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Rawal Medical Journal

Current Issue : 2020, Vol: 45, Issue: 2 AUTHOR LO
ISSN : 0303-5212
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ISSUES : 4 per year

PUBLISHER : Pakistan Medical Association Rawalpindi Islamabad Branch

Rawal Medical Journal is an internationally peer reviewed journal and an official publication of Pakistan Medical Abstract
Association (PMA) Rawalpindi-Islamabad Branch. It is funded by PMA and HEC Pakistan and 1000 printed copies are
distributed to members of PMA and all major hospitals and teaching institutions of Pakistan. It is published every three
months in March, June, September and December.
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1. COVID Pandemic: Lessons for Pakistan

Ejaz Khan
RMJ. 2020; 45(2): 250-252
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Original Research

2. Systemic lupus erythematosus clinical spectrum at King Abdul Aziz Specialists Hospital, Taif, Saudi Arabia
Ajmal Farid, Hammad Tufail Chaudhary, Imran Nazir, Irshad Ahmad Sirwal, Anjum Zahin
RMJ. 2020; 45(2): 253-256
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3. Hypertensive patients are prone to have large infarcts when present with acute coronary syndrome
Zahid Mahmood, Noeman Ahmed, Anjum Iqbal, Abdul Rashid, Naveed Arshad
RMJ. 2020; 45(2): 257-260
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4. Effect of Inspiratory and Expiratory Muscle Training to reduce Hypertension among Stage I and II
Hypertensive Patients
Tahir Ramzan, Muhammad Iqbal Tariq, Maria Razzaq, Madeeha Shafiq, Zara Khalid, Imran Amjad, Sumaiyah Obaid
RMJ. 2020; 45(2): 261-264
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5. Diabetic dyslipidemia and association of glycemic status with lipid profile, body mass index and abdominal
obesity
Kuldeep Poorani, Nisar Ahmed Khokhar, Pardeep Kumar, Pushpa Goswami
RMJ. 2020; 45(2): 265-268
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6. Correlation between self reported adherence to haemodialysis and serum phosphate levels in patients with
end stage renal disease
Abdul Rehman Arshad, Salahuddin, Abdul Wahab Mir, Taleah Tahir
RMJ. 2020; 45(2): 269-272
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7. Assessment of various types of poisoning cases seen in District Hospital, Badin, Sindh, Pakistan
Fayaz Hussain Khoso, Fouzia Panhwar, Mudassar Iqbal Arain, Abdullah Dayo, Muhammad Ali Ghoto
RMJ. 2020; 45(2): 272-277
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8. Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of dentists regarding modes of transmission of Hepatitis B virus in our
society
Hira Shafique, Sana Zafar, Danish Javed
RMJ. 2020; 45(2): 278-281
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Dr Omar Qureshi Assistant Professor of Medicine Pakistan Kidney and Liver Transplant Institute, Lahore

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National Editorial Board

Prof. Musaddiq Khan Prof. Shawkat Matabdin

Professor of Surgery Professor of Anesthesiology

Rawalpindi Medical College Shifa International Hospital

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Muhammad Medical College Shifa International Hospital

MIrpur AJK Islamabad

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Professor of Gastroenterology Professor of Anatomy

Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences Rawalpindi Medical College

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Rawalpind Rawalpindi

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Professor of Pathology Professor of Medicine

University of Vienna University of London

Austria London

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Mount Sain School of Medicine Flinders University

New York, NY South Australia, Australia

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International Agency for Professor of Cardiovascular Surgery

Research on Cancer Xuan Wu Hospital Capital University

Lyon, France of Medical Sciences

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Gynecology and Obstetrics
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1. Care of transgenders
Mazhar Malik
RMJ. 2020; 45(1): 1-2
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2. Emotional intelligence and self-concept as predictors of goal-adjustment among Pakistani transgenders

Indexed in WHO Ind
Uzma Ilyas, Rida Hussain Bukhari, Arooj Fatima
RMJ. 2020; 45(1): 3-6 IMEMR, Emrom
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3. Coping mechanisms curtailed to stress by the By-birth hermaphrodites
Razia Anjum, Tazvin Ijaz, Muhammad Usman Ghani
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4. Adequacy of dialysis in patients of chronic kidney disease
Haidar Zaman, Bilal Saeed, Muhammad Wasim Sajjad, Armaghan Ali, Munir Ahmad Abbasi, Muhammad Asim Medical and Dent
RMJ. 2020; 45(1): 13-16
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5. Antibiotic susceptibility pattern in an intensive care unit of a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan
Mir Tahir Hussain Talpur, Kashif Ullah Shabir, Khalil Ullah Shabir, Muhammad Tauqeer Katbar, Uzair Yaqoob, Shahida Kashif
RMJ. 2020; 45(1): 17-21
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6. Urinary tract pathogens and their patterns of resistance to commonly used antibiotics
Salman Farooq Dar, Malik Muhammad Atif, Muhammad Hamza Arshad, Muhammad Fahr Hayat, Talha Farooq Dar
RMJ. 2020; 45(1): 22-26
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7. Association between diabetic neuropathy, fall risks and balance in diabetes type 2 patients
Mayda Asif, Sana Batool
RMJ. 2020; 45(1): 27-30
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8. Changes in blood glucose 2 hours after meals in Type 2 diabetes patients based on length of treatment at
Hasanuddin University Hospital, Indonesia
Anna Islamiyati, Fatmawati Fatmawati, Nur Chamidah
RMJ. 2020; 45(1): 31-34
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9. Different cutaneous infections in diabetic patients presenting in an out patient department of a tertiary care
hospital
Sadaf Ahmed Asim, Mehnaz Nuruddin Gitay, Sahar Soomro
RMJ. 2020; 45(1): 35-38
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10. Frequency of hypomagnesemia in adult patients with diabetic ketoacidosis

