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 BASIC FACTS
Sri Lanka was first colonized by the
Portuguese in 1505, then by the The country, formerly known as
Dutch in 1658, then by the British in Ceylon, is an island lying in the
1796 and finally gained Indian Ocean and separated from
independence in 1948. peninsular India by the Palk Strait.

Because of its unique shape and

The island’s two major ethnic groups,
position to the South of India, Sri
the Sinhalese and the Tamils, and
Lanka is known as the "Teardrop
its two dominant religions, Buddhism
of India".
and Hinduism.
 anka Architect
ri L ure
S The architecture of Sri Lanka displays a rich variety of
architectural styles and forms. Introduced to the island in
3rd century BCE, Buddhism has had a great impact on Sri
Lankan designs. Apart from this, techniques and styles
developed in Europe and Asia have also significantly
influenced the architecture of this region.
NATURAL INFLUENCES

I. GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCES:

Water resources:
Sri Lanka's abundant water resources, including rivers,
lakes, and the Indian Ocean, have influenced the design of
buildings.
SIGIRIYA ROCK FORTRESS
It is a rock plateau rises to a height of about 200
meters above the surrounding plain or 360 meters
above the mean sea level

Water gardens and fountains provided aesthetic

beauty and a cool microclimate within the fortress
walls.

This ancient wonder of Sri Lanka was designated as

a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 1982
Water played a crucial role in the fortress's
defense system, with moats and canals
serving as barriers and reflecting sunlight to
blind attackers.

On the opposite side of the belt of the

paintings, halfway along the western side of
the rock surface, there is a pathway to climb
up to the rock summit. This wall is known as
‘Katapath paura’, meaning mirror wall, due to
this reflecting surface
KATAPATH PAURA
KANDYAN HOUSES
Built on stilts or elevated platforms,
these houses often feature overhanging
eaves and sloping roofs to channel
rainwater away from the foundation.

Courtyards and open spaces allow for

natural ventilation and light, while
strategically placed drains ensure
efficient rainwater harvesting.
NATURAL INFLUENCES

I. GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCES:

Use of Local Materials:

The availability of local building materials, influenced by

the island's geography, has shaped the construction
methods. Timber, clay, and stone sourced from the island
are commonly used.
Bricks and Cut stones used to create various structures,
including stupas, temples, palaces, and other buildings.
The combination of these materials allowed for the
creation of durable and long-lasting structures.

Terracotta, a type of fired clay, was used for various

decorative elements. This includes ornate sculptures,
decorative tiles, and other embellishments that adorned
the surfaces of buildings.
Moonstones in architecture, particularly in ancient Sri
Lankan structures like those found in Anuradhapura,
serve as decorative and symbolic elements at the
entrances of Buddhist temples.

These semicircular stone slabs feature intricate carvings,

including concentric rings of animals, symbols, and
decorative motifs. They also function as a threshold,
marking the transition from the mundane to the sacred
space within the temple.
ANURADHAPURA
Located in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka, is a
historic city that holds immense cultural and archaeological
significance. It was included in the UNESCO World Heritage
List in 1982, recognizing its outstanding universal value.
II. CLIMATIC INFLUENCES:

a.) MONSOONS:
Sri Lanka experiences two monsoon seasons, the
Southwest monsoon (Yala) and the Northeast monsoon
(Maha)

Architectural features such as large overhanging roofs,

verandas, and elevated structures are common to
protect buildings from heavy rain and to provide shade
during the hot and sunny periods.
II. CLIMATIC INFLUENCES:

b.) Heat and Humidity:

Architectural designs often include open spaces,

courtyards, and natural ventilation systems to
enhance airflow and cool interiors.

Traditional buildings may have high ceilings,

large windows, and open courtyards to facilitate
air circulation and reduce heat buildup.
IIi. GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCES:

a.) Water Management System:

In response to geological conditions, traditional Sri

Lankan architecture often includes water
management systems such as tanks, ponds, and
channels to harness and control water resources.
 Traditional Water Management Systems
TANKS AND PONDS

These artificial reservoirs, locally known as

"wewas," were built to capture and store
rainwater during the wet season.

