite deliberately and they are asking for it and they are going to get it.…We have
not used the Bureau, and we have not used the Justice Department, but things are
going to change now.…And who the hell are they after? They are after us. It is
absolutely ridiculous. It is not going to be that way anymore.”

Transcript of President Nixon speaking to John Dean in the Oval Office, September
5,1972

U.S. Congress, House. National Archives.

 Which of the following resulted from the eventual disclosure of the above
conversation?

● a. Clashes between conservatives and liberals over social issues and

movements for greater individual rights
● Selected:b. Reduced public confidence and trust in the federal
governmentThis answer is correct.
● c. A newly energized conservative movement
● d. Supreme Court decisions expanding the power of the federal government

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Question 41

This question refers to the following passage.

“The Declaration of Independence, signed in 1776, stated that ‘all Men are created
equal’ and that governments derive their powers ‘from the Consent of the
Governed.’ Women were not included in either concept. The original American
Constitution of 1787 was founded on English common law, which did not recognize
women as citizens or as individuals with legal rights.…It has been argued that the
ERA is not necessary because the Fourteenth Amendment…guarantees that no state
shall deny to ‘any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.’…
Aside from the fact that women have been subjected to varying, inconsistent, and
often unfavorable decisions under the Fourteenth Amendment, the Equal Rights
Amendment is a more immediate and effective remedy to sex discrimination in
Federal and State laws than case-by-case interpretation under the Fourteenth
Amendment could ever be.”

Caroline Bird, What Women Want, 1978

Caroline Bird, What Women Want (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1978), 120–121.

The excerpt above was most likely a response to

● Selected:a. conservatives and liberals clashing over the women’s rights

movement.This answer is correct.
● b. the divisive impact of the 14th Amendment on the women’s rights
movement.
 ● c. Supreme Court decisions expanding individual freedoms.
● d. groups on the left assailing the status quo in American society.

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Question 42

This question refers to the following passage.

“The Declaration of Independence, signed in 1776, stated that ‘all Men are created
equal’ and that governments derive their powers ‘from the Consent of the
Governed.’ Women were not included in either concept. The original American
Constitution of 1787 was founded on English common law, which did not recognize
women as citizens or as individuals with legal rights.…It has been argued that the
ERA is not necessary because the Fourteenth Amendment…guarantees that no state
shall deny to ‘any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.’…
Aside from the fact that women have been subjected to varying, inconsistent, and
often unfavorable decisions under the Fourteenth Amendment, the Equal Rights
Amendment is a more immediate and effective remedy to sex discrimination in
Federal and State laws than case-by-case interpretation under the Fourteenth
Amendment could ever be.”

Caroline Bird, What Women Want, 1978

Caroline Bird, What Women Want (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1978), 120–121.

Which of the following groups would most likely support the arguments in the
passage above?

● a. Revivalist preachers during the Second Great Awakening

● b. States’ rights advocates during the antebellum era
● Selected:c. Urban social reformers during the Gilded AgeThis answer is
correct.
● d. American political leaders opposed to the ratification of the Constitution

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Question 43

This question refers to the following excerpt.

 “The segregated South was defeated by a social protest movement from below—the
African American Civil Rights Movement—and by judicial and legislative intervention
from outside—the federal government….Southern African Americans, during the
years between 1955 and 1965, won the culture wars with southern whites. Civil
rights protesters were nonviolent; they were peaceful and studious; and they
affirmed American constitutional, democratic, and religious goals…The Civil Rights
Movement not only out-sang and out-prayed its opponents, it out-thought them.…
After 1965, white southerners increasingly won the culture wars in the nation at
large. They targeted the enemy not crudely and overtly as black, but as violent,
criminal, and immoral, and as leeches on the welfare state at the expense of
taxpaying, responsible citizens.”

Anthony J. Badger, “Different Perspectives on the Civil Rights Movement”

Reprinted by permission of Anthony J. Badger.

One result of the process described in the excerpt above was

● a. other rights groups abandoning the tactics and strategies pioneered by

civil rights movement.
● Selected:b. growing tension and disagreements within the civil rights
movement in the late 1960s and early 1970s.This answer is correct.
● c. the election of only Democratic presidents in the 1970s and 1980s.
● d. increased public support in the 1970s for more radical civil rights
remedies.

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Question 44

This question refers to the following excerpt.

“The segregated South was defeated by a social protest movement from below—the
African American Civil Rights Movement—and by judicial and legislative intervention
from outside—the federal government….Southern African Americans, during the
years between 1955 and 1965, won the culture wars with southern whites. Civil
rights protesters were nonviolent; they were peaceful and studious; and they
affirmed American constitutional, democratic, and religious goals…The Civil Rights
Movement not only out-sang and out-prayed its opponents, it out-thought them.…
After 1965, white southerners increasingly won the culture wars in the nation at
large. They targeted the enemy not crudely and overtly as black, but as violent,
 criminal, and immoral, and as leeches on the welfare state at the expense of
taxpaying, responsible citizens.”

