I-MCA

ADVANCED WEB APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT

UNIT-I
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Definition
The industry definition of a Full Stack Developer is an engineer who can work on
different levels of an application stack. The term stack refers to the combination of
components and tools that make up the application. The components could be in the
front-end or the back-end of the system. The main objective of full stack engineer is
to keep every part of the system running smoothly. A Full Stack Developer can
performs tasks ranging from resizing an image or text in a webpage to patching the
kernel.
1.1.2 Modern Application Architecture
Modern applications are developed to be installed on mobile devices or hosted
on the web. This is a result of trends in faster internet speeds, greater web access and
penetration, and the development of more powerful mobile devices. This has created
the need to rethink application development. Instead of an isolated desktop or mobile
application, modern applications have a distributed back-end infrastructure
interactively serving a variety of front-end clients over the web.

System parts

-End

Operating System (OS)

 Firewall

Web server

Database (SQL or NoSQL)

Caches

Message queuing software

Application

-End

HTML

CSS

JavaScript

Dart Modern Front

-End frameworks

We have seen the big shift in the web from HTML 4 to HTML5 which
has built-in APIs to help you accomplish many tasks to built a richer web application.
This has resulted in a variety of front-end MVC frameworks such as:

Polymer

The changing computing world has led to and been led by the fast
growing world of web development frameworks such as:

DEVELOPMENT TOOLS
1.2.1 Introduction
The purpose of the workshop A workshop/tutorial for software developers who want
to explore and learn about some of the tools required to set up a productive
development environment and then utilise it effectively. The workshop will walk
partcipants thorugh some of the basic development tools and how to use them and
then conclude with manually setting up a basic stack using these tools.

Development Tools will help put you in a position to set up a development

environment and then interact with that environment effectively to create your
projects.

Virtual Machines will help you set up a fresh development machine on which you
can build the environment that you need for your project.

Command Line Interface will give you the tools you need to interact with your
development machine and environment directly or remotely, with or without a GUI.

Software Package Managers will introduce you to the tools that will help you
manage and set up the software in your development environment.

Editors and IDEs will give you the ability to create and edit files in your
development environment.

Basic Stack Configuration Ecercise - this final section will bring all the tools
encountered earlier to help us set up a stack for serving up a blank Django
application.

Full Stack development refers to the development of both front end (client side) and
back end (server side) portions on web application.

Ability to design complete web applications and websites. Those who are in full
stack developer ability to work on front end, backend, database and debugging of
web applications or websites.
Technology Related to Full Stack Development

Front-end Development
It is the visible part of website or web application which is responsible for user
experience. The user directly interacts with the front end portion of the web
application or website.
Front-end Technologies:
The front end portion is built by using some languages which are discussed below:
HTML: HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. It is used to design
the front end portion of web pages using markup language. HTML is the
combination of Hypertext and Markup language. Hypertext defines the link
between the web pages. The markup language is used to define the text
documentation within tag which defines the structure of web pages.
CSS: Cascading Style Sheets, fondly referred to as CSS, is a simply designed
language intended to simplify the process of making web pages presentable.
CSS allows you to apply styles to web pages. More importantly, CSS enables
you to do this independent of the HTML that makes up each web page.
 JavaScript: JavaScript is a famous scripting language used to create the magic
on the sites to make the site interactive for the user. It is used to enhancing the
functionality of a website to running cool games and web-based software.
Front End Libraries and Frameworks
AngularJS: AngularJs is a JavaScript open source front-end framework that is
mainly used to develop single page web applications(SPAs). It is a continuously
growing and expanding framework which provides better ways for developing
web applications. It changes the static HTML to dynamic HTML. It is an open
source project which can be freely used and changed by anyone. It extends
HTML attributes with Directives, and data is bound with HTML.
React.js: React is a declarative, efficient, and flexible JavaScript library for
building user interfaces. ReactJS is an open-source, component-based front end
library responsible only for the view layer of the application. It is maintained
by Facebook.
Bootstrap: Bootstrap is a free and open-source tool collection for creating
responsive websites and web applications. It is the most popular HTML, CSS,
and JavaScript framework for developing responsive, mobile-first web sites.
jQuery: jQuery is an open source JavaScript library that simplifies the
interactions between an HTML/CSS document, or more precisely the Document
Object Model (DOM), and JavaScript. Elaborating the terms, jQuery simplifies
HTML document traversing and manipulation, browser event handling, DOM
animations, Ajax interactions, and cross-browser JavaScript development.
SASS: It is the most reliable, mature and robust CSS extension language. It is
used to extend the functionality of an existing CSS of a site including everything
from variables, inheritance, and nesting with ease.
Some other libraries and frameworks are: Semantic-UI, Foundation,
Materialize, Backbone.js, Express.js, Ember.js etc.
Other Important Points
Work with text editors to use shortcuts and its facilities i.e. Visual studio, Atom,
Sublime etc.
Make UI responsible using grid system.
Git and git commands like init, add, commit etc for version control and to work
with team.
Other tools like npm & yarn package managers, sass css pre-processor, browser
DevTools i.e. chrome devtools.
Understand using HTTP, JSON, GraphQL APIs to fetch data using axios or
other tools.
It also requires some design skill to make layout and look better.
Back-end Technologies
It refers to the server-side development of web application or website with a
primary focus on how the website works. It is responsible for managing the
database through queries and APIs by client-side commands. This type of website
mainly consists of three parts front end, back end, and database.
The back end portion is built by using some libraries, frameworks, and languages
which are discussed below:
PHP: PHP is a server-side scripting language designed specifically for web
development. Since, PHP code executed on server side so it is called server side
scripting language.
C++ It is a general purpose programming language and widely used now a days
for competitive programming. It is also used as backend language.
Java: Java is one of the most popular and widely used programming language
and platform. It is highly scalable. Java components are easily available.
Python: Python is a programming language that lets you work quickly and
integrate systems more efficiently.
Node.js: Node.js is an open source and cross-platform runtime environment
for executing JavaScript code outside of a browser. You need to remember

ework or a
programming language. We often use Node.js for building back-end services

companies such as Paypal, Uber, Netflix, Walmart and so on.