Sadia Salman, Usman Iqbal Rana, Nauman Zafar , Fariha Salman,
RMJ. 2020; 45(1): 39-41
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11. Serum Testosterone levels in Obese and Diabetes mellitus Type-II in Males individuals
Farheen dahri Shaikh, Muhammad Rafiq, Muhammad Aqeel Bhutto, Syed Habib Naqvi
RMJ. 2020; 45(1): 42-45
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12. Relationship of glycemic status with anthropometric measures and body mass index
Syed Muhammad Hasan, Muhammad Bilal Azmi, Akhtar Ali Baloch, Fauzia Imtiaz
RMJ. 2020; 45(1): 46-50
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13. Frequency of Celiac Disease in anemic patients presenting at Federal Government Poly Clinic Hospital,
Islamabad, Pakistan
Safina Hameed Qureshi, Sania Hameed Qureshi, Farid Ullah Shah, Syed Fahd Shah, Aisha Hameed Qureshi

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Original Article

Changes in blood glucose 2 hours after meals in Type 2 diabetes

patients based on length of treatment at Hasanuddin University
Hospital, Indonesia
Anna Islamiyati, Fatmawati, Nur Chamidah
Departments of Mathematics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Hasanuddin University and
Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Airlangga University, Indonesia

Objectives: To analyze the changing pattern that based on length of treatment in which the pattern
occurs in glucose two hours after eating from indicates that the glucose tends to decrease at the
patients with type 2 diabetes. The changing beginning of treatment until the second week of
pattern of glucose is shown based on the length of treatment. The glucose increases for the third to
treatment that varies from 3 to 29 days. the fourth week, so that it needs attention from
Methodology: Data were obtained from medical doctors and patients.
records of Type 2 diabetes patients while Conclusion: The pattern of glucose change two
undergoing treatment at the Hasanuddin hours after meals based on treatment duration for a
University Hospital, Indonesia during 2015-2016. month of treatment tends to change in every week.
The total number of samples was 418 out of 50 This shows the need for analysis of the pattern of
patients. The glucose of type 2 diabetes patients is glucose change at each time interval of a particular
a longitudinal data which modeled through the treatment. (Rawal Med J 202;45:31-34).
penalized quadratic spline regression. Keyword: Glucose, length of treatment, Type 2
Results: There were four patterns of glucose diabetes, Quadratic penalized spline.

INTRODUCTION square,7 logistics,8 hazard rates,9 and meta analysis.10

One of the glucose measurements recommended by However, these studies have not yet looked in detail
the doctors is the measurement of glucose two hours about patterns of glucose change in a given interval.
after eating. This aims to control the precision of We propose a method of a highly flexible
nutrients and drugs consumed by the patient. A nonparametric regression through a longitudinal
glucose monitoring program in diabetics has shown study of the penalized spline.11 Penalized spline can
1
that glucose increases after having meals. Two be applied in linear, quadratic, cubic, or in other
hours glucose after meals is one of the glucose orders.12 In this study, we proposed a quadratic
measurements that need a special analysis, because penalized spline regression. The excellence of the
it is related to the nutrients that have been consumed penalized spline is capable to generate smooth
by patients at the time. However, fluctuating and regression curves with more accurate patterns of
non-trend data is difficult to analyze with parametric change at certain intervals. 1 3 In addition,
approaches. On the other hand, the condition of the longitudinal studies will consider the effect of
increasing and decreasing data is a phenomenon that repeated measurements of each patient. The aim of
cannot be accepted. However, it should be able to be this study was to analyze the changing pattern that
explored to provide useful information. occurs in glucose two hours after eating from
Each glucose pattern provides information relating patients with type 2 diabetes.
to both the medical treatment and the patient itself.
The recent research on diabetes has examined many METHODOLOGY
factors related to glucose for diabetics. These This is a longitudinal study which analyzed blood
include body weight, 2 knowledge, 3 unhealthy glucose data two hours after meals from type 2
4 5
lifestyles, and genetic factors. For data analysis, diabetes patients coming to Hasanuddin University
researchers have used regression models,6 chi- Hospital, Indonesia. It was obtained from the

