SCI 10 SELF-CHECK If the public can understand the science well,

there may be a greater chance that they will

In model-dependent realism, elements of a believe its reliability. True
physical theory must relate to observable According to Hawking, civilizations tend to
phenomena. TRUE destroy themselves when they reach the same
In Sagan’s cosmic year analogy, how many stage humans are in now.
hours before the year ends do humans appear? Science should be taught in a dry manner so that
1.5 we will see its relevance in our daily lives. False
This refers to the inanimate objects in the There is a tendency for technological
universe. Physical world advancement to not be beneficial to us. True
In modern science, perception is the basis of According to Hawking, science can reach the
your reality. True masses through TV.
Scientists need to make an infinite number of Module 1
experimental verification/s in order to absolutely 1.​ Stephen Hawking
“prove” a scientific theory. a.​ A renowned physicist and
In order to progress, science uses the scientific cosmologist
method to examine phenomena. b.​ Made significant contributions
In the temporal scale of the universe, humans to our understanding of the
fall under the scale size of 10 raise to negative 5 physical world
cm to 10 raise to 4 cm. True 2.​ The Grand Design
In the spatial scale, galaxies and clusters are a.​ Explores the fundamental laws
associated within the special branch of science that govern the universe
called Astronomy. b.​ Offers an overview of the latest
Hubble observed and analyzed light waves from scientific theories and
distant galaxies which led him to conclude that discoveries, providing insights
the universe is expanding. into the mysteries of the
The Big Bang Theory is the idea that about 14 cosmos.
billion years ago, there was a sudden expansion 3.​ The Ptolemaic Universe
and cooling of space and the building blocks of a.​ Viewed the earth as a
matter. motionless sphere positioned at
The Cosmological Principle states that matter the center of the universe
and the expansion of space is homogenous and b.​ The earth was negligibly small
isotropic. compared to the distance of the
If we reverse the temporal progression of the heavens
observed expansion of the universe today, we c.​ Planets and stars moved around
are essentially led to the theory of the Big Bang. the earth
What was Hubble’s original rate of expansion of 4.​ Copernican Model
the universe in km/s/Mpc? 500. a.​ The Sun was the center of the
The slope of the relation between the relative universe and the planets
velocities of galaxies and their distances from revolved around it.
our solar system is referred to as the Hubble b.​ Held to “contradict” the Bible
constant. c.​ During this time, the bible was
written by people who believed
that the earth was flat.
NATURE OF REALITY molecules to supramolecules;and from each to
Classical Science its spheres.
-​ All things that are visible to the naked
eye are part of the physical world. Carl Sagan’s Cosmic Calendar
Modern Science ●​ The cosmic calendar provides us with
-​ Uses models or representations to define the time interval in which the
things that are part of the physical components of the physical world are
world. created.
Model-dependent Realism ●​ Geological stratification and radioactive
-​ It is pointless to ask whether a model is dating are used to determine the past. It
real, only whether it agrees with an provides paleontological,
observation. archaeological, and geological events.
-​ Corresponds to the way we perceive ●​ Astrophysical Theory provides data on
things. the ages of planetary surfaces, stars, and
-​ Solves or at least avoids the meaning of the Milky Way Galaxy and also the
existence. estimate of time that has elapsed since
Quarks Model the extraordinary event called the
-​ Explains the protons and neutrons inside Big-Bang-an explosion that involved
the nucleus all of the matter and energy in the
-​ Cannot be observed visually because of present universe.
increasing binding force upon separation We study the physical world through temporal
-​ Always exist in groups of three (protons scale and spatial scale.
and neutrons) or in pairs (quark and
anti-quark) The Scientific model
-​ Agrees with our observations of how 1.​ Gather facts
sub-nuclear particles behave. 2.​ Observe to identify laws
Good Model 3.​ Formulate Hypothesis
-​ Elegant 4.​ Test hypothesis against facts
-​ Contains a few arbitrary or adjustable 5.​ Predict new facts and further tests
elements 6.​ Formulate theory
-​ Agrees with and explains all existing 7.​ Elaborate and apply theory
observations
-​ Makes detailed predictions about future THEORY, LAW and EXPERIMENTAL
observations that can disprove or falsify SCIENCE
the model if they are not borne out. Theory- comprehensive explanation of an
M-THEORY - The network of important feature of nature supported by facts
theories(Theory 1,2 & 3) gathered over time.
●​ Explanations of natural phenomena
Physical World- It refers to the inanimate ●​ Cannot change very easily
objects in the universe from the submicroscopic ●​ Not guesses e.g. Atomic Theory
to cosmological. Its components range from Law- rules of how nature will behave under
elementary particles to light and heavy elements, certain conditions, usually written as equations.
stars, galaxies, and planetary systems; from
 -​ Describes the patterns observed in large CEPHIED PERIOD-LUMINOSITY
data but do not explain why these RELATIONSHIP
patterns exist. E.g Ideal Gas Law ●​ A Cepheid's pulses' timing or period
Why do we need to study the Physical world? correlates with its inherent brightness.
1.​ Correct the misuse of technological ●​ Longer pulse rate = More luminous star
advancements ●​ Farther objects look dimmer
2.​ Communicate science in a way that
everyone can understand HUBBLE’S LAW AND EXPANDING
3.​ Inspire interest in further exploring and UNIVERSE
investigating the physical world ●​ Presented the idea that the universe is
MODULE 2 - COMPOSITION, ORIGIN expanding
AND EVOLUTION OF THE PHYSICAL ●​ Hubble showed that galaxies are
WORLD receding away from us with a velocity
that is proportional to their distance
BIG BANG THEORY from us: more distant galaxies recede
●​ The prevailing scientific explanation for faster than nearby galaxies
the origin of the universe. ●​ This is based on the observation that
●​ It proposes that the universe began as a light from distant galaxies is shifted
singularity, an extremely hot and dense toward the red end of the spectrum-RED
point, approximately 13.8 billion years SHIFT
ago. ●​ The idea of expanding universe has been
●​ This singularity then rapidly expanded confirmed using Cosmic Microwave
and continues to expand, creating space Background radiation which is a
and time as we know it. left-over radiation from the Big Bang