Back End Frameworks: The list of back end frameworks are: Express,
Django, Rails, Laravel, Spring etc.
The other back end program/scripting languages are: C#, Ruby, REST, GO
etc.
Other Important Points
Structuring the data in efficient way.
Handle request-response of APIs for storing and retrieve data.
Security of data is important.
Note: JavaScript is essential for all stacks as it is dominant technology on Web.
Database: Database is the collection of inter-related data which helps in efficient
retrieval, insertion and deletion of data from database and organizes the data in the
form of tables, views, schemas, reports etc.
Oracle: Oracle database is the collection of data which is treated as a unit. The
purpose of this database is to store and retrieve information related to the query.
It is a database server and used to manages information.
 MongoDB: MongoDB, the most popular NoSQL database, is an open source
document-oriented -
-like relational database structure
but provides an altogether different mechanism for storage and retrieval of data.
Sql Structured Query Language is a standard Database language which is used
to create, maintain and retrieve the relational database.
Popular Stacks
MEAN Stack: MongoDB, Express, AngularJS and Node.js.
MERN Stack: MongoDB, Express, ReactJS and Node.js
Django Stack: Django, python and MySQL as Database.
Rails or Ruby on Rails: Uses Ruby, PHP and MySQL.
LAMP Stack: Linux, Apache, MySQL and PHP.
Why we learn full stack development?
Full stack web development refers to developing both the front end
(client-facing) and back end (server-side) elements of a web application. This is a
vital aspect of building functioning web applications, combining the two most
Have you ever explored everything full
stack web development can do? Learning full stack web development skills will set
you up for many different career opportunities in a wide range of fields. In addition,
learning these skills can set you up for success in a few different creative endeavors
and you may eventually be able to start launching your own websites and digital
applications.

Given the ever-increasing importance of a digital presence for brands and

organizations, web developers, and Full Stack Web Developers, in particular, are in
high demand. Full Stack Web Developers can find high-paying jobs in virtually any

salaries beginning near $100,000 a year, this is both a rewarding and profitable
career path. A few jobs requiring full stack development skills include:

Full Stack Web Developer:

Full Stack Web Developers are all-purpose web development specialists responsible
for building and maintaining web applications. Some Full Stack Developers will be
employed by studios that receive design contracts to build web applications for other
companies. In contrast, others will be employed as in-house developers working on
many projects. Some positions will require developers to focus
more on one side of the development process than the other, though they will still be
expected to understand both front end and back end programming tasks.

Software Engineer: Software Engineers take their full stack development training
and apply those skills to more projects. While many Web Developers only work on
web and digital applications, Software Engineers build and maintain the consumer
software programs we utilize daily. These applications can range from consumer
software applications like office programs, video games, and commercial operating
systems to more niche software applications like heavy machinery automation and
SEO machine learning programs, or smart devices. As software development and
digital integration becomes the norm across industries, Software Engineers will
continue to be in high demand. In the US, Software Engineers command an average
salary of $106,000 yearly.

Java Developers: Java Developers a specialized class of Full Stack Developers who
utilize frameworks and libraries such as MongoDB, Express.js, React, and Node.js
to build full stack applications using only the JavaScript programming language.
JavaScript frameworks are especially useful for creating applications and software
that runs JavaScript web programming without needing to access a web browser.
This language is commonly used to create applications like mobile devices,
streaming platforms, and personal digital assistants. Almost all of the internet of
things operates on full stack JavaScript programming, so if you want to work on the
cutting edge of smart device technology.

Learn Transferable Skills

different skills brought together to build an entire web application. This means that

take that knowledge as a foundation for other computer science courses or training.
For example, if you have learned Python to build back end databases for web
applications, you can take that knowledge and apply it to data science or machine
learning training.

Suppose you are more interested in the front end development aspects of the process.
In that case, you can learn the MERN stack and various other frameworks to start
building elaborate digital applications using only JavaScript. This training
represents an essential skill set for anyone hoping to work on projects connected to
the Internet of Things and its associated software development projects. Beyond this,
JavaScript Developers are in high demand in other growing industries like streaming
platforms.

No matter what direction you take, there are many different course offerings
available to you through Noble Desktop.

Launch your Own Digital Presence

One of the advantages of learning full stack development is that you can build and
program all of the elements of a personal website. By learning how to build the front

private contractor to build the projects you are hoping to complete. Given how
important it is that new businesses, organizations, and potential product launches
have a strong web presence, learning how to handle this on your own is a great way
to strengthen the online output of a small firm or business. Learning these skills will
help you build things like the ecommerce sections of your website or a product
database, which are vital elements of establishing a foothold in an already crowded
marketplace.

Build Applications and Art Projects

Another common use of full stack web development skills is software engineering
and development. App development is rapidly becoming a major sector of the
software development industry. Building your own mobile application is a great way
to break into the marketplace and disrupt the status quo. Learning how to handle all
aspects of the process, whether using JavaScript or other back end programming
languages, will let you bring your ideas to life by constructing working, sellable
mobile applications.

Full stack web development skills will allow you to let your creative juices flow.
The internet is an endless canvas that allows you to undertake artistic and creative
endeavors that would have been unthinkable a decade ago. Digital art projects, docu-
games, digital advocacy projects, and political and activist campaigning have all
been empowered by the internet. Learning full stack web design is a great way to
make your vision a reality.

INTRODUCTION TO NODE.JS
Node.js is an open-source and cross-platform runtime environment for executing
JavaScript code outside a browser. NodeJS is not a framework and not a
programming language. Node.js is used to build back-end services like APIs like
arge companies such as
Paypal, Uber, Netflix, Walmart, and so on.