31 Rawal Medical Journal: Vol. 45. No. 1, Jan.-Mar. 2020

 Changes in blood glucose 2 hours after meals in Type 2 diabetes patients based on length of treatment

medical records in 2015-2016. We selected 50 The number of patients who stayed in the hospital at
hospitalized patients who had glucose measured the most 7 days was about 56% with average
every day. So, the total data which were analyzed is glucose 2 hours after meals 269.8 mg/dL. For 8-14
around 418. We examined blood glucose two hours days of treatment there are about 32% with average
after meals as the response variable and length of glucose 2 hours after meals 193.2 mg/dL (Table 2).
treatment as the predictor variable. We did not Furthermore, blood glucose data were analyzed by
involve nutrition in data modeling. nonparametric regression. The first step in the
Statistical Analysis: The analysis model used is a analysis process was the initial data plot. It aimed to
quadratic penalized spline regression, which is: look at the trend of data distribution in the X and Y
axes (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1 Plot of glucose two hours after meals data based on

The shape of the estimation criteria of the quadratic length of treatment.
penalized spline is as follows:

Where is the response vector, is the coefficient

regression, X is the X matrix containing the
predictor, is the vector of the smoothing parameter,
and D is the diagonal matrix (0.1). The optimal
model selection method is based on the minimum
Generalized Cross Validation (GCV) value.14

RESULTS
The age of the patients ranged from 40-85 years with
the patient's weight rangeed from 38-85 kg. For the
duration of treatment, there were 3-29 days. Glucose
2 hours after meals ranged from 41-580 mg/dL
(Table 1).

Table 1. Characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes.

In Figure 1, the interpretation of the pattern of
glucose reduction was difficult because of data
points that do not form a parametric curve. This
pattern looks much more extreme. The data did not
establish a pattern spread parametric as we know it
in the classic statistical approach.
Penalized spline regression model is the optimal
Table 2. The levels of blood glucose two hours after meals quadratic regression model of a smoothing
based on length of treatment. parameter which provides a minimum GCV value.
The minimum value of GCV was 8536.756 at
l=0.67. We obtain a regression model of the
penalized spline quadratic on glucose 2 hours after a
meal that corresponded to the knot point and the
optimal smoothing parameter is:

32 Rawal Medical Journal: Vol. 45. No. 1, Jan.-Mar. 2020

 Changes in blood glucose 2 hours after meals in Type 2 diabetes patients based on length of treatment

Fig. 2 Regression curve of the quadratic penalized spline showed that the effect of diabetes treatment
on glucose two hours after meals. decreased the level of blood glucose in the first and
second weeks of treatment.
Other patients continued treatment in the third
week. Their average glucose 2 hours after meal was
189.4 mg/dL and it was getting lower than in the
previous week. Glucose 2 hours after meals from
type 2 diabetic patients was getting normal. The
condition of normal glucose of the patient may
affect the patient's lifestyle to disobey the rules of
care.
Other possibilities, the patient will be bored with the
treatment of diabetes. Next, the average glucose in
the fourth week was 200.6 mg/dL. This is quite
worrying. This is the biggest challenge of diabetes,
which is called the awareness of the patient's own
The pattern of changing glucose 2 hours after meals 16
self to live a healthy lifestyle. The team of diabetes
consisted of 4 patterns of change. The first pattern doctors should monitor and evaluate the usual
occured on the 1st day until the 8th day. The decrease course of treatment after 2 weeks of hospitalization.
in glucose continuously occured until the second
pattern after day 8 to day 15. The third pattern CONCLUSION
th nd
occured after the 15 day until the 22 day, in which Based on the pattern of glucose changes from the
glucose appeared to increase slowly until the fourth quadratic penalized regression, it showed that there
week. The fourth pattern after the 22nd day is glucose was a pattern of increased blood sugar 2 hours after
keep going down until the patient is discharged from th
eating that occurred on the 15 to 22 day of
nd

the hospital (Fig. 2). treatment. Therefore, we must examine more

closely the patient's condition, medical treatment
DISCUSSION and the environment together at that time interval.
This study is a longitudinal which considered the
effect of repetitive time on response. Each patient Author Contributions:
Conception and design: Anna Islamiyati, Fatmawati
received inpatient glucose measurements. The Collection and assembly of data: Anna Islamiyati
patient's age was in the range of 40-85 years. The Analysis and interpretation of the data: Anna Islamiyati, Nur
Chamidah
weight was 38-85 kg with an average weight of Drafting of the article: Anna Islamiyati
about 59.2 kg. This is the age group and body weight Critical revision of the article for important intellectual content:
15 Fatmawati, Nur Chamidah
susceptible to type 2 diabetes. Statistical expertise: Anna Islamiyati
Blood glucose data analysis through a model of Final approval and guarantor of the article: Anna Islamiyati
Corresponding author email: Anna Islamiyati:
quadratic spline penalized identified the changing annaislamiyati@unhas.ac.id
patterns of glucose based on the treatment time. It Conflict of Interest: None declared
Rec. Date: Aug 8, 2018 Revision Rec. Date: Nov 22, 2019 Accept
was able to identify four patterns of glucose changes Date: Dec 6, 2019
(Fig. 2). This shows the blood glucose in the first
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