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Table of content
THE UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN’S FUND (UNICEF).....................................................................................3
1. SAFEGUARDING THE RIGHTS OF CHILDREN IN ARMED CONFLICT AREAS.....................................4
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE TOPIC...........................................................................................................................................................4
1.2 KEY TERMINOLOGY...............................................................................................................................................................................5
1.3 HISTORY AND PRIOR ACTION.............................................................................................................................................................5
1.3.1 Further policy and action......................................................................................................................6
1.4 CHALLENGES..........................................................................................................................................................................................7
1.4.1 Children in Gaza.....................................................................................................................................8
1.4.2 Children in Ukraine................................................................................................................................9
2. BLOCK POSITIONS.......................................................................................................................................9
3. QUESTIONS TO ANSWER IN THE RESOLUTION...................................................................................12
4. BIBLIOGRAPHY AND USEFUL ARTICLES...............................................................................................13
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1. The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)
The United Nations International Emergency Fund, known nowadays under the
acronym of the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), was established in
1946 after the passing of Resolution 57(I) by the United Nations General
Assembly. The institution at first was set as the result of the refugee crisis
that had emerged in the aftermath of World War II, especially committed to
mitigating the after-effects of global challenges on those most vulnerable,
children. Henceforward, UNICEF was committed to safeguarding the rights of
children and their well-being, without discrimination, aiming at the provision
of resources that would enable children around the world to survive and
prosper even in environments of risk, such as conflicts.
Despite the fact that UNICEF’s decisions are not legally binding, they are highly
well respected at an international level, especially considering that the
committee’s programs are funded through voluntary contributions coming
both from the public and the private sector, including governments,
intergovernmental organizations, foundations, and individuals. These
investments allow the agency to improve the design of its programs, as well
as increase its visibility and scale of action both in humanitarian and
development contexts.
In the current contemporary setting, the world faces a multiplicity of challenges,
such as climate change, rising poverty, global pandemics, natural disasters,
and conflicts which triggered a shift in the traditional model of operation of
UNICEF.Nowadays, the agency operates in more than 190 countries under the
United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), ensuring the
prioritization of investment in children, especially protecting those most
disadvantaged or in territories that are undergoing pressing disparities.
On this account, UNICEF currently focuses on the following lines of work:
● Emergency situations and climate change: enforce the protection of
children during emergencies and humanitarian environments,
especially since they are more vulnerable to diseases, malnutrition,
and abuse.
● Education and early child development: provide quality education to all
children around the world to ensure equal future opportunities and
skills development.
● Gender equality: address gender disparities and abusive practices to
empower girls in their political, socioeconomic, and cultural
development.
● Health and sanitation: strengthening the construction of quality health
care systems and access to life-saving care, as well as, hygienic
practices and products.
● Social policy: guarantee the implementation of social programs that
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provide sufficient resources to ensure equitable change in children’s
lives.
● Nutrition: warrants equal access to adequate nutrients for children to
survive and prosper, especially in emergency situations.
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● Child protection: ensuring children’s physical and psychosocial needs
are met, especially under human rights violations such as child
marriage, forced labor, or trafficking and during armed conflicts or
other humanitarian emergencies.
2. Safeguarding the rights of children in armed conflict areas
2.1Introduction to the topic
“It is unforgivable that children are assaulted, violated, murdered, and yet our conscience is not
revolted nor our sense of dignity challenged. This represents a fundamental crisis of our
civilization.” 一 Graça Machel (1996)
Armed conflicts around the world have devastating effects on children, who are
among the most vulnerable populations in said conflicted areas. These strifes
expose children to unimaginable hardships and grave violations of their rights,
accounting for enslavement, trafficking, abuse, and exploitation. In addition,
many children end up in this situation without any domestic or international
protection which limits their access to education, healthcare, and adequate
nutrition.Recognizing the especially egregious nature of these abuses and their
severe impact on a child’s well-being, the UN Security Council identified, under
Resolution 1612, the Six Grave Violations (2005) against children during armed
conflicts. These violations are as follows:
1. Killing or maiming: the deliberate or indiscriminate killing and injury of
children during armed conflicts.
2. Recruitment or use of child soldiers: forcing or coercing children to
participate in hostilities or support roles within armed groups.