Node.js = Runtime Environment + JavaScript Library

What is Node.js?
Node.js is an open-source server environment. Node.js uses JavaScript on the
server. The task of a web server is to open a file on the server and return the content
to the client.
Node.js has a built-in module called HTTP, which allows Node.js to transfer data
over the Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP). The HTTP module can create an
HTTP server that listens to server ports and gives a response back to the client.
Concepts of Node.js
The following diagram depicts some important parts of Node.js that are useful and
help us understand it better.
How does Node.js work?
Node.js accepts the request from the clients and sends the response, while working
with the request node.js handles them with a single thread. To operate I/O
operations or requests node.js use the concept of threads. Thread is a sequence of
instructions that the server needs to perform. It runs parallel on the server to provide
the information to multiple clients. Node.js is an event loop single-threaded
language. It can handle concurrent requests with a single thread without blocking
it for one request.
Advantages of NodeJS:
1. Easy Scalability: Easily scalable the application in both horizontal and vertical
directions.
2. Real-time web apps: Node.js is much more preferable because of faster
synchronization. Also, the event loop avoids HTTP overloaded for Node.js
development.
3. Fast Suite: NodeJS acts like a fast suite and all the operations can be done
quickly like reading or writing in the database, network connection, or file
system
4. Easy to learn and code: NodeJS is easy to learn and code because it uses
JavaScript.
5. Advantage of Caching: It provides the caching of a single module. Whenever
there is any request for the first module, it gets cached in the application
-execute the code.
6. Data Streaming: In NodeJS HTTP request and response are considered as two
separate events.
7. Hosting: PaaS (Platform as a Service) and Heroku are the hosting platforms
for NodeJS application deployment which is easy to use without facing any
issue.
8. Corporate Support: Most of the well-known companies like Walmart, Paypal,
Microsoft, Yahoo are using NodeJS for building the applications.
Reason to Choose Node.js
There are other programming languages also which we can use to build back-end
services so what makes Node.js different I am going to explain.
1. agile development
2. It provides fast and highly scalable services.
3.
back-end services using Node.js
4. Large ecosystem for open source library and has asynchronous or non-blocking
nature.
Application of NodeJS: NodeJS should be preferred to build Real-Time
Chats, Complex Single-Page applications, Real-time collaboration tools,
Streaming apps, JSON APIs based application.

What is a Web Server?

A Web Server is a software application which handles HTTP requests sent by the
HTTP client, like web browsers, and returns web pages in response to the clients.
Web servers usually deliver html documents along with images, style sheets, and
scripts.
Most of the web servers support server-side scripts, using scripting languages or
redirecting the task to an application server which retrieves data from a database and
performs complex logic and then sends a result to the HTTP client through the Web
server.
Apache web server is one of the most commonly used web servers. It is an open
source project.
Web Application Architecture

Client
which can make HTTP requests to the web server.
Server
by the clients and pass them the response.
Business
web server to do the required processing. This layer interacts with the data
layer via the database or some external programs.
Data
Creating a Web Server using Node
Node.js provides an http module which can be used to create an HTTP client of a
server. Following is the bare minimum structure of the HTTP server which listens
at 8081 port.

File: server.js

var http = require('http');

var fs = require('fs');
var url = require('url');

// Create a server
http.createServer( function (request, response) {
// Parse the request containing file name
var pathname = url.parse(request.url).pathname;

// Print the name of the file for which request is made.

console.log("Request for " + pathname + " received.");

// Read the requested file content from file system

fs.readFile(pathname.substr(1), function (err, data) {
if (err) {
console.log(err);
// HTTP Status: 404 : NOT FOUND
// Content Type: text/plain
response.writeHead(404, {'Content-Type': 'text/html'});
} else {
//Page found
// HTTP Status: 200 : OK
// Content Type: text/plain
response.writeHead(200, {'Content-Type': 'text/html'});

// Write the content of the file to response body

response.write(data.toString());
}

// Send the response body

response.end();
});
}).listen(8081);

// Console will print the message

console.log('Server running at http://127.0.0.1:8081/');

File: index.htm

html>
 <head>
<title>Sample Page</title>
</head>

<body>
Hello World!
</body>
</html>

$ node server.js
Verify the Output.
Server running at http://127.0.0.1:8081/
INTRODUCING EXPRESS: THE FRAMEWORK
Express is the most popular Node web framework, and is the underlying library for
a number of other popular Node web frameworks. It provides mechanisms to: Write
handlers for requests with different HTTP verbs at different URL paths (routes).

Express is a fast, assertive, essential and moderate web framework of Node.js. You
can assume express as a layer built on the top of the Node.js that helps manage a
server and routes. It provides a robust set of features to develop web and mobile
applications.

Let's see some of the core features of Express framework:

o It can be used to design single-page, multi-page and hybrid web applications.

o It allows to setup middlewares to respond to HTTP Requests.
o It defines a routing table which is used to perform different actions based on
HTTP method and URL.
o It allows to dynamically render HTML Pages based on passing arguments to
templates.
o
functionality to simplify its APIs and add helpful new features.It makes it

rendering of dynamic HTTP objects.