COSMIC EXPANSION RED SHIFT

●​ The universe is constantly expanding, ●​ The process of stretching wavelengths
with galaxies moving away from each of light as the universe expands
other. This expansion is supported by ●​ Longer wavelengths appear red
observations such as the redshift of light ●​ Shorter wavelengths appear blue.
from distant galaxies. ●​ Distant galaxies have all their visible
light shifted into infrared.
EDWIN HUBBLE (1889-1953) COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND
●​ Proved that existence of other galaxies ●​ One of the strongest pieces of evidence
outside the Milky Way for the Big Bang is the existence of the
●​ Took photos of Cepheid variable stars cosmic microwave background
and compared the degrees of luminosity radiation. This faint glow is the
●​ Able to estimate the distance of the afterglow of the initial hot and dense
Andromeda galaxy from the Milky Way state of the universe and was discovered
●​ Galaxies were made up of hundreds of in the 1960’s/
billions of stars ●​ From the premise that anything in the
●​ Studied the movement of other galaxies universe stays in the universe, scientists
by observing the wavelength light. argue that a change in volume of the
universe is directly correlated with its
 hotness or coldness. Meaning that they -​ It is a combination of quantum
can relate its temperature in the past mechanics and special relativity.
with its current temperature. -​ It consists of 3 major families of
particles: Quarks. Leptons, Bosons
ARNO PENZIAS (1993)-ROBERT WILSON -​ Higgs field- responsible for giving
(1936) particle its mass
●​ Won a Nobel Prize in Physics in 1978 -​ It does not explain the existence of
for their discovery of the cosmic gravity (not a complete theory of the
microwave background. universe).

HOLMDEL HORN ANTENNA Fermions; QUARKS (makes up protons,

●​ Located at Bell Telephone Laboratories, neutrons)
New Jersey Bosons: force carriers mediates
●​ Built in 1959 for pioneering work in electromagnetism
communication satellites for the NASA Fermios: LEPTONS (ex. Electrons, neutrons)
ECHO 1
●​ Used to discover cosmic microwave Elementary vs. Composite
background -​ Both parties are determined by its
interactions with other particles which
How was the CMB discovered are very complex
●​ Initially intended for detecting gas -​ Elementary particles cannot be divided
emissions in the Milky Way into sub-structure and are considered to
●​ The antenna is pointed to an empty be building blocks. Examples: electrons,
patch of sky neutrino, muon, tau (Lepton family);
●​ They observed a huge amount of noise up,down,charm (quarks family);photons
which they thought was a problem in the (bosons family)
system which later on was discovered to -​ Quacks and Leptons belongs to a
be the Cosmic Microwave background category fermion which is the building
blocks of matter
Nucleosynthesis- The reaction that resulted in -​ Bosons particles that mediate the
the formation of first elements, H and HE which fundamental forces of nature
are the building blocks of stars and galaxies. It is Composite particles- made of smaller particles.
the formation of atomic nuclei. It mainly occurs They are formed when the elementary particles
when lighter elements combine (fusion) and are held together by strong,weak and
heavier elements break apart (fission). electromagnetic forces. Ex: protons, neutrons,
atoms.
Age of the universe= 13.8 billion years old
Cosmic evolution- Radiation era, matter era Democritus and the atomic model
-​ He proposed that all matter is composed
The Standard Model- a fundamental theory in of indivisible and indestructible particles
particle physics that describes the fundamental known as atoms
particles and their interactions in the universe. -​ Atoms are the building blocks of matter
-​ It describes the behavior of particles and -​ No explanation of how atoms interact
their interactions. -​ Based his theory on observations only