ENGLISH FINAL ASSIGNMENT

I. THE ALPHABET
II. THE NUMERALS
III. 100 EXAMPLES DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN AMERICAN ENGLISH VS
BRITISH ENGLISH
IV. 8 PART OF SPEECH
V. 13 GENRE OF TEXT

By:
GERI MANIK
22
12 IPA 3

SMA NEGERI 2 TEBING TINGGI

2024/2025
 PREFACE

In the name of God , the Most Gracious and the Most Merciful, we offer
praise and gratitude to His presence, who has bestowed His grace,
guidance, and inayah upon us, so that we can complete our final English
assignment paper We have compiled this scientific paper to the maximum
and received assistance from various parties so that it can facilitate the
making of this paper. For that we express our gratitude to all parties who
have contributed to the making of this paper. Despite all that, we are fully
aware that there are still shortcomings both in terms of sentence structure
and grammar. Therefore, with open arms we accept all suggestions and
criticisms from readers so that we can improve this scientific paper.
Finally, we hope that this scientific paper on waste and its benefits for
society can provide benefits and inspiration to readers.

Tebing Tinggi, 7 March 2025

Geri Manik
TABLE OF CONTENT
I. THE ALPHABET
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_alphabet

Modern English is written with a Latin-script alphabet consisting of

26 letters, with each having both uppercase and lowercase forms. The
word alphabet is a compound of alpha and beta, the names of the first two
letters in the Greek alphabet. Old English was first written down using
the Latin alphabet during the 7th century. During the centuries that
followed, various letters entered or fell out of use. By the 16th century, the
present set of 26 letters had largely stabilised

There are 5 vowel letters and 19 consonant letters—as well as Y and W,

which may function as either type.

Written English has a large number of digraphs, such

as ⟨ch⟩, ⟨ea⟩, ⟨oo⟩, ⟨sh⟩, and ⟨th⟩. Diacritics are generally not used to
write native English words, which is unusual among orthographies used to
write the languages of Europe.

a) Letter Names
The names of the letters are commonly spelled out in compound
words and initialisms (e.g., tee-shirt, deejay, emcee, okay, etc.),
derived forms (e.g., exed out,[a] effing,[b] to eff and blind,
aitchless,[c] etc.), and objects named after letters (e.g., en and em
in printing, and wye in railroading). The spellings listed below are
from the Oxford English Dictionary. Plurals of consonant names
are formed by adding -s (e.g., bees, efs or effs, ems) or -es in the
cases of aitches, esses, exes. Plurals of vowel names also take -es
(i.e., aes, ees, ies, oes, ues), but these are rare. For a letter as a
letter, the letter itself is most commonly used, generally in
capitalised form, in which case the plural just takes -s or –‘s (e.g.
Cs or c’s for cees).

Archaic letters
Old and Middle English had a number of non-Latin letters that
have since dropped out of use. Some of these either took the names
of the equivalent runes, since there were no Latin names to adopt,
or were runes themselves (thorn, wyn).

o Æ æ Ash or æsc /ˈæʃ/, used for the vowel /æ/, which

disappeared from the language and then reformed.
Replaced by ae[n] and e now.
o Ð ð Edh, eð or eth /ˈɛð/, used for the
consonants /ð/ and /θ/ (which did not become phonemically
distinct until after the letter had fallen out of use). Replaced
by th now.
o Þ þ Thorn or þorn /ˈθɔːrn/, used for the
consonants /ð/ and /θ/ (which did not become phonemically
distinct until after the letter had fallen out of use). Replaced
by th now.
o Œ œ Ethel, ēðel, œ̄þel, etc. /ˈɛðəl/, used for the vowel /œ/,
which disappeared from the language quite early. Replaced
by oe[o] and e now.
o Ƿ ƿ Wyn, ƿen (Kentish) or wynn /ˈwɪn/, used for the
consonant /w/. (The letter 'w' had not yet been invented.)
Replaced by w now.
 o Ȝ ȝ Yogh, ȝogh or yoch /ˈjɒɡ/ or /ˈjɒx/, used for various
sounds derived from /ɡ/, such as /j/ and /x/. Replaced
by y, j,[p] gh, and ch[q] now.
o ſ long s, an earlier form of the lowercase "s" that continued
to be used alongside the modern lowercase s into the 1800s.
Replaced by lowercase s now.
o ꝛ r rotunda, an alternative form of the lowercase "r".

b) Diacritics
The most common diacritic marks seen in English publications are
the acute (é), grave (è), circumflex (â, î, or ô), tilde (ñ), umlaut and
diaeresis (ü or ï—the same symbol is used for two different
purposes), and cedilla (ç).[4] Diacritics used for tonal
languages may be replaced with tonal numbers or omitted.