 o Express is a part of MEAN stack, a full stack JavaScript solution used in
building fast, robust, and maintainable production web applications.
o MongoDB(Database)
o ExpressJS(Web Framework)
o AngularJS(Front-end Framework)
o NodeJS(Application Server)
Steps to create an Express.js Application
Express is the most popular minimalistic framework. It is built upon the
built-in module HTTP of NodeJS to facilitate the simple and easy interaction
between frontend and backend logic through API, and also it enables us to organize
our business logic in so much pretty manner. It is much flexible and we can use it
for both the web and android. Also, it provides a very simple error handling
procedure.
Approach: Below is the fundamental steps to write an express app. Here we are
covering the topics like setting up the environment with the installation of modules,
creating an application, running the web server, and performing basic
communication with the server. Must-Know how to use the node package manager
for basic works, basic knowledge of the terminal for installing dependencies and
modules, basic knowledge of how a web application works, and a good knowledge
of ES6.
Step by step Implementation:
Step 1: Write this command in your terminal, to create a nodejs application,
because our express server will work inside the node application.
Syntax:
npm init
This will ask you for few configurations about your project you can fill them
accordingly, also you can change it later from the package.json file.
INTRODUCING MANGODB THE DATABASE
MongoDB is a cross-platform, document oriented database that provides, high
performance, high availability, and easy scalability. MongoDB works on concept of
collection and document. Database Database is a physical container for collections.
Each database gets its own set of files on the file system. A single MongoDB server
typically has multiple databases.
Collection Collection is a group of MongoDB documents. It is the equivalent of an
RDBMS table. A collection exists within a single database. Collections do not
enforce a schema. Documents within a collection can have different fields.
Typically, all documents in a collection are of similar or related purpose.
Document A document is a set of key-value pairs. Documents have dynamic
schema. Dynamic schema means that documents in the same collection do not need
to have the same set of fields or structure, and common fields in a collection's
documents may hold different types of data. The following table shows the
relationship of RDBMS terminology with MongoDB.

Step 2: Install necessary dependencies for our application.

npm install express
Something like this will be shown on successful installation,
Step 3: The project structure will look like following.

Create a file app.js, for this article, we will write the whole express code in that
file. This will be our folder structure. Now Inside app.js, Import express with
require keyword and create an app by calling the express() function provided by
the express framework. Set the port for our local application, 3000 is the default
but you can choose any according to the availability of ports. Call
the listen() function, It requires path and callback as an argument. It starts listening
to the connection on the specified path, the default host is localhost, and our default
path for the local machine is the localhost:3000, here 3000 is the port which we
have set earlier. The callback function gets executed either on the successful start
of the server or due to an error.

Step 4: Now we will set all the routes for our application.
Routes are the endpoints of the server, which are configured on our backend server
and whenever someone tries to access those endpoints they respond accordingly to
their definition
function that gets called when someone requests the special path associated with
that function and return the expected value as a response. We can create routes for
HTTP methods like get, post, put, and so on.
Syntax: The basic syntax of these types of routes looks like this, the given function
will execute when the path and the request method resemble.
app.anyMethod(path, function)

MongoDB is a cross-platform, document oriented database that provides, high

performance, high availability, and easy scalability. MongoDB works on concept of
collection and document.

Database
Database is a physical container for collections. Each database gets its own set of
files on the file system. A single MongoDB server typically has multiple databases.

Collection

Collection is a group of MongoDB documents. It is the equivalent of an RDBMS

table. A collection exists within a single database. Collections do not enforce a
schema. Documents within a collection can have different fields. Typically, all
documents in a collection are of similar or related purpose.

Document

A document is a set of key-value pairs. Documents have dynamic schema. Dynamic

schema means that documents in the same collection do not need to have the same
set of fields or structure, and common fields in a collection's documents may hold
different types of data. The following table shows the relationship of RDBMS
terminology with MongoDB.

Any relational database has a typical schema design that shows number of tables and
the relationship between these tables. While in MongoDB, there is no concept of
relationship.

Advantages of MongoDB over RDBMS

Schema less: MongoDB is a document database in which one collection holds

different documents. Number of fields, content and size of the document can
differ from one document to another.

Structure of a single object is clear.

No complex joins.

Deep query-ability. MongoDB supports dynamic queries on documents using

a document-based query language that's nearly as powerful as SQL.

Tuning.

Ease of scale-out: MongoDB is easy to scale.

 Conversion/mapping of application objects to database objects not needed.

Uses internal memory for storing the (windowed) working set, enabling faster
access of data.
Why Use MongoDB?
Document Oriented Storage: Data is stored in the form of JSON style
documents.
Index on any attribute
Replication and high availability
Auto-sharding
Rich queries
Fast in-place updates
Professional support by MongoDB
Where to Use MongoDB?
Big Data
Content Management and Delivery
Mobile and Social Infrastructure
User Data Management
Data Hub
Introduction to Angular.js
AngularJS is a Javascript open-source front-end structural framework that
is mainly used to develop single-page web applications(SPAs). It is a continuously
growing and expanding framework which provides better ways for developing web
applications. It changes the static HTML to dynamic HTML. AngularJS is a
structural framework for dynamic web applications. It lets you use HTML as your
template language and lets you extend HTML's syntax to express your application
components clearly and succinctly. Its data binding and dependency injection
eliminate much of the code you currently have to write. And it all happens within
the browser, making it an ideal partner with any server technology.
General Features

AngularJS is a efficient framework that can create Rich Internet Applications

(RIA).
AngularJS provides developers an options to write client side applications
using JavaScript in a clean Model View Controller (MVC) way.
Applications written in AngularJS are cross-browser compliant. AngularJS
automatically handles JavaScript code suitable for each browser.
 AngularJS is open source, completely free, and used by thousands of
developers around the world. It is licensed under the Apache license version
2.0.
Overall, AngularJS is a framework to build large scale, high-performance, and
easyto-maintain web applications.
Core Features