Anthony J. Badger, “Different Perspectives on the Civil Rights Movement”

Reprinted by permission of Anthony J. Badger.

The post-1965 white Southern attitude described in the excerpt above was most
similar to

● a. Social Darwinists’ view of the poor during the late 1800s.

● b. Radical Republicans’ views of free blacks during Reconstruction.
● Selected:c. nativist views of European immigrants in the mid-1800s.This
answer is correct.
● d. imperialists’ views of indigenous peoples in Latin America and the Pacific
in the early 1900s.

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Question 45

This question refers to the following quotation.

“I want to speak to you first tonight about a subject even more serious than energy
or inflation. I want to talk to you right now about a fundamental threat to American
democracy. I do not mean our political and civil liberties. They will endure. And I do
not refer to the outward strength of America, a nation that is at peace tonight
everywhere in the world, with unmatched economic power and military might. The
threat is nearly invisible in ordinary ways. It is a crisis of confidence. It is a crisis that
strikes at the very heart and soul of our national will. We can see this crisis in the
growing doubt about the meaning of our own lives and in the loss of a unity of
purpose of our nation. The erosion of our confidence in the future is threatening to
destroy the social and political fabric of America.”

President Jimmy Carter, televised address to the nation, July 1979

President Jimmy Carter, "Energy and National Goals," Address to the Nation, July 15,
1979. Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States.
 The passage above was most likely a response to

● a. continued Cold War fears.

● Selected:b. declining public trust in the government.This answer is correct.
● c. ongoing debates about the protections of civil liberties.
● d. growing debates over national identity.

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Question 46

This question refers to the following 1981 political cartoon by George

Fisher.
 Arkansas Arts Center Library Collection of George Fisher Cartoons. ©The Arkansas
Democrat-Gazette.

The effects depicted in the political cartoon above can best be ascribed to

● a. the creation of a multilateral economic framework.

● b. a large U.S. military buildup.
● c. the domestic impact of the world economy.
● Selected:d. the effects of economic deregulation.This answer is incorrect.
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Question 47

This question refers to the map below.

The collapse of the Soviet Union and the Creation of Independent States, 1989–1991

Henretta et al., America’s History, Seventh Edition, Bedford/St. Martin's, p. 791.

Reprinted by permission.

The map above best supports which of the following contentions about the end of
the Cold War?

● a. It created new political and military challenges for the United States.
● b. It stoked widespread public support for enlarging the U.S. nuclear arsenal.
● c. It undermined the process of economic globalization.
● Selected:d. It prompted the United States to embark on a policy of
isolationism.This answer is incorrect.

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Question 48

This question refers to the following label.

Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), 1985

Dwayne Newton / PhotoEdit

The image above was most directly a response to

● a. the spread of computer technology.

● Selected:b. the deregulation of many industries.This answer is incorrect.
● c. conservatives defending traditional social values.
● d. the lack of public trust in government.

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Question 49

This question refers to the following quotation.

 “[T]he various strands of feminist activism [in the 1960s and 1970s] led to
improvements in many women’s economic and political equality and changed the
consciousness of millions who …challenged conventional notions about women’s
role in the home, family, and workplace. It might seem that feminism caused the
deep economic and social changes in American women’s lives, but it is more
accurate to say that it resulted from them. Feminism gave millions of women a
framework for interpreting their lives and served as a catalyst for mobilizing women
for social and political change. Above all…the modern feminist revival marked a
tremendous increase in women’s determination to take an active, conscious role in
the shaping of American society.”

Ellen Carol DuBois and Lynn Dumenil, Through Women’s Eyes: An American History
with Documents, Third Edition (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2012), 708.

Which of the following movements from the first half of the 19th century most
clearly foreshadowed modern feminism as described in the passage above?

● a. Efforts by mothers to instill republican values in their children

● b. The increased separation between home and the workplace
● Selected:c. The role of women in the abolitionist and temperance
movementsThis answer is correct.
● d. The larger number of women working for low wages in factories

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Question 50

This question refers to the following quotation.

“[T]he various strands of feminist activism [in the 1960s and 1970s] led to
improvements in many women’s economic and political equality and changed the
consciousness of millions who …challenged conventional notions about women’s
role in the home, family, and workplace. It might seem that feminism caused the
deep economic and social changes in American women’s lives, but it is more
accurate to say that it resulted from them. Feminism gave millions of women a
framework for interpreting their lives and served as a catalyst for mobilizing women
for social and political change. Above all…the modern feminist revival marked a
tremendous increase in women’s determination to take an active, conscious role in
the shaping of American society.”
 Ellen Carol DuBois and Lynn Dumenil, Through Women’s Eyes: An American History
with Documents, Third Edition (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2012), 708.

Which of the following best characterizes the impact of demographic and cultural
shifts on the status of women in the late 20th and early 21st century?

● a. Ongoing debates about gender roles and family structures

● b. The emergence of women’s clubs and self-help groups
● c. The participation of women in moral reform efforts
● Selected:d. The growing political influence of women resulting from
“republican motherhood”