They provided a reliable source of water for

irrigation, domestic use, and religious
ceremonies. Tanks were often
interconnected in cascading systems,
allowing for efficient distribution and flood
control.
 Traditional Water Management Systems

ROOFTOP RAINWATER HARVESTING

Traditional dwellings often

incorporated rooftop rainwater
harvesting systems, where sloping
roofs channeled rainwater into
storage pots or cisterns. This
provided a clean source of water for
domestic use, especially during dry
periods.
 Modern Water Management Solutions:
HYDROPOWER PLANTS

The Victoria Power Station is the largest

hydroelectric power plant in Sri Lanka. It is
located on the Mahaweli River in the Central
Province and has a capacity of 210 MW.

Sri Lanka has harnessed its abundant rainfall to

generate hydroelectric power, reducing
dependence on fossil fuels and promoting
sustainable energy production.
Man-made Influence
Religious influence
Stupas (Dagobas) literally “heap” or “pile”) is a reliquary, a
shrine containing the remains of a holy or sainted person
and/or artifacts (relics) associated with them, originating in
India prior to the 5th century BCE as tombs of holy men and
evolving afterwards into sacred sites dedicated to the
Buddha (l. c. 563 - c. 483 BCE).
Man-made Influence
Religious influence
Viharas (Temples): Viharas are Buddhist monasteries or temples
consisting of an open court surrounded by open cells accessible
through an entrance porch. It is where monks reside and engage in
religious activities. They often feature intricate carvings, murals,
and statues depicting Buddhist themes. The viharas in India were
originally constructed to shelter the monks during the rainy season,
when it became difficult for them to lead the wanderer’s life.

A clear idea of their plan can be obtained from examples in western

India, where the viharas were often excavated into the rock cliffs.
Man-made Influence
Religious influence
Kovils (Hindu Temples): (meaning: residence of God) is
the Tamil term for a distinct style of Hindu temple with
Dravidian architecture from South India. These temples
often feature elaborate gopurams (tower-like
structures), intricately carved walls, and statues of
Hindu deities.

Dravidian architecture: Sri Lankan Hindu

temples often feature the Dravidian
architectural style, which originated in
South India. This style is characterized by
pyramid-shaped towers known as
'Gopurams' which are usually elaborately
decorated with sculptures and carvings of
Hindu gods, goddesses, and mythological
creatures.
Man-made Influence
Religious influence

vastu-purusha-mandala: A Hindu temple design follows

a geometrical design called vastu-purusha-mandala. The
name is a composite Sanskrit word with three of the
most important components of the plan. Mandala means
circle, Purusha is universal essence at the core of Hindu
tradition, while Vastu means the dwelling structure.

The four cardinal directions help create the axis of a

Hindu temple, around which is formed a perfect square
in the space available. The circle of the mandala
circumscribes the square. The square is considered
divine for its perfection and as a symbolic product of
knowledge and human thought, while the circle is
considered earthly, human and observed in everyday life
Man-made Influence
Religious influence

Mosques: The arrival of Islam in Sri Lanka

led to the construction of mosques. These
Islamic places of worship often feature
elements typical of Islamic architecture,
such as domes, minarets, and arabesque
decoration. The designs, however, are
often adapted to local styles and climatic
conditions.
Man-made Influence
Religious influence

Decorative Elements: Islamic architecture

in Sri Lanka also displays unique decorative
features like geometric patterns,
calligraphy, and the use of ornamental tile
work, reflecting Islamic artistic traditions.
Political influence
Post-Independence Era:
Search for National Identity: After gaining independence in 1948, there was a movement to
develop a unique Sri Lankan architectural identity. This led to the blending of traditional Sri
Lankan architectural elements with modern design, as seen in the works of renowned architects
like Geoffrey Bawa, known for his "tropical modernism" style.

Civil Conflict:
Impact of War: The long-standing civil war in Sri Lanka had a profound impact on the country’s
architecture, particularly in the northern and eastern regions. The need for reconstruction after
the war led to a wave of building and development, often with international assistance, which
introduced new styles and techniques.