Data-binding
view components.
Scope
controller and view.
Controller ese are JavaScript functions bound to a particular scope.
Services -in services such as $http to
make a XMLHttpRequests. These are singleton objects which are instantiated
only once in app.
Filters t of items from an array and returns a new array.
Directives
attributes, css, and more. These can be used to create custom HTML tags that
serve as new, custom widgets. AngularJS has built-in directives such as
ngBind, ngModel, etc.
Templates
and model. These can be a single file (such as index.html) or multiple views
in one page using partials.
Routing ews.
Model View Whatever
into different parts called Model, View, and Controller, each with distinct
responsibilities. AngularJS does not implement MVC in the traditional sense,
but rather something closer to MVVM (Model-View-ViewModel). The
Angular JS team refers it humorously as Model View Whatever.
Deep Linking
URL so that it can be bookmarked. The application can then be restored from
the URL to the same state.
Dependency Injection -in dependency injection
subsystem that helps the developer to create, understand, and test the
applications easily.
Concepts
The following diagram depicts some important parts of AngularJS which we will
discuss in detail in the subsequent chapters.
Advantages of AngularJS

It provides the capability to create Single Page Application in a very clean and
maintainable way.
It provides data binding capability to HTML. Thus, it gives user a rich and
responsive experience.
AngularJS code is unit testable.
AngularJS uses dependency injection and make use of separation of concerns.
AngularJS provides reusable components.
With AngularJS, the developers can achieve more functionality with short
code.
In AngularJS, views are pure html pages, and controllers written in JavaScript
do the business processing.
On the top of everything, AngularJS applications can run on all major browsers and
smart phones, including Android and iOS based phones/tablets.
Disadvantages of AngularJS
 Not Secure
AngularJS are not safe. Server side authentication and authorization is must to
keep an application secure.
Not degradable
nothing would be visible, except the basic page.
AngularJS Directives
The AngularJS framework can be divided into three
ng-app
ng-model
HTML input controls.
ng-bind tags.

THE FRONT END FRAMEWORK

Front end frameworks are sets of pre-written code that provide developers with a
scalable and maintainable structure for creating user interfaces more efficiently.
They contain HTML, CSS, and JavaScript components that developers can reuse in
other projects, helping to keep the codebase consistent and organized.
React is the most widely used front-end framework, followed by jQuery and
Angular. Svelte is the fastest framework among other popular frameworks. Vue and
React are beginner-friendly frameworks that can be used to develop large-scale
applications. Angular is an efficient framework that supports two-way data binding.

Most Popular Front-End Frameworks in 2023

Following are the ten most popular front-end frameworks in 2022.

1. React

React currently is the most widely used front-end framework. React was developed
by Meta (formerly Facebook) in 2013. It is an open-source framework and is
actively maintained by developers all across the globe. React stands out from other
frameworks because it supports virtual DOM (Document Object Model). Because
of the DOM, React is faster and more efficient than other front-end frameworks.
Advantages of React

React is a beginner-friendly framework

React can be used to create high-performance applications
Development is easy because of the DOM
React is high in demand and has a vast active developer community
Version control can be done quickly without disturbing the original workflow

Disadvantages of React

JSX (JavaScript Extension) can be confusing for beginners

The documentation is not well maintained because of the rapid development of the
framework

2. Angular

Angular is a TypeScript-based framework developed by Google in 2010. It gained

popularity when it was re-released in 2016. Angular stands out from the other
frameworks because of the two-way data binding support. It means that any change
made in the model gets reflected in the view in real-time. Angular is widely used for
the development of web and mobile applications.

Advantages of Angular

Model and view can synchronize in real-time

It can be used to develop high-performance, large-scale applications
It has a vast developer community
Different code components can be developed independently

Disadvantages of Angular

Beginners can find it challenging to understand Angular

The CLI (Command Line Interface) documentation lacks useful information
It is challenging to develop small and lightweight applications using Angular
3. jQuery

Even though jQuery has lost popularity over the years, it still is the most popular
front-end framework after React. Developed by John Resig, jQuery was launched in
2006 and is still being developed actively. It is an easy-to-use, user-friendly
framework. It changes the DOM and CSS to update the elements and functionality
of a website.

Advantages of jQuery

jQuery offers a simple syntax and is easier to use compared to other frameworks
HTTP requests can be made with ease
The flexible DOM can be used to edit the elements in a website
jQuery has a comprehensive documentation

Disadvantages of jQuery

jQuery is relatively slower compared to other new frameworks

The API for the DOM is outdated
Unsuitable for large projects because of limited features

4. Vue

Vue was developed by Evan You in 2014. Even though Vue is a lightweight and
beginner-friendly framework, it can be used to create small-scale as well as large-
scale applications. It is a flexible framework that offers support for several libraries
and tools like debuggers, state managers, etc. Like Angular, Vue also provides two-
way data binding support.

Advantages of Vue

Easy for beginners to learn

Offers a comprehensive, well-maintained documentation
Provides virtual DOM and two-way data binding to minimize the coding required
It can be used to develop high-performance websites
Disadvantages of Vue

Vue has a small developer community compared to other popular frameworks

The high flexibility provided by Vue makes it difficult for developers to collaborate

5. Svelte

Launched in 2016 by Rich Harris, Svelte is a relatively new front-end framework.

It has gained popularity over the years because it offers a new way to develop web
applications. Technically, Svelte is a compiler, not a framework. Unlike other
frameworks, a Svelte app needs to be compiled so that it can be bundled into a
JavaScript file. Because the app is bundled, it offers a lightweight, highly-efficient
code.

Advantages of Svelte

Svelte uses existing JavaScript libraries.

Faster than popular frameworks like React and Angular
The code written in Svelte is readable and compact, making it easier for developers
to collaborate
Svelte is easy to learn

Disadvantages of Svelte

Svelte has a small community of developers

It can not be used to develop cross-platform apps
It lacks development tools

6. Ember

Launched in 2011 by Yehuda Katz, Ember can be used to develop both mobile and
web applications. Even though Ember offers many features, its popularity has
diminished because of a difficult learning curve. Like Angular, Ember supports two-
way data binding as well. Ember provides an efficient debugging system along with
the support for multiple plugins and add-ons. It supports both JavaScript and
TypeScript.

Advantages of Ember

It offers two-way data binding

It can be used to build heavy applications
Debugging becomes easy with inbuilt Ember Inspector Tools
It has a well-maintained documentation

Disadvantages of Ember

It is difficult for beginners to learn

It has a small community of developers
New features and updates take a lot of time to arrive

7. Preact

Preact was created by Jason Miller in 2014 as an alternative to React. Preact is a

lightweight front-end framework that offers functionality similar to React but a
smaller package size. On the one hand, where React is over 30kB in size, Preact, on
the other hand, is just over 3.5kB. Preact is one of the best front-end frameworks for
building complex, high-speed, and lightweight applications.

Advantages of Preact

It gets rendered quickly and can build high-performance apps

Users can shift from React to Preact easily
It has a detailed documentation

Disadvantages of Preact

It does not support React protoTypes

It does not support context
It has a smaller developer community than React
8. Stimulus

In simple words, Stimulus gives wings to your HTML code. Instead of rendering the
HTML of a webpage, Stimulus provides features to improve the existing HTML you
have written. Basecamp developed it with the aim of making web pages load faster.
The Stimulus code gets attached to the current HTML, and they are rendered
together.

Advantages of Stimulus

It saves time while writing HTML

It reduces the amount of JavaScript required in the backend
It supports dependency management

Disadvantages of Stimulus

It has a small developer community

It is not suitable for complex projects

9. Semantic UI

Semantic UI is an alternative front-end framework to Bootstrap. It was created in

2014 by Jack Lukic. Even though Semantic UI is new to the market, it has gained a
lot of popularity quickly. Semantic UI uses a natural language syntax, making it easy
to understand.

Advantages of Semantic UI

It offers multiple customization options

It has a well-maintained documentation
It reduces the time required to create a webpage

Disadvantages of Semantic UI

Semantic UI can become difficult to learn if you are not familiar with JavaScript
It has a smaller community than Bootstrap
It has large-sized packages

10. Backbone

Backbone was released in 2010 by Jeremy Ashkenas. Backbone is primarily used to

build single-page applications quickly. It works on the Model View Controller
(MVC) framework. Because the data is represented in Models, Backbone makes it
easy to create, validate, save, and destroy data.

Advantages of Backbone

It is a lightweight yet fast front-end framework

Beginners can learn Backbone easily
It has a large developer community and a good documentation

Disadvantages of Backbone

Unit testing of the Backbone Views is difficult

It is not structured properly
Working with non-RESTful API can be difficult

Hosting with Heroku

Heroku is a container-based cloud Platform as a Service (PaaS). Developers use
Heroku to deploy, manage, and scale modern apps.

It's popular for its simplicity, usability, and free tier. This lets you run your
applications for free using a full range of free cloud services available through the
Heroku ecosystem. In 2022, Heroku announced that it would stop offering some of
its free plans from November 28, 2022.

Heroku, on the other hand, is a fully managed PaaS (Platform-as-a-Service) aimed

at app creation and hosting, which is an entirely different affair. Although more
versatile, Heroku is not beginner-friendly. You can learn more about the difference
between SaaS and PaaS by reading our guide to public cloud hosting.
What is Heroku web hosting?
 Heroku is a cloud platform that lets companies build, deliver, monitor and scale
apps we're the fastest way to go from idea to URL, bypassing all those
infrastructure headaches.
How does Heroku hosting work?
Instead of hardware management, you deploy an app to Heroku, which packages the
app's code and dependencies into containers lightweight, isolated environments
that provide compute, memory, an OS, and an ephemeral filesystem. Containers are
typically run on a shared host, yet are completely isolated from each other.
Is Heroku using AWS?
Heroku is a Platform as a Service (PaaS) that is actually built on top of AWS. Heroku
takes a curated selection of the services and capabilities available from AWS and
packages them into an easy-to-use solution for application development.
Is Heroku free domain?
You can add custom domains to any Heroku app. Adding domains does not incur
extra charges. For security purposes, you must verify your Heroku account to add
domains to apps.

How to host a website?

Here's how to host your own website in five steps:
1. Choose a Content Management System (CMS) ...
2. Purchase a Web Hosting Service. ...
3. Get a Domain Name. ...
4. Connect Your Domain To Your Web Host. ...
5. Install WordPress (or Migrate An Existing Site)

Summary of steps
The remainder of this article covers these steps in greater detail:
1. Confirm that you own the custom domain name. You can buy a custom domain name
with a domain registration service.
2. Add the custom domain to your app with the heroku domains:add command.
3. Look up the Heroku-supplied DNS target for the custom domain using the heroku
domains command.
4. -supplied DNS target.
5. Confirm that your app is accessible via the custom domain. There might be a delay
while DNS changes propagate.
Designing a Mean Stack Architecture
MEAN is a free and open-source JavaScript software stack for building dynamic
websites and web applications or we can say that MEAN stack is a collection of
JavaScript-based technologies used to develop web applications. MEAN is an
acronym for MongoDB, ExpressJS, AngularJS, and Node.js. From client to server
to database, MEAN is full-stack JavaScript.
M = MongoDB, a popular database manager which implements a NoSQL structure.
E = Express.js, a framework that supports and is used to host Node.js projects.
A = Angular.js, yet another framework for building apps. It builds upon the classic
HTML framework style and extends it to web apps
N = Node.js, the crowning glory. This is a runtime environment, which runs server-
side web applications, i.e. it works on the back-
fetch relevant data or perform operations on the same.
MongoDB offers a more flexible, accommodating layer for storing data. Node.js
provides a better nexus for running your server, while Express.js helps to standardize
how you build your websites. On the client-side, AngularJS provides a clean way of
adding interactive functions and AJAX-driven rich components. The amalgamation
of all makes a clean, coherent mechanism for moving data from the user to the disk
farm and back again.