3. Rape and other forms of sexual violence: subjecting children to sexual abuse
and exploitation in conflict zones.
4. Abduction: forcibly taking children from their families for exploitation,
recruitment, or other purposes.
5. Attacks against schools or hospitals: targeting educational and healthcare
facilities, depriving children of essential services.
6. Denial of humanitarian access: blocking or restricting aid to children in
need, exacerbating their vulnerability.
Nowadays, the number of active conflicts around the globe is in constant increase,
surpassing 30 areas worldwide, mainly located in Africa, Asia, the Middle East,
and Latin America. These plights are reported to have caused more than 347,000
severe violations against children between 2005 and 2023. The chaos and
insecurity caused by these conflicts has increased vulnerability not only for
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entire communities but especially for children, which according to the latest
report of Save the Children, account for more than 468 million, who are
living the
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hardships of areas affected by conflict. These children are most likely torn to live
in extreme poverty, suffering from the destruction of access to food, shelter, and
healthcare systems, and in some situations, exposed to high degrees of violence
and abuse.
2.2Key terminology
● Child: every human being below the age of eighteen years, with the
exception of permitent law that provides another age for adulthood.
Every child is protected under the Convention on the Rights of the Child
(1989) which underwrites who are children, their rights, and how
governments are bound to protect them without any discrimination.
● Child soldier: any person under the age of 18 who is recruited or used
by an armed force or armed group in any capacity, including but not
limited to combatants, cooks, porters, spies, or for sexual purposes.
● Child exploitation: the misuse of any person under the age of 18,
internationally recognized as a child, with the aim of obtaining
economic profit, sexual gratification, labor, or for personal motives. In
most cases, child exploitation involves abusive and violent practices
that physically and mentally harm the child’s development.
● Conflict area (high-risk area): zone defined to have the presence of an
international or non-international armed conflict, extended violence,
systematic violations of international law, and other risks that may
harm the population within said area. In most cases, these areas are
identified as having political instability, institutional weakness, the high
possibility of the collapse of the civil infrastructure, and widespread
violence and abuse.
2.3History and prior action
The plight of children in armed conflicts gained international attention during the
late 20th century as conflicts increasingly targeted civilian populations.
Landmark developments in international law and advocacy underscored the
importance of safeguarding children during armed conflicts.
In the aftermath of World War II and the catastrophic consequences of this global
plight on civilians, under the absence of a convention that would enable their
protection, the international community crafted the Geneva Convention of 1949
(GC). This document underscored the pillars that guaranteed the protection of
civilians, including children, in the event of international and non-international
armed conflicts, ensuring the enforcement of the principles of life, and
prohibition to coercion, punishment, and torture. Even though GC built the
foundations for the protection of civilians in conflict situations, it was not until
1977 that this principle was extended to special protection for children in the
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Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions. Protocol I addressed international
conflicts, while Protocol II focused on non-international conflicts. Both protocols
emphasized that children are entitled to special respect and protection from
recruitment and participation in hostilities.
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The 1989 United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) and its preceding
protocol, the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Child (2005), marked a
milestone in international human rights law. This international treaty was the
most universally accepted mechanism for the protection of childhood ever
drafted, with the exception of two countries that to this date haven’t ratified it.
As a comprehensive treaty, recognizing the civil, political, economic, social,
health, and cultural rights of children, it explicitly addressed the issue of children
in armed conflicts through Article 38. Thus, the object of this part of the treaty is
to ensure that State Parties follow the international humanitarian law that
pertains to children in armed conflicts, guarantee that children under the age of
15 do not participate in the hostilities, and limit those between the ages of 15
and 18, as well as undertake measures to provide adequate protection and care
of children in conflict areas.
The 1996 Graça Mache Report, commissioned by the United Nations, brought global
attention to the devastating effects of armed conflict on children. The report
documented the physical, psychological, and social consequences children faced
in war zones and emphasized the urgent need for international action to protect
children, as well as the importance of rehabilitation and reintegration programs.
The Statue of the International Criminal Court (ICC) additionally served to complement
previous international legal frameworks that provide safeguarding measures for
children in conflict zones. Adopted in 1998, the Statue issues the protection of
children's rights, including as war crimes those who have recruited children
under the age of 15 or have used children, as assets of conflict.
2.3.1 Further policy and action
● European Union’s Guidelines on Children and Conflict (2003) focused on the
promotion and protection of children's rights in conflict zones, under the
notion that the international community ought to protect the future of our
generations. Through this policy framework, which was updated in 2024, the
EU ensures the development of programs and instruments to cooperate in
prioritizing the protection, well-being, and empowerment of children.
● The African Platform on Children Affected by Armed Conflicts (AP CAAC) mission was
undertaken by the African Union in 2023 to encompass different international
and national initiatives in one common platform. The aim of this project is to
provide context-specific measures and practices to enable the rehabilitation
and reintegration of children living in conflict areas.
● The Special Representative for Children and Armed Conflict (1996) was approved by
the General Assembly after theGaça Mache Report. This figure was created
with the hopes of strengthening the protection of children’s rights in conflict
areas, as well as raising awareness, enhancing the collection of information
through different continental partnerships, and fostering international and
political engagement to tackle the dangerous situation of children in conflict
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areas.
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2.4Challenges
As aforementioned, while UNICEF and other actors working in these areas continue
to advocate and provide for children under situations of conflict, modern wars
rampantly increase in size, duration, and level of violence. In addition, limitations
to access the affected territories and their population, lack of infrastructural
capacity of local agents, and resource limitations represent significant obstacles
to effectively addressing the needs of children and safeguarding their rights in
these environments.
Adequate measures to respond to violations against children are increasingly
challenged due to asymmetrical information and gaps in data indicators,
difficulty in coordinating resource allocation from multiple sources, and, the lack
of accountability and weak legal frameworks which ensure violation and abusive
practices on children during conflict evade punishment.
These immense constraints not only represent major obstacles to achieving lasting
peace and protecting children worldwide but also have grave long-term
consequences that ought to be tackled by the international community.
Main indirect and long-term effects of conflict for children:
● Malnutrition and illness: the prospect of conceiving an illness is largely
aggravated by age and malnutrition. Thus, in areas subjected to pressing
violence, factors like the destruction of both safe water and food
resources, as well as the deprivation of medical assistance used as a war
asset, trigger an increase in children’s vulnerability who face
malnourishment and due to the lack of effective medical professionals and
resources, are more likely to develop fatal illnesses.
● (Generational) Psychosocial impact: the emotional and psychological
trauma that flourishes under conflict and violent circumstances alarmingly
creates a dysfunctional cycle of brain development that in the long term,
can impact the generational stability of those children who have suffered
psychological distress. In most cases, those children who have
experienced conflict may evolve into having mental, emotional, and
behavioral health issues during adulthood.
● Deprivation of education: conflicts construct barriers in children's
experiences, especially in skill acquisition and education. Education is one
of the pillars of children’s development, especially in diminishing
generational poverty. Nevertheless, education is also a pressing weapon
of conflict, with the destruction of educational centers and the forced
displacements of both children and qualified educators. Children are
deprived of a stable educational curriculum contributing to an increase in
illiteracy rates and leading to long-term consequences, especially a
limitation of safe and fulfilling professional opportunities.
● Loss of homes and communities: strifes trigger entire communities,
families, and children to flee their homes either because of direct attack or
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persecution, because their livelihoods have been destroyed, or because of
lack of access to water, food, or medical resources. According to UNICEF,
47.2 million children had been displaced due to conflict at the end of 2023.
This increasing data showcases that children refugees will be facing added
vulnerability under the conditions of a displaced person,
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being sent to refugee camps or settlements for displaced people,
characterized for containing large numbers of the population, lacking
resources as well as security. Henceforward, those children who have
been displaced have a larger possibility of facing sexual and physical
violence, disease and malnutrition, severe poverty and exploitation, as
well as psychosocial distress due to factors like separation from family
members.
● Aggravation of poverty situations and erosion of children’s economies:
conflicts may contribute to the degradation of the economic infrastructure
of a country affecting the main providers of livelihood, children’s parents
or primary caregivers. As a result of the destruction of agricultural lands,
the closure of businesses, and the erosion of international trading
networks, entire families fall into poverty prompting children to be sent to
work in degrading and dangerous environments to guarantee the
sustainment of families. This situation can be aggravated as governments
fail to commit to building infrastructure, healthcare, and education
systems, enabling the effects of conflicts to be prolonged.
● Gender-based violence: used as a weapon of welfare, affecting thousands of
girls. Most of the time they are used as indentured laborers, sexual slaves,
and bound to forced marriages, rape, and abusive malpractices, all
representing a grave violation of human rights. Despite the anonymous
approval of resolution 1820 by the UN Security Council in 2008 which
acknowledges sexual violence as a weapon of war and demands the
persecution and sanction of those participants of the aforementioned
crimes, the United Nations estimates that gender violence in conflict areas
is on the rise. On this note, in 2019, for every rape that was reported in
conflict areas, between 10 and 20 were not.
Nowadays, the world has 30 active conflicts, two of the most pressing, in
terms of tactics, violations of international law, and higher lethal risk for
civilian population, especially children, are the Gaza-Israel conflict and the
Russia-Ukraine War. Both Gaza and Ukraine, while rooted in distinct
geopolitical contexts, share a tragic commonality: the disproportionate
suffering inflicted on children. These young lives are marked by violence,
displacement, and deprivation, highlighting the universal vulnerabilities of
children in war zones.
2.4.1 Children in Gaza
In Gaza, children exist in a state of unrelenting instability. Ongoing bombardments
devastate homes, schools, and hospitals, stripping away the pillars of childhood 一
stability, education, and healthcare. Blockages severely restrict humanitarian access,
leading to malnutrition, lack of medical supplies, and limited opportunities for
psychosocial support. Psychological trauma runs deep, as children witness violence
and endure the constant fear of attacks.
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With nearly half of Gaza’s population under 18, the impact on children is
profound. They grow up in an environment devoid of safety and opportunities,
where the necessities of life are overshadowed by survival.
As of December 2024, the situation in Gaza has reached catastrophic levels.
Children are enduring hardships due to the ongoing violence, malnutrition, and lack
of essential resources, including clean water, food, and basic health supplies. Over
14,500 children have been reportedly killed since the beginning of the conflict, with
thousands more injured. More than 96% of women and children in Gaza cannot meet
their basic nutritional needs which added to the pressing water scarcity is
rampantly increasing the disease outbreaks. The situation has worsened as the
entry of aid has dramatically decreased 一 only 65 truckloads of assistance were
reported to be allowed to enter Gaza in November, compared to 500 before the
war.
2.4.2 Children in Ukraine
Since the 24th of February 2022, Ukraine has been summed into complete chaos
and violence due to an international conflict with Russia. After more than two
years of ongoing strife, which continues to escalate, systematic violence and
destruction take a toll on the entire population, especially children. Thus far, the
conflict has caused the death of over 600 children and almost 2,000 injured.
Inside the country, millions of children are facing the hostilities of conflict,
violence constant threat of being under attack, and enduring shortages of
essential resources like potable water, electricity, heating, shelter, and medical
assistance. Infrastructure damage, rampant civilian casualties, and resource
shortages have prompted the internal displacement of 2.3 million children and
1.8 million who have crossed bordering countries.
This war continues to have colossal consequences for children, increasing their
exposure to violence, including gender-based violence, and disease contraction,
and limiting their access to vital resources such as water, health, and education.
This situation further underscores the role of the international community,
including agencies like UNICEF which have allocated 633$ million to provide
humanitarian support as well as help in the rehabilitation of civilian
infrastructure, services and social provision, nutrition and health assistance, and
education for children’s safeguarding.
3. Block positions
North Africa
North African countries prioritize access to education in conflict zones, health
care for marginalized children, and combating child labor, driven by unique
challenges such as socio- political instability and economic imbalances. These
circumstances make it necessary to prioritize safeguarding the rights of children
who are at risk. To address these issues, North
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African nations are strengthening legal frameworks against child labor,
enhancing educational infrastructure in rural areas, and promoting health
initiatives aimed at tackling malnutrition.
Western Europe
Most Western European countries have made child protection and welfare,
access to and quality of education, and health services for children some of their
top agendas, reflecting their concern for social welfare and their established
frameworks for the protection of the rights of the child. They try to keep all these
areas at a higher level by promoting inclusive policies in education, investing in
mental health services for children, and advancing child rights through
international forums.
Germany, for example, focuses on the integration of refugees into the system of
education, while Sweden focuses on mental health initiatives that target the
young. This holistic approach has made fair provision for access to basic services
necessary for all children in the region.
Central America
The high rate of violence and poverty in Central American countries threatens
children's rights. Central American countries' governments prioritize the
protection of children from violence and exploitation, quality education, and
health care, including vaccination programs to address this challenge.
Guaranteeing the realization of children's rights is necessary for access to
essential services. Thus, to counter this challenge, the Central American nations
develop community-based programs to prevent violence against children.
Of these partnerships with NGOs, some of the most important focus is on
developing better educational resources, while others operate a series of
national vaccination campaigns targeting childhood diseases.
Southeast Asia
In addition, among countries in Southeast Asia, protection against violence and
exploitation, quality education, and healthcare, including vaccination services,
are priorities for their children while facing complex socio-economic challenges.
The region faces severe issues of child trafficking, and abuse, as well as lack of
provision of essential services. This calls for a high focus on child rights
protection. As a response, Southeast Asian nations have formed community-
based child protection mechanisms, and enhanced education by closely working
with NGOs, as well as vaccination programs with the aim of eradicating diseases
among children.
South Africa
The South African government has, therefore, pinpointed children's rights as an
area of priority within the context of early childhood development, quality
education, and access to health care services in light of social welfare. Indeed,
South Africa is still battling the overwhelming socio-economic disparities
resulting from apartheid; thus, special attention needs to be paid to protecting
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vulnerable children and supporting them accordingly.
Being implemented in South Africa is the indulgence of the National Child Care
and Protection Policy, which focuses on ensuring comprehensive care and
protection services to all children;
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strengthening the legal frameworks against child abuse and neglect, educational
opportunities, and increasing access to health care.
Eastern Europe
Most of the Eastern European countries have emphasized paying more attention
to child welfare systems to improve the conditions of care, increase access to
education, and combat violence and exploitation of children. Despite these
different efforts, the region still faces significant challenges driven by historical
socio-political transitions that have struck a blow at the efficiency of child
protection policies. In some countries, like Hungary and Romania, ongoing
reforms in the child welfare system are deinstitutionalizing care and promoting
community-based, family-centered services.
These countries are working toward strengthening both legal frameworks against
child abuse and neglect while promoting community services that support the
family and prevent separation.
South America
They have placed the issue of child rights protection in first place among all
other countries of the South American continent, followed by a guarantee of
equal access to quality education and medical treatment services, as well as
protection against any manifestation of violence or exploitation. This region has
been experiencing further challenges due to the evidence of high levels of
poverty, discrimination against vulnerable segments of society, and rampant
violence—all of which also have had a negative bearing on children's lives. The
South American nations have put in place various all-around legislations to better
the life of every child and at least ensure that children's rights are observed. For
example, Argentina incorporated the rights of children into its law system back in
1994. Its results can be seen by reduced mortality rates of the children and
increased access to quality health care. The various nations in South America
seek to make the environment within the continent safe and equitable for all
children.
North America
The North American countries have a policy framework that is targeted at
ensuring the protection of the rights of children, with particular emphasis on
access to quality education, health care services, and protection from violence
and exploitation. While there is a general framework that guides the protection
of children's rights, there are still serious gaps in many countries, especially in
the United States, which is the only UN member state that has not ratified the
Convention on the Rights of the Child. The failure to ratify the convention results
in various protections in various states, many of which fall below minimum
international standards regarding child marriage, corporal punishment, and
juvenile justice. Recent reforms in this regard in some states, including banning
child marriage and/or increasing the minimum age when a child falls under its
jurisdiction, show the progress that is being made; notwithstanding, other
challenges remain rampant, such as high levels of child poverty and insufficiency
in health care access.
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4. Questions to answer in the resolution
Taking into account the position the country they must represent, delegates
should come up with a resolution that will tackle most of these questions:
1. How can the UN (and its agencies) strengthen its monitoring
mechanisms to prevent violations of children’s rights in conflict
zones? Which other nongovernmental or governmental agencies
could UNICEF cooperate with to fulfill its mandate?
2. In what way and through which mechanism the international
community should act considering the foreseeable challenges posed
by war on children?
3. What role do peacekeeping forces and NGOs play in safeguarding
children during conflicts?
4. What innovative solutions can be implemented to protect schools
and hospitals, as well as other civilian infrastructures of vital need,
in conflict zones? Could we introduce ground-breaking technology,
such as AI in these proposals?
5. How can nation states and other international agencies, such as
UNICEF, collaborate to rehabilitate and reintroduce former child
soldiers into society? And those victims of sexual violence?
6. What regulatory guidelines or international frameworks should be
discussed in order to ensure uninterrupted and sufficient
humanitarian access while maintaining the right to sovereignty, in
conflict zones?
7. How can we ensure that the resource allocation of humanitarian aid
is done equally, and transparently thus, does not collapse with the
preexisting aid services of the conflict area?
8. Which steps should be considered to warrant that interterritorial
displacement camps are equipped with adequate professionals,
equipment, and support to give humanitarian and psychosocial
assistance to children being displaced due to conflict?
9. What instruments could be implemented to provide post-conflict
rehabilitation to those children, victims of conflict, to prevent long-
term psychosocial scarring?
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5. Bibliography and useful articles
General Secretariat of the Council. (2024). Council Conclusions on the update
of the EU Guidelines on Children and Armed Conflict.
https://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-11296-2024-
INIT/en/pdf%20
General, D. (1999). S/RES/1612 (2005) Security Council Resolution 1612 (2005)
Adopted by the Security Council at its 5235th meeting, on 26 July 2005. 1314,
1539.
https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n05/439/59/pdf/n0543959.
pdf
ICRC. (2014, July 28). Children. International Committee of the
Red Cross.
https://www.icrc.org/en/law-and-policy/protected-persons-
children
ICRC. (2003). ADVISORY SERVICE Legal Protection of Children in Armed
Conflict.
https://www.icrc.org/sites/default/files/document/file_list/children-
legal- protection-factsheet.pdf
Kadir, A., Shenoda, S., & Goldhagen, J. (2019). Effects of armed conflict on
child health and development: A systematic review. PLOS ONE,
14(1), e0210071. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210071
UNICEF. (n.d.). UNICEF’s change agenda for protecting children in armed conflict.
Www.unicef.org. https://www.unicef.org/children-under-attack/change-
agenda
UNICEF. (1989). Convention on the Rights of the Child. UNICEF.
https://www.unicef.org/media/52626/file
UNICEF. (2022). What We Do. UNICEF; UNICEF.
https://www.unicef.org/what-we- do
United Nations. (2017). Conflict-related sexual violence. United Nations
Peacekeeping. https://peacekeeping.un.org/en/conflict-
related-sexual- violence
United Nations. (2020). UNICEF | United Nations. Un.org; United
Nations. https://www.un.org/en/ccoi/unicef-united-nations-
childrens-fund
United Nations. (2023). As Children Increasingly Suffer from Armed Conflicts,
Forced Recruitment, Online Exploitation, Third Committee Stresses Urgent
Need to Ramp Up Protection | UN Press. Press.un.org.
https://press.un.org/en/2023/gashc4378.doc.htm
Vandenhole, W. (2024, November). Children and armed conflict: legal framework.
War Childhood Museum. https://warchildhood.org/children-and-
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armed- conflict-legal-framework/
Wolfe, D. (2022, April 6). How armed conflict impacts the world’s children.
World Vision.ca; Organization.
https://www.worldvision.ca/stories/child- protection/how-armed-
conflict-impacts-children
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Investing in foundational learning drives development. (n.d.). South
Africa. https://southafrica.un.org/en/258665-investing-
foundational-learning-drives- development
Insights: Child Rights in Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia -
Promoting equitable access to justice for all children - World. (2014,
March 14).
ReliefWeb. https://reliefweb.int/report/world/insights-child-rights-
central-and- eastern-europe-and-central-asia-promoting-equitable
Advancing children’s rights in the EU neighbourhood. (n.d.). Unicef.
Retrieved December 31, 2024, from
https://www.unicef.org/eu/advancing-childrens- rights-eu-
neighbourhood
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