Colonial Rule:
European Influence: Sri Lanka was colonized by the Portuguese, Dutch, and British, each
leaving a distinct architectural imprint. Portuguese and Dutch influences are evident in coastal
areas, where forts, churches, and administrative buildings exhibit features of Renaissance and
Baroque styles.
Man-made Influence
Cultural influence
Wood Carving and Ornamentation: Sri Lanka is known for its
intricate woodcarving and ornamentation, seen in various
architectural elements such as doorways, windows, and columns.
This craftsmanship is deeply rooted in the island's cultural
traditions.
Wooden pillars or kapa found in temples, mansions, and palaces
all over the country have intricately carved designs, with the
lion or gaja simhayo, hamsayo, and dancers being common.

Door-jambs made of wood were treated similarly: the design of

the geta liya pota or naga bandha was from where the rest of the
carved jamb began and continued. The lintel of the door could
be straight or arched and plain or carved.

Windows were designed as smaller versions of doors. They

either had single or two-leaved doors-shutters or else were
fitted with lacquered or turned wooden bars with no shutters.
Man-made Influence
Cultural Symbolism:

Lotus Flower: The lotus flower is a symbol of purity and

enlightenment in Buddhism. It is often associated with
Buddhist art and architecture, representing the journey from
ignorance to enlightenment.

Swastika:The swastika, a sacred symbol in Hinduism,

Buddhism, and Jainism, represents auspiciousness and good
fortune. In Sri Lanka, it is commonly found in religious art and
on ancient artifacts.

Moonstone (Sandakada Pahana): The moonstone, often seen

at the entrances of Buddhist temples, is a semicircular stone
slab with intricate carvings. It symbolizes the cycle of life,
depicting stages such as birth, aging, sickness, and death.
Man-made Influence
Cultural Symbolism:

Bodhi Tree: The Bodhi tree, the tree under which Buddha
attained enlightenment, is a powerful symbol in Buddhism.
It is a sacred tree, and replicas or depictions are common
in Buddhist art and architecture.

Elephant: The elephant is a revered symbol in Sri Lanka,

symbolizing strength, wisdom, and good fortune.
Elephants are also associated with religious and cultural
festivals, and they play a prominent role in traditional art.

Mask Dance Symbols: Traditional mask dances in Sri

Lanka, such as the "Sanni Yakuma" and "Kolam," feature
masks with specific symbolic meanings. These dances
often represent battles between good and evil, and the
masks embody various supernatural beings and deities.
Man-made Influence
Courtyard Design
Many traditional houses and religious
buildings feature central courtyards. This
design, influenced by cultural practices and
climatic considerations, provides open
spaces for communal activities and
ventilation.

Sri Lankan architecture often incorporates

elements related to rituals, ceremonies,
and cultural celebrations. Traditional
homes, temples, and religious sites are
designed to accommodate specific
cultural practices and ceremonies.
 ANCIENT ARCHITECTURE OF SRI LANKA

CAVE TEMPLE

MULKIRIGALA
The rock temples of Mulkirigala are a beautiful union
of seven different cave temples which are at different
altitudes.
 ANCIENT ARCHITECTURE OF SRI LANKA
DAGOBAS OR STUPAS

Thuparamaya
The Thuparamaya is the first stupa which was in built in
Sri Lanka and this historic structure was built to enshrine
and preserve the collar bone of Buddha.

Thuparamaya takes the form of a bell, a departure from

the typical hemispherical stupas. This unique shape,
reminiscent of a heap of paddy, symbolizes abundance
and prosperity.
ARCHITECTURE OF SRI LANKA IN COLONIAL PERIOD

GALLE FORT
Initially built by the Portuguese in 1588 and was later
fortified by the Dutch. The Galle Fort lies in the south-west
part of Sri Lanka, and due to its unique structure, it is also
observed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.
 MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES

Stone and Brick: The primary building

materials were granite and locally fired clay
bricks, offering strength and resilience.
Timber: Used for roof trusses, window frames,
and doors, often featuring intricate carvings.
Lime Plaster: Applied over brickwork for
weatherproofing and creating smooth surfaces.
POST-INDEPENDENCE PERIOD ARCHITECTURE IN SRI LANKA

SRI LANKAN PARLIAMENT

The architecture of the Sri Lankan Parliament Building

is characterized by a unique blend of traditional and
modern elements. Designed by renowned architect
Geoffrey Bawa, it reflects his signature style, which
often incorporates local cultural and environmental
considerations.
POST-INDEPENDENCE PERIOD ARCHITECTURE IN SRI LANKA
Asymmetrical Cluster: Instead of a single
monumental structure, the parliament complex
comprises a cluster of pavilions arranged around a
central chamber. This creates a dynamic and visually
interesting composition.