Features Of MEAN Stack Architecture

One of the most important benefits of all is that it lets the developer write the entire
code in JavaScript; from client to server. This is a blessing for the JavaScript
developers who have invested their time and money in learning JavaScript for client-
side tasks.

It supports the MVC (Model View Controller) architecture.

The MEAN components are open source; in other words, the stack gets updated
regularly. In addition to this, it is easy to use, flexible to understand, and moreover
assists the developers to customize as per the requirements.

A massive module library of node.js and the use of JSON to transfer the data are a
few other features of MEAN.

Not just the start-ups and SMBs but also big companies like Walmart, PayPal,
Yahoo, Netflix, Uber, LinkedIn, etc. have also shifted to Node.js
 Use Cases of MEAN
Because of its enhanced scalable and handling capacity of concurrent users, it is
much more favored for developing cloud-native applications. Though MEAN stack
is not ideal for every application there are other uses where it easily offsets.
AngularJS helps to develop SPAs (single-page applications) which normally include
all the information or functionalities for the user on a single page. The most common
examples are as follows:

1. Calendars
2. Expense Tracking
3. Mapping & location tracking
4. News
MEAN Stack Architecture
MEAN is a free and open-source JavaScript software stack for building dynamic
websites and web apps. It is very simple & easy to use for both the back-end and
front-end. In other technologies, there are different languages used for front and
back-end but however, but MEAN is written in one language for both server-side
and client-side execution. The working of MEAN Stack is explained below in the
figure properly.

MEAN Stack Architecture Explanation

1. When the client makes any request it is firstly processed by the AngularJS.
AngularJS is a client-side language in JavaScript.
2. After that, the request enters phase 2 which is NodeJS. NodeJS is a server-side
language in JavaScript.
3. In phase 3, which is ExpressJS makes the request to the database.
4. MongoDB retrieves the data & returns the response back to the ExpressJS.
5. Then ExpressJS sends a response back to the NodeJS and then NodeJS forwards it
to the AngularJS to display the result.
AngularJS (Client-Side)
AngularJS is a structural framework for dynamic web apps. It lets you use HTML
as your template language and allows you to extend HTML syntax to express your

dependency injection eliminate much of the code you currently have to write. And
it all happens within the browser, making it an ideal partner with any server
technology.

1. AngularJS is a browser-independent powerful JavaScript-based data binding UI

framework to create RICH Internet Application(RIA).
2. It provides developers with options to write a client-side application (using
JavaScript) in a clean MVC (Model View Controller)
3. An open-source, completely free, and used by thousands of developers around the
world. It is licensed under the Apache License version 2.0.
1) Model
It is the lowest level of pattern responsible for maintaining data.

The model is responsible for managing application data. It responds to the request
from view and to the instructions from the controller to update itself.

2) View
It is responsible for displaying all or a portion of data to the user.

A presentation of data
to present the data. They are script-based template systems such as JSP, ASP, and
PHP and are very easy to integrate with AJAX technology.

3) Controller
It is a software Code that controls the interactions between the Model and View.
The controller responds to user input and performs interactions on the data model
objects. The controller receives input, validates it, and then performs business
operations that modify the state of the data model.

NodeJS (Server Side)

Node.js is a server-
build fast and scalable network applications. Node.js uses an event-driven, non-
blocking I/O model that makes it lightweight and efficient, hence, perfect for data-
intensive real-time applications that run across distributed devices.

1) Asynchronous and Event-Driven

All APIs of the Node.js library is asynchronous, that is, non-blocking. It essentially
means a Node.js-based server never waits for an API to return data. The server
moves to the next API after calling it and a notification mechanism of Events of
Node.js helps the server to get a response from the previous API call.

2) Very Fast
s library is very
fast in code execution. Moreover, with its runtime feature, one can easily build
scalable and secure web apps.

3) Single-Threaded but Highly Scalable

Node.js uses a single-threaded model with event looping. The event mechanism
helps the server to respond in a non-blocking way and makes the server highly
scalable as opposed to traditional servers which create limited threads to handle
requests. Node.js uses a single-threaded program and the same program can provide
service to a much larger number of requests than traditional servers like Apache
HTTP Server.

4) Buffering
A stream of data can be classified as the movement of the data from one point to
another with a function of either processing or reading it and making decisions
accordingly. Depending upon the flow of data through a stream either the process
will consume the data faster and needs to wait for the excess data or if it is slower
then it needs to wait for additional data to arrive before it is sent out for processing.
Whichever Node.js does not hold the
control over the speed, time of data arrival or the speed of the stream however, it can
only act on the time to send out the data.

Threading
Node.js operates on a single thread, using non-blocking I/O calls, allowing it to
support tens of thousands of concurrent connections without incurring the cost of
thread context switching. The design of sharing a single thread between all the
requests that use the observer pattern is intended for building highly concurrent
applications, where any function performing I/O must use a callback. In order to
accommodate the single-threaded event loop, Node.js utilizes the libuv library which
in turn uses a fixed-sized thread pool that is responsible for some of the non-blocking
asynchronous I/O operations.

NodeJS Single Thread Architecture

Architecture Description

are accessing our Web Application concurrently.

Let us assume, our Clients Are Client-1, Client- -n.
Web Server internally maintains a
number of Threads in the Thread pool.
Web Server receives those requests one by one.
Web Server pickup Client-1 Request-1, Pickup one Thread T-1 from the Thread pool
and assign this request to Thread T-1
Thread T-1 reads Client-1 Request-1 and processes it
Client-1 Request-1 does not require any Blocking IO Operations
Thread T-1 does the necessary steps and prepares Response-1 and sends it back to
the Server
Web Server in-turn sends this Response-1 to the Client-1
Web Server pickup another Client-2 Request-2, Pickup one Thread T-2 from Thread
pool and assign this request to Thread T-2
Thread T-2 reads Client-1 Request-2 and processes it
Client-1 Request-2 does not require any Blocking IO Operations
Thread T-2 does necessary steps and prepares Response-2 and sends it back to the
Server
Web Server in-turn sends this Response-2 to the Client-2
Web Server pickups another Client-n Request-n, Pickup one Thread T-n from the
Thread pool and assign this request to Thread T-n
Thread T-n reads Client-n Request-n and processes it
Client-n Request-n requires heavy Blocking IO and computation Operations
Thread T-n takes more time to interact with external systems, does necessary steps
and prepares Response-n, and send it back to the Server
Web Server in-turn sends this Response-n to the Client-n

to Client Requests up to available Threads. After all m Threads are utilized, then the

finish their Request-Processing Job and are free to pick up the next Request. If those
threads are busy with Blocking IO Tasks (For example, interacting with the database,
file system, JMS Queue, external services, etc.) for a longer time, then the remaining
clients should wait a long time.
Once Threads are free in Thread Pool and available for the next tasks, the Server
picks up those threads and assigns them to remain Client Requests.
Each Thread utilizes many resources like memory etc. So before going to those
Threads from the busy state to waiting for the state, they should release all acquired
resources
ExpressJS
Express provides a minimal interface for us to build our applications. Provides
absolutely necessary tools to build our app with flexibility. There are numerous
modules available on npm for express, which can be directly plugged into an express.
Database integration, template engines, and basic multiple routing can be performed.
It not only helps middleware to respond to HTTP requests but also helps to
dynamically render HTML pages by passing arguments to templates.

Unlike its competitors like Rails and Django, which have an opinionated way of
building applicat
and pluggable.

Architecture Description
When the user sends a request through AngularJS then that request is firstly accessed
by the NodeJS. Threading is done in the NodeJS and then it is sent to the ExpressJS
to Create, Read, Update and Delete the API for the request. ExpressJS hosts the
website for NodeJS. Both NodeJS and ExpressJS are server-side languages. After
CURD, the API data is retrieved from MongoDB and then send to the User.
Create (POST) Make something
Read (GET)_- Get something
Update (PUT) Change something
Delete (DELETE)- Remove something
MongoDB
MongoDB (from humongous) is a free and open-source, cross-platform document-
oriented database program. Classified as a NoSQL database program, MongoDB
uses JSON-like documents with schemas. MongoDB
applications, enabling you to:
Leverage data and technology to maximize competitive advantage
Reduce risk for mission-critical deployments
Accelerate time-to-value
A drastic reduction in the total cost of ownership
We can build applications using MongoDB databases without using traditional
database relations (MYSQL). MongoDB features are below.

1) Fast, Iterative Development

A flexible data model coupled with dynamic schema and idiomatic drivers make it
fast for developers to build and evolve applications.

2) Flexible Data Model

of any structure, without giving up sophisticated validation rules, data access, and
rich indexing functionality.

3) Multi-Datacentre Scalability
As your deployments grow in terms of data volume and throughput, MongoDB
scales easily with no downtime, and without changing your application.

4) Integrated Feature Set

Analytics and data visualization, text search, graph processing, geospatial, in-
memory performance, and global replication allow you to deliver a wide variety of
real-time applications on one technology, reliably and securely.
5) Lower TCO
Application development teams are more productive when they use MongoDB.
Single click management MEANs operations teams are as well. MongoDB runs on
commodity hardware which in turn dramatically reduces the cost.

Architecture Description

1) Expressive query language & secondary Indexes

Users should be able to access and manipulate their data in sophisticated ways to
support both operational and analytical applications. Indexes play a critical role in
providing efficient access to data, supported natively by the database rather than
maintained in application code.

2) Strong consistency
Applications should be able to immediately read what has been written to the
database. It is much more complex to build applications around an eventually
consistent model, imposing significant work on the developer, even for the most
sophisticated engineering teams.
3) Enterprise Management and Integrations
Databases are just one piece of application infrastructure and need to fit seamlessly
into the enterprise IT stack. Organizations need a database that can be secured,
monitored, automated, and integrated with their existing technology infrastructure,
processes, and staff including operations teams, DBAs, and data analysts.

However, modern applications impose requirements not addressed by relational

databases, and this has driven the development of NoSQL -

4) Flexible Data Model

NoSQL databases emerged to address the requirements for the data we see
dominating modern applications. Whether a document, graph, key-value, or wide-
column, all of them offer a flexible data model, making it easy to store and combine
data of any structure and allow dynamic modification of the schema without
downtime or performance impact.

5) Scalability and Performance

NoSQL databases were all built with a focus on scalability, so they all include some
form of shading or partitioning. This allows the database to scale out on commodity
hardware deployed on-premises or in the cloud, enabling almost unlimited growth
with higher throughput and lower latency than relational databases.

6) Always-On Global Deployments

NoSQL databases are designed for highly available systems that provide a
consistent, high-quality experience for users all over the world. They are designed
to run across many nodes, including

replication to automatically synchronize data across servers, racks, and data centers.

Features of MongoDB
In MongoDB, data represents a collection of JSON documents.

-oriented, which means you can pass MongoDB a

document explai
however, it does support multi-dimensional data types like other documents and
arrays.
MongoDB, you will only have one array of comments and one collection of posts
within a post

One of the best things about MongoDB is that you are not responsible for defining
the schema

Technology
MEAN Stack (MEAN Stack developers):
UI: Angular JS, Bootstrap, HTML 5, CSS 3, JS, JSON, jQuery
Platform: MiddleWare & Server
Server Side: Express, Common JS, Node JS, RESTAPI
Database: Mongo DB
Environment Framework and Testing Framework: Chai, Protractor, Mocha
Build Tool: Gulp
Front-End: Yeoman
Text Editor: Atom

Looking beyond SPA

Single Page Applications (SPA) are a perfect choice for your business