c) Punctuation marks within words

Apostrophe
The apostrophe (ʼ) is not usually considered part of the English
alphabet nor used as a diacritic, even in loanwords. But it is used
for two important purposes in written English: to mark the
“possessive”[r] and to mark contracted words. Current standards
require its use for both purposes. Therefore, apostrophes are
necessary to spell many words even in isolation, unlike most
punctuation marks, which are concerned with indicating sentence
structure and other relationships among multiple words.

o It distinguishes (from the otherwise identical regular plural

inflection -s) the English possessive morpheme “’s”
(apostrophe alone after a regular plural affix, giving -s’ as
the standard mark for plural + possessive). Practice settled
in the 18th century; before then, practices varied but
 typically all three endings were written -s (but without
cumulation). This meant that only regular nouns bearing
neither could be confidently identified, and plural and
possessive could be potentially confused (e.g., “the
Apostles words”; “those things over there are my
husbands”[7])—which undermines the logic of “marked”
forms.

o Many common contractions have near-homographs from

which they are distinguished in writing only by an
apostrophe, for example it’s (it is or it has) as opposed to
its, the possessive form of “it”, or she’d (she would or she
had) as opposed to shed.

d) Frequencies
The letter most commonly used in English is E. The least used
letter is Z. The frequencies shown in the table may differ in
practice according to the type of text.

e) Phonology
The letters A, E, I, O, and U are considered vowel letters, since
(except when silent) they represent vowels, although I and U
represent consonants in words such as “onion” and “quail”
respectively.

The letter Y sometimes represents a consonant (as in “young”) and

sometimes a vowel (as in “myth”). Very rarely, W may represent a
vowel (as in “cwm”, a Welsh loanword).

The consonant sounds represented by the letters W and Y in

English (/w/ and /j/ as in went /wɛnt/ and yes /jɛs/) are referred to
 as semi-vowels (or glides) by linguists, however this is a
description that applies to the sounds represented by the letters and
not to the letters themselves.

II. The Numerals

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numeral_(linguistics)

In linguistics, a numeral in the broadest sense is a word or phrase that

describes a numerical quantity. Some theories of grammar use the word
“numeral” to refer to cardinal numbers that act as a determiner that specify
the quantity of a noun, for example the “two” in “two hats”. Some theories
of grammar do not include determiners as a part of speech and consider
“two” in this example to be an adjective. Some theories consider
“numeral” to be a synonym for “number” and assign all numbers
(including ordinal numbers like “first”) to a part of speech called
“numerals”.[1][2] Numerals in the broad sense can also be analyzed as a
noun (“three is a small number”), as a pronoun (“the two went to town”),
or for a small number of words as an adverb (“I rode the slide twice”).

Numerals can express relationships like quantity (cardinal numbers),

sequence (ordinal numbers), frequency (once, twice), and part (fraction).

a) Identifying Number
Numerals may be attributive, as in two dogs, or pronominal, as in I
saw two (of them).

Many words of different parts of speech indicate number or quantity.

Such words are called quantifiers. Examples are words such
 as every, most, least, some, etc. Numerals are distinguished from other
quantifiers by the fact that they designate a specific number.
[3]
Examples are words such as five, ten, fifty, one hundred, etc. They
may or may not be treated as a distinct part of speech; this may vary,
not only with the language, but with the choice of word. For example,
"dozen" serves the function of a noun, "first" serves the function of
an adjective, and "twice" serves the function of an adverb.

b) Larger Numerals

English has derived numerals for multiples of its base (fifty, sixty,
etc.), and some languages have simplex numerals for these, or even for
numbers between the multiples of its base. Balinese, for example,
currently has a decimal system, with words for 10, 100, and 1000, but
has additional simplex numerals for 25 (with a second word for 25
only found in a compound for 75), 35, 45, 50, 150, 175, 200 (with a
second found in a compound for 1200), 400, 900, and 1600. In
Hindustani, the numerals between 10 and 100 have developed to the
extent that they need to be learned independently.

c) Fractional numerals

This is a table of English names for non-negative rational numbers less

than or equal to 1. It also lists alternative names, but there is no
widespread convention for the names of extremely small positive
numbers.

Keep in mind that rational numbers like 0.12 can be represented

in infinitely many ways, e.g. zero-point-one-
two (0.12), twelve percent (12%), three twenty-fifths (3/25), nine
seventy-fifths (9/75), six fiftieths (6/50), twelve
hundredths (12/100), twenty-four two-hundredths (24/200), etc.
d) Other specific quantity terms

Various terms have arisen to describe commonly used measured

quantities.

 Unit: 1 (based on a single entity of counting or measurement of

an object or item)
 Pair: 2 (the base of the binary numeral system)
 Leash: 3 (the base of the trinary numeral system)
 Dozen: 12 (the base of the duodecimal numeral system)
 Baker’s dozen: 13 (based on a group of thirteen objects or
items)
 Score: 20 (the base of the vigesimal numeral system)
 Shock: 60 (the base of the sexagesimal numeral system)[9]
 Gross: (based on a group of 144 objects or items)
 Great gross: (based on a group of 1,728 objects or items)
III. 100 examples differences between American vs British
https://www.thoughtco.com/american-english-to-british-english-4010264

While pronunciation, grammar, and spelling are among the many

differences between American and British English, perhaps the most
difficult to navigate is the difference in American and British vocabulary
and word choice.

Generally speaking, most Americans will indeed understand British

English speakers and vice versa. However, as your English becomes more
advanced, it becomes more important to decide which form of English you

List of American vs. British English Words

Many students are confused about word differences between American and
British English. The following list provides common American English
vocabulary and word choices, along with their British English equivalents
arranged in alphabetical order. Which words are already most familiar to
you?
IV. 8 Part of Speech
https://akupintar.id/info-pintar/-/blogs/memahami-8-part-of-speech-di-dalam-
bahasa-inggris

Part of speech, or in Indonesian known as word class, refers to categories used

to group words in a language based on their function and role in a sentence.
By understanding parts of speech in English, we can also understand how
words interact with each other in a sentence and how they affect the meaning
and structure of the sentence as a whole.

There are eight parts of speech in English. The image below explains
what the eight parts of speech are along with examples.

1) Noun
Noun (noun) Is a word used to name people, places, objects, or
abstract concepts. This type of word in English acts as the core of a
sentence and is often the subject or object in a sentence. Here are some
types of nouns in English.

 Common Noun (General Noun)

Common nouns refer to non-specific objects or
creatures. Common nouns are not capitalized unless they are at
the beginning of a sentence. Examples of parts of speech that
are common nouns include book , dog , and city .
 Proper Noun (Special Noun)
Proper nouns refer to the names of specific people, places, or
brands. Proper nouns begin with a capital letter. Examples
of parts of speech that are special nouns are John, London,
Coca-Cola, and June.
 Concrete Noun (Concrete Noun)
 Concrete nouns refer to objects that can be seen, touched, or
known in real terms. Examples of parts of speech that are
concrete nouns include table , car , and cat .
 Abstract Noun (Abstract Noun)
Abstract nouns refer to concepts or ideas that cannot be seen or
touched physically. Examples of parts of speech that are
abstract nouns are love , happiness , and knowledge .
 Countable Noun (Countable Noun)
Countable nouns refer to objects that can be counted or have a
plural form. Examples of parts of speech that are countable
nouns are book (singular book), books (plural
books), chair (singular chair ) , and chairs (plural chairs).
 Uncountable Noun (Uncountable Noun)
Uncountable nouns refer to objects that cannot be counted or
do not have a plural form. Examples of parts of speech that are
uncountable nouns include water , sugar , and information .
 Collective Noun (Collective Noun)
Collective nouns refer to a group of people or objects as a
whole. Examples of parts of speech that are collective nouns
include family , team , and herd .
 Compound Noun (Compound Noun)
Compound nouns consist of two or more words combined to
form one word with a new meaning. Examples of parts of
speech that are compound nouns are basketball , sunflower ,
and laptop .

2) Verb
Verb , or action words, is a type of part of speech in English that
describes an action, state, or event. Verbs act as the core of a sentence
and provide information about what is being done, happening, or
existing in a sentence. Here is an explanation of verbs and some types
of action words in English.

 Action Verb
 Action verbs refer to actions that can be seen or felt by the
senses. Examples of parts of speech that are action verbs
include run (run), eat (eat), and write (write).

 Linking Verb
Linking verbs connect the subject with additional information
about the subject, such as nature, state, or identity. Examples of
parts of speech that are linking verbs are be (to be), seem (to be
seen), and become (to become).

 Transitive Verb
Transitive verbs have objects that receive the action of the
verb. An example of a part of speech that is a transitive verb is
eat in the sentence I eat an apple.

 Intransitive Verb
Intransitive verbs do not require objects and can stand alone in
a sentence. Examples of parts of speech that are intransitive
verbs are sleep , laugh , and arrive .

 Regular Verb
Regular verbs follow a certain pattern in forming the past tense
and past participle forms by adding the endings ‘-ed’ or ‘-d’.
An example of a part of speech that is a regular verb is talk
which becomes talked in the past tense and talked in the
participle form .

 Irregular Verb
Irregular verbs do not follow regular patterns in forming past
tense and past participle forms. These forms must be
 memorized specifically. An example of a part of speech that is
an irregular verb is go (pegi) which becomes went in the past
tense and gone in the participle form .

 Modal Verb
Modal verbs are used together with main verbs to express
ability, possibility, permission, intention, or obligation.
Examples of parts of speech that are modal verbs include can ,
must , and should .

 Phrasal Verb
Phrasal verbs consist of a main verb combined with other
prepositions or adverbs to form a new meaning. Examples of
parts of speech that are phrasal verbs include look up (search
for information), give up (give up), and take off (take off).

3) Adjective

Next is the adjective , or adjective, is a type of part of speech in

English that provides a description or quality to a noun or pronoun .
Adjectives function to describe, define, or provide additional
information about an object or person in a sentence. Here is an
explanation of adjectives and several types of adjectives in English

 Descriptive Adjective
Descriptive adjectives provide a physical description or
characteristics of an object or person. Examples of parts of
speech that are descriptive adjectives are tall , beautiful , and
intelligent .
 Possessive Adjective
Possessive adjectives indicate ownership or a relationship of
ownership to an object. Examples of parts of speech that are
possessive adjectives include my (mine), his (his), and their
(theirs).

 Demonstrative Adjective
Demonstrative adjectives are used to indicate objects or people
that are near or far in relation to the speaker. Examples of parts
of speech that are demonstrative adjectives are this , that , these
, and those .

 Comparative Adjective
Comparative adjectives are used to compare two objects or
people in terms of nature or characteristics. Examples of parts
of speech that are comparative adjectives include taller , faster ,
and smarter .

 Superlative Adjective
Superlative adjectives are used to express that an object or
person has the highest or best qualities in a group. Examples
of parts of speech that are superlative adjectives
are tallest , fastest , and smartest .

 Quantitative Adjective
Quantitative adjectives indicate the number or quantity of an
object. Examples of parts of speech that are quantitative
adjectives include many , few , and several .

 Interrogative Adjective
 Interrogative adjectives are used to ask questions about objects
or people. Examples of parts of speech that are interrogative
adjectives are which , what , whose .

 Proper Adjective
Proper adjective refers to an adjective derived from the name
of a person or place. Examples of parts of speech that are
special adjectives are American , Chinese ,
and Shakespearean .

4) Pronoun

There are eight parts of speech in English. The image below explains
what the eight parts of speech are along with examples.

1. Noun
Noun (noun) Is a word used to name people, places, objects, or
abstract concepts. This type of word in English acts as the core
of a sentence and is often the subject or object in a sentence.
Here are some types of nouns in English.

a. Common Noun (General Noun)

Common nouns refer to non-specific objects or
creatures. Common nouns are not capitalized unless
they are at the beginning of a sentence. Examples of
parts of speech that are common nouns include book ,
dog , and city .

b. Proper Noun (Special Noun)

 Proper nouns refer to the names of specific people,
places, or brands. Proper nouns begin with a capital
letter. Examples of parts of speech that are special
nouns are John, London, Coca-Cola, and June.

c. Concrete Noun (Concrete Noun)

Concrete nouns refer to objects that can be seen,
touched, or known in real terms. Examples of parts of
speech that are concrete nouns include table , car ,
and cat .

d. Abstract Noun (Abstract Noun)

Abstract nouns refer to concepts or ideas that cannot
be seen or touched physically. Examples of parts of
speech that are abstract nouns are love , happiness ,
and knowledge .

e. Countable Noun (Countable Noun)

Countable nouns refer to objects that can be counted
or have a plural form. Examples of parts of speech
that are countable nouns are book (singular book),
books (plural books), chair (singular chair ) , and
chairs (plural chairs).

f. Uncountable Noun (Uncountable Noun)

Uncountable nouns refer to objects that cannot be
counted or do not have a plural form. Examples of
parts of speech that are uncountable nouns include
water , sugar , and information .
 g. Collective Noun (Collective Noun)
Collective nouns refer to a group of people or objects
as a whole. Examples of parts of speech that are
collective nouns include family , team , and herd .

h. Compound Noun (Compound Noun)

Compound nouns consist of two or more words
combined to form one word with a new meaning.
Examples of parts of speech that are compound nouns
are basketball , sunflower , and laptop .