Copper Roofs: Each pavilion, including the central

one, is topped with a striking copper roof. These roofs
are layered and asymmetrical, echoing the shape of
the surrounding lake and adding a touch of whimsy.

Vernacular Inspiration: These pavilions draw

inspiration from traditional Sri Lankan architecture,
featuring elements like timber columns, open
courtyards, and water bodies.
POST-INDEPENDENCE PERIOD ARCHITECTURE IN SRI LANKA

Steel Corporation Offices and

Housing
Designed by renowned architect Geoffrey Bawa
between 1966 and 1969, is a remarkable example
of Tropical Modernism architecture. Integrating
seamlessly with the surrounding landscape, the
complex showcases Bawa's signature blend of
modernist principles and traditional Sri Lankan
elements.
POST-INDEPENDENCE PERIOD ARCHITECTURE IN SRI LANKA

Use of natural materials: Locally sourced materials like brick,

timber, and terracotta blend with concrete to create a warm and
earthy aesthetic. Exposed brickwork adds texture and
complements the surrounding greenery.

Play of light and shadow: Deep overhangs and louvered

windows control sunlight and ventilation, creating a dynamic
interplay of light and shadow throughout the day.

Traditional influences: Traditional Sri Lankan elements like

courtyards, verandas, and water bodies are incorporated into the
design, reflecting the local culture and climate.
 BASIC FACTS
Known as Siam until 1939, Thailand is Around 2000 B.C. people built settlements
the only Southeast Asian country never in the hillsides of Thailand. The first one is
to have been taken over by a European thought to be Ben Chiang. Pieces of pottery,
power. A revolution in 1932 led to a tools, and jewelry from 200 B.C. to 300
constitutional monarchy. A.D. have been dug up in this area.

Thailand is in the heart of Southeast Asia. Cambodia and

Laos border the country to the east and northeast, and
Myanmar lies to the northwest. To the west is the About 90 percent of the people are
Andaman Sea and the Gulf of Thailand, southeast of Buddhist, but about three million
Burma. The long southern region, connecting with
Malaysia, is hilly and forested. The highest mountains are Muslims live in the south near the
in northern Thailand. border with Malaysia.
 iland Architectu
Tha re
Thailand's architectural history is characterized by diverse influences and
distinct periods. Prehistoric times saw early Buddhist structures, followed by
Khmer influences. The Sukhothai and Ayutthaya periods introduced unique
Thai styles. The Rattanakosin era, from the 19th century, featured iconic
structures like the Grand Palace, showcasing elaborate Thai craftsmanship. In
the modern period, a blend of tradition and modernity emerged in both rural
and urban architecture. Throughout, Thai architecture reflects a rich cultural
heritage, shaped by Buddhism, local traditions, and external influences.
THAILAND ARCHITECTURE MATERIALS

Bamboo Rattan Tahtch Bricks Stucco Sandstone

GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCES:

1.Floodplain Architecture:

In low-lying areas and floodplains, traditional Thai houses

are often built on stilts to protect against flooding during
the monsoon season.

2. Hill Tribe Architecture:

In the mountainous regions of northern Thailand, the

architecture of hill tribes reflects the topography. Houses
are often constructed on stilts or the sides of hills, utilizing
local materials and adapted to the rugged terrain.
GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCES:

3. Influences from Neighboring Countries:

Thailand's location as a cultural crossroads between India,

China, and the countries of Southeast Asia has led to a
fusion of architectural styles.
CLIMATE:

Wet Season Cool Season Hot Season

CLIMATE:

Design for Ventilation and Cooling:

Traditional architecture emphasizes ventilation. Buildings are often

elevated on stilts, allowing air to circulate beneath the floor, which
helps in cooling. Large windows and open spaces are common to
facilitate airflow.

Steeply Pitched Roofs:

The roofs in traditional Thai architecture are often steeply pitched to

facilitate rapid drainage during heavy rainfalls, a common
occurrence in tropical regions.
THAI TRADITIONAL HOUSES

CENTRAL PLAINS HOUSES

Elevated on sturdy round posts, it features steep roofs
adorned with curved bargeboards and paneled walls
that subtly lean inward.

NORTHERN HOUSES
The walls lean outward , giving it a sturdier look, and
windows are often smaller.
I. RELIGIOUS INFLUENCES:

Buddhist Architecture:

Buddhism has played a crucial role in shaping Thai

architecture. Temples, known as wats, are prominent
architectural structures, characterized by intricate designs,
colorful decorations.
WAT PHRA KAEW
WAT PHRA KAEW
RELIGIOUS STRUCTURE

WAT
A wat encompasses a temple complex, comprising structures such as stupa, viharn,
bot, and more, enclosed within a wall. Typically, the stupa, viharn, and bot are
initially constructed. Subsequently, additional buildings such as a sala, scripture
hall, and monks’ living quarters may be added based on financial resources and the
monk community’s size.
RELIGIOUS STRUCTURE

BOT
The Bot, also known as Phra Ubosot is the primary prayer room and a crucial
structure within the temple. It serves as the location for monks’ ordination and
hosts other significant temple rituals. Eight boundary stones known as sima or
sema form a rectangular enclosure outside the bot, emphasizing its sacred
space.
RELIGIOUS STRUCTURE

PHRA CHEDI
The chedi, also known as a stupa or occasionally referred to as
pagoda, holds paramount significance as the most sacred
structure within the wat. Initially designed to house relics of the
buddha, over time they began to serve as enshrinements for the
remains of Kings or reserved monks.
RELIGIOUS STRUCTURE

VIHARN
The viharn, similar in appearance to the ubosot but without
surrounding sea stones, serves as a venue for various Buddhist
ceremonies involving both monks and laypeople.
RELIGIOUS STRUCTURE

PHRA PRANG
A prang is a conical tower with a broad base, narrowing towards the top, often
with an entrance on one side. Originating from khmer architecture, the earliest thai
prangs that was inspired by Ankor Wat in Cambodia, are found in places like
Lopburi and Phimai Historicall Park. During the Ayutthaya era, prangs were built
with some stylistic evolution.
RELIGIOUS STRUCTURE

MONDOP
The mondop or mandapa is a pavillion typically square and cubical in shape,
topped with a spired roof. Its purpose can vary, serving as a storage for
scriptures or objects used in temple ceremonies
POLITICAL INFLUENCES:

Monarchy and Royal Patronage:

The Thai monarchy has been a major patron of architecture. Royal palaces,
such as the Grand Palace in Bangkok, exhibit a blend of traditional Thai and
European architectural styles, reflecting the political and cultural shifts over
time. Royal temples, often adjacent to palaces, are grandiose and elaborately
decorated, serving as symbols of both religious and royal power.
CHAKRI MAHA
PRASAT
CULTURAL:

Decorative Elements:

Thai architecture is known for its intricate decorative work, including carvings,
murals, and mosaics. Motifs often draw from nature (like flowers and birds),
mythology, and local folklore.

Architectural Fusion:

Thailand's history of trade and interaction with neighboring countries, such as

China, India, and the countries of Southeast Asia, has led to a fusion of architectural
styles. Chinese influence, for instance, is evident in the use of certain roof styles and
decorative elements.
CULTURAL:

Craftsmanship:

The high level of craftsmanship in Thai architecture, seen in wood carvings, stucco work,
and intricate tile mosaics, reflects the importance of artisanal skills passed down through
generations.

Spirit Houses:

The practice of placing spirit houses (san phra phum) in both residential and
commercial areas reflects a blend of Hindu and animistic beliefs. These small, shrine-like
structures are meant to provide shelter for spirits and are an integral part of Thai cultural
tradition.
CULTURAL INFLUENCES

Carved Garuda
CULTURAL INFLUENCES

San Phra Phum

UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITES

Sukhothai Historical Park

UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITES

Ayutthaya Historical Park

19th and 20th Century

Vimanmek Mansion
19th and 20th Century

Government House
DRIEHAUS AWARD

Ong-ard Satrabhandhu
DRIEHAUS AWARD

The Rachamankha
DRIEHAUS AWARD

The Rachamankha