2. Verb
Verb , or action words, is a type of part of speech in English
that describes an action, state, or event. Verbs act as the core of
a sentence and provide information about what is being done,
happening, or existing in a sentence. Here is an explanation of
verbs and some types of action words in English.

a. Action Verb (Action Verb)

Action verbs refer to actions that can be seen or felt
by the senses. Examples of parts of speech that are
action verbs include run (run), eat (eat), and write
(write).

b. Linking Verb (Linking Verb)

Linking verbs connect the subject with additional
information about the subject, such as nature, state, or
identity. Examples of parts of speech that are linking
verbs are be (to be), seem (to be seen), and become
(to become).
c. Transitive Verb (Transitive Verb)
Transitive verbs have objects that receive the action
of the verb. An example of a part of speech that is a
transitive verb is eat in the sentence I eat an apple.

d. Intransitive Verb (Intransitive Verb)

Intransitive verbs do not require objects and can stand
alone in a sentence. Examples of parts of speech that
are intransitive verbs are sleep , laugh , and arrive .

e. Regular Verb (Regular Verb)

Regular verbs follow a certain pattern in forming the
past tense and past participle forms by adding the
endings ‘-ed’ or ‘-d’. An example of a part of speech
that is a regular verb is talk which becomes talked in
the past tense and talked in the participle form .

f. Irregular Verb (Irregular Verb)

Irregular verbs do not follow regular patterns in
forming past tense and past participle forms. These
forms must be memorized specifically. An example of
a part of speech that is an irregular verb is go (pegi)
which becomes went in the past tense and gone in the
participle form .

g. Modal Verb (Modal Verb)

Modal verbs are used together with main verbs to
express ability, possibility, permission, intention, or
 obligation. Examples of parts of speech that are
modal verbs include can , must , and should .

h. Phrasal Verb (Phrasal Verb)

Phrasal verbs consist of a main verb combined with
other prepositions or adverbs to form a new meaning.
Examples of parts of speech that are phrasal verbs
include look up (search for information), give up
(give up), and take off (take off).

3. Adjective (Adjective)
Next is the adjective , or adjective, is a type of part of speech in
English that provides a description or quality to a noun or
pronoun . Adjectives function to describe, define, or provide
additional information about an object or person in a sentence.
Here is an explanation of adjectives and several types of
adjectives in English.

a. Descriptive Adjective (Descriptive Adjective)

Descriptive adjectives provide a physical description
or characteristics of an object or person. Examples of
parts of speech that are descriptive adjectives are tall ,
beautiful , and intelligent .

b. Possessive Adjective (Possessive Adjective)

Possessive adjectives indicate ownership or a
relationship of ownership to an object. Examples of
parts of speech that are possessive adjectives include
my (mine), his (his), and their (theirs).
c. Demonstrative Adjective (Demonstrative Adjective)
Demonstrative adjectives are used to indicate objects
or people that are near or far in relation to the speaker.
Examples of parts of speech that are demonstrative
adjectives are this , that , these , and those .

d. Comparative Adjective (Comparative Adjective)

Comparative adjectives are used to compare two
objects or people in terms of nature or characteristics.
Examples of parts of speech that are comparative
adjectives include taller , faster , and smarter .

e. Superlative Adjective (Superlative Adjective)

Superlative adjectives are used to express that an
object or person has the highest or best qualities in a
group. Examples of parts of speech that are
superlative adjectives are tallest , fastest , and
smartest .

f. Quantitative Adjective (Quantitative Adjective)

Quantitative adjectives indicate the number or
quantity of an object. Examples of parts of speech
that are quantitative adjectives include many , few ,
and several .

g. Interrogative Adjective (Interrogative Adjective)

Interrogative adjectives are used to ask questions
about objects or people. Examples of parts of speech
that are interrogative adjectives are which , what ,
whose .
 h. Proper Adjective (Special Adjective)
Proper adjective refers to an adjective derived from
the name of a person or place. Examples of parts of
speech that are special adjectives are American ,
Chinese , and Shakespearean .

4. Pronouns
Pronouns, or pronouns, are a type of part of speech in English
that is used to replace nouns in sentences. Pronouns are used to
avoid repeating the same noun and to provide variation in the
use of words. Here is an explanation of several types of
pronouns in English and examples.

a. Personal Pronoun (Personal Pronoun)

Personal pronouns replace people or groups of people
in a sentence. Examples of parts of speech that are
personal pronouns are I (me), you (you), he (him),
she (him), we (us), and they (them).

b. Possessive Pronoun (Possessive Pronoun)

Possessive pronouns indicate ownership or a
relationship of ownership to an object. Examples of
parts of speech that are possessive pronouns include
mine , yours , his , hers , ours , and theirs .

c. Reflexive Pronoun (Pronoun for Himself)

Reflexive pronouns are used when the object in the
sentence is the subject itself. Examples of parts of
speech that are pronouns for themselves are myself ,
 yourself , himself , herself , ourselves , and
themselves .

d. Demonstrative Pronoun (Demonstrative Pronoun)

Demonstrative pronouns indicate objects or people
that are near or far in relation to the speaker.
Examples of parts of speech that are demonstrative
pronouns are this , that , these , and those .

e. Interrogative Pronoun (Interrogative Pronoun)

Interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions
about objects or people. Examples of parts of speech
that are interrogative pronouns are who , what , and
which .

f. Relative Pronoun (Connecting Pronoun)

Relative pronouns connect a clause to another clause
in a sentence. Examples of parts of speech that are
connecting pronouns include who (which), which
(which), and that (which).

g. Indefinite Pronoun (Indefinite Pronoun)

Indefinite pronouns refer to people or objects in
general without specifying their identity or number.
Examples of parts of speech that are indefinite
pronouns are someone , anyone , something ,
everything , and nobody .

5) Adverb
An adverb, or adverb, is a word that provides additional information
about a verb , adjective , other adverbs , or an entire sentence. This
part of speech in English provides details about how, where, when,
how much, or why an action is done. Here is an explanation of the
types of adverbs and examples.

a. Adverb of Manner (Adverb of Manner)

Adverbs of manner provide information about how an action is
performed. Examples of parts of speech that are adverbs of
manner are slowly , happily , and carefully .

b. Adverb of Place (Adverb of Place)

Adverbs of place provide information about where an action
takes place. Examples of parts of speech that are adverbs of
place include here , there , and everywhere .

c. Adverb of Time (Adverb of Time)

Adverbs of time provide information about when an action
occurs. Examples of parts of speech that are adverbs of time
are now , yesterday , and soon .

d. Adverb of Frequency (Adverb of Frequency)

Adverbs of frequency provide information about how often an
action occurs. Examples of parts of speech that are adverbs of
frequency include always , often , and rarely .

e. Adverb of Degree (Adverb of Degree)

Adverbs of degree provide information about how strongly or
weakly an action is performed. Examples of parts of speech
 that are adverbs of degree include very , extremely , and
moderately .

f. Adverb of Reason (Adverb of Reason)

Adverb of reason provides information about why an action is
done. Examples of parts of speech that are adverbs of reason
are therefore , because , and hence .

g. Adverb of Affirmation/Negation (Adverb of

Affirmation/Negation)
Adverb of affirmation or adverb of negation provides
information about the affirmation or denial of a statement.
Examples of parts of speech that are adverbs of affirmation or
denial are certainly , never , and definitely .

h. Interrogative Adverb (Interrogative Adverb)

Interrogative adverbs are used to ask questions about how,
where, or why an action occurs. Examples of parts of speech
that are interrogative adverbs are how , where , and why .

6) Preposition
A preposition is a word that shows the relationship between other
words in a sentence. Prepositions provide information about position,
direction, time, or other relationships between sentence elements. This
part of speech in English is usually followed by a noun , pronoun , or
noun phrase . Here is an explanation of the types of prepositions and
examples.

a. Preposition of Place (Preposition of Place)

 Preposition of place indicates the location or position of an
object in space or place. Examples of parts of speech that are
prepositions of place are in (in), on (above), at (at), under
(below), and between (between).

b. Preposition of Time (Preposition of Time)

Preposition of time indicates a certain time or period in a
calendar or clock. Examples of parts of speech that are
prepositions of time are at (at), on (at), in (at), during (during),
and for (during).

c. Preposition of Direction (Preposition of Direction)

Preposition of Direction indicates the direction of movement or
the purpose of an action. Examples of parts of speech that are
prepositions of direction include to (to), from (from), into
(into), out of (out of), and towards (towards).

d. Preposition of Agent (Preposition of Actor)

Preposition of agent indicates a person or object that acts in an
event. Examples of parts of speech that are prepositions of
agent are by , with , using , and through .

e. Preposition of Purpose (Preposition of Purpose)

Preposition of purpose indicates the purpose or reason for an
action. Examples of parts of speech that are prepositions of
purpose include for (for), to (for), with (with), and in order to
(for).

f. Preposition of Possession (Preposition of Possession)

 Preposition of possession indicates ownership or a relationship
of ownership to an object. Examples of parts of speech that are
prepositions of possession include of (from, belonging to), -‘s
(have), and with (with).

g. Preposition of Cause (Preposition of Cause)

Preposition of cause shows the cause or reason behind an
event. Examples of parts of speech that are prepositions of
cause are because of (because), due to (because), owing to
(because), and thanks to (thanks to).

h. Preposition of Comparison (Preposition of Comparison)

The preposition of comparison is used to compare two objects
or people. Examples of parts of speech in the form of
comparative prepositions are like , unlike , as , and than .

7) Conjunction
Conjunctions, or conjunctions, are words used to connect words,
phrases, or clauses in a sentence. This part of speech in English helps
to form logical relationships between elements in a sentence and helps
to convey cause-and-effect, alternative, or combining relationships.
Here is an explanation of the types of conjunctions and examples.

a. Coordinating Conjunction (Coordinating Conjunction)

Coordinating conjunctions connect two equal or parallel
elements in a sentence. Examples of parts of speech that are
coordinating conjunctions are and , or , but , so , for , and yet .

b. Subordinating Conjunction (Subordinating Conjunction)

 Subordinating conjunctions connect dependent clauses
(subordinate clauses) to main clauses . Examples of parts of
speech that are subordinating conjunctions include because ,
although , if , when , while , and after .

c. Correlative Conjunction (Correlative Conjunction)

Correlative conjunctions are paired together to connect equal
elements in a sentence. Examples of parts of speech that are
correlative conjunctions are either...or , neither...nor , both...and
, and whether ...or.

d. Conjunctive Adverb (Adverb Conjunction)

Conjunctive adverb is an adverb that functions as a conjunction
in connecting clauses or sentences. Examples of parts of
speech that are adverbial conjunctions include however ,
therefore , furthermore , nevertheless , and meanwhile .

e. Subordinating Conjunction of Time (Subordinating

Conjunction of Time)
Subordinating conjunctions of time connect clauses depending
on time or sequence of events. Examples of parts of speech that
are subordinating conjunctions of time are before , after , when
, while , and as soon as .

f. Subordinating Conjunction of Place (Subordinating

Conjunction of Place)
Subordinating conjunction of place connects dependent clauses
with place or location. Examples of parts of speech that are
subordinating conjunctions of place are where , wherever ,
anywhere , and everywhere .
 g. Subordinating Conjunction of Condition (Subordinating
Conjunction of Condition)
Subordinating conjunction of condition connects dependent
clauses with conditions or possibilities. Examples of parts of
speech that are subordinating conjunctions of condition are if
(if), unless (except if), provided that (provided that), and in
case (if only).

8) Interjection
Interjection, or exclamation, is a type of word used to express
emotions, feelings, or spontaneous reactions briefly. This part of
speech in English is usually used separately from the sentence and can
stand alone. Here is an explanation of the types of interjections and
some examples.

a. Emotion Interjection (Emotional Interjection)

Emotion interjections express strong emotions or feelings.
Examples of parts of speech that are emotional interjections
include Wow! (Wow!), Oh! (Oh!), Ouch! (Aduh!), Hooray!
(Yay!), and Alas! (Darling!).

b. Greeting Interjection (Greeting Interjection)

Greeting interjections are used to greet or say hello. Examples
of parts of speech that are greeting interjections are Hello!,
Hi !, Hey !, and Greetings !.

c. Surprise Interjection (Surprise Interjection)

Surprise interjection expresses surprise or shock. Examples of
parts of speech that are exclamations of surprise include Oh
 my! (Oh, my God!), Goodness! (Wow!), Whoa! (Wow!), and
Yikes! (Gosh!).

d. Approval Interjection (Approval Interjection)

Approval interjection shows agreement or satisfaction.
Examples of parts of speech that are exclamations of approval
are Bravo! (Bravo!), Well done! (Very good!), Great! (Great!),
and Excellent! (Excellent!).

e. Disapproval Interjection (Disapproval Interjection)

Disapproval interjections express disapproval or
disappointment. Examples of parts of speech that are
interjections of disapproval are Oh no! (Oh no!), Ugh! (Hate!),
Yuck! (Ew!), and Boo! (Mom!).

f. Pain Interjection (Painful Interjection)

Pain interjection indicates pain or discomfort. Examples of
parts of speech that are exclamations of pain are Ouch!
(Ouch!), Ow! (Au!), Ah! (Ah!), Eek! (Ouch!).

g. Farewell Interjection
Farewell interjections are used when parting or saying
goodbye. Examples of parts of speech that are farewell
interjections include Goodbye! (Goodbye!), Farewell! (Have a
nice trip!), Bye! (Bye!), Take care! (Take care!).
V. 13 Genre of Text
https://smtkkupangkota.wixsite.com/melayanisampaiakhir/post/13-jenis-teks-
dalam-bahasa-inggris

There are 13 types of texts in English . What are the

differences between the texts?

1.DESCRIPTIVE TEXT
Descriptive text is a text in English that is used to describe an object in
English.

Generic Structure Descriptive Text

Identification: This contains a brief description of the object we are going to
observe.
Description: Contains a description of the object we are observing.

2.NARRATIVE TEXT
Narrative text is a text that functions to tell a story in the past and aims to
provide entertainment.

Generic Structure Narrative Text

Orientation: Contains an introduction to the story that will be covered, an
introduction to the place and characters in the story.

Complication: This contains the story that occurs in the story. It is usually also
marked by the emergence of a conflict in the story.

Resolution: This is the final act in a story which is usually marked by the
resolution of a conflict in the story.

Coda: In this section there is a conclusion to the story.

3.REPORT TEXT
It is a text in English that contains information presented in written form. The
information can be about anything that happens.

Generic Structure Report Text

General Classification: Contains a general classification of something we will
report.

Description: In this section the author begins to describe what actually

happened.

4.RECOUNT TEXT
Recount text is a text in English that functions to explain stories in the past.
Therefore, recount text is in the past tense .

Generic Structure Recount Text

Orientation: This is the opening paragraph of a text, usually containing an
introduction first.

Events: This means starting to tell about events or experiences that have been
experienced.

Reorientation: This contains conclusions about something.

5.PROCEDURE TEXT
Procedure text is a text in English that functions to explain how or the stages
of making something, be it an object or something else.

Generic Structure Procedure Text

Aim: here the author begins to explain the purpose of the process of making
something.

Materials: This contains the items or objects that will be used to make it.

Steps: These are the steps in making it.

6.ANNOUNCEMENT TEXT
An announcement is a text in English that functions to provide information
about something to the general public.

Generic Structure Announcement Text

The Title: contains the theme or title of the information we will provide.

Date, Time, Place: Contains the date, time and place where the event was held
or information about it.

Contact Person; This contains a telephone number or e-mail that can be

contacted.

7. ADVERTISEMENT TEXT
Advertisement is a text in English that functions to promote a particular
advertising product.

There are no specific rules in creating an advertisement, but generally a good

advertisement meets the following requirement.

8.REVIEW TEXT
Review text is a text in English that functions to provide comments or
evaluations regarding a particular product.

Generic Structure Review Text

Orientation: contains an introduction to what we are going to review.

Interpretation: This contains the interpretation or assessment of the product

that we will review.

Evaluation: contains evaluations and comments on something.

9.EXPLANATION TEXT
Explanation text is a text in English that functions to explain the occurrence of
something clearly and completely.

Generic Structure Explanation Text

Title: contains the title or theme that we will explain.

Definition: contains the definition of the text.

Description: contains a description of the thing in question.

Process: contains an explanation of the process that occurs.

Application: contains the application or implementation.

10.ANECDOTE TEXT
Anecdote is a text in English that functions to tell odd things that happened in
the past. Anecdote functions to provide entertainment to its readers.

Generic Structure Anecdote Text

Abstract: namely the beginning of the story of an event

Orientation: This is where the author begins to introduce the setting or

background of an event.

Crisis: contains the oddities that occur in the story.

Reaction: Here the author begins to end the strangeness that occurred.

Coda: contains the conclusion or message in the story.

11.SPOOF TEXT
Spoof text is a text in English that functions to explain funny events or
incidents in the past.

Generic Structure Spoof Text

Orientation: contains an introduction to the story.

Event: namely the description of the story that will be told.

Twist: the ending or conclusion of the story.

12.NEWS ITEM TEXT

News item is a text in English that serves to present news. Its purpose is to
provide information that occurs.
Generic Structure News Item
Main event: contains the main news about something that happened.

Background: contains where the event occurred.

Source: the source from which the news comes.

13.DISCUSSION TEXT
Discussion text is a text in English that functions to present a discussion or
debate on a theme or problem that occurs.

Generic Structure Discussion Text

Issue: namely raising issues that are currently occurring

Arguments: contains reasons regarding the theme being discussed.

Elaboration: namely expressing which opinion will be chosen.

Conclusion: contains a conclusion regarding the theme being discussed.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_alphabet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numeral_(linguistics)

https://www.thoughtco.com/american-english-to-british-english-4010264
https://akupintar.id/info-pintar/-/blogs/memahami-8-part-of-speech-di-dalam-
bahasa-inggris

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dalam-bahasa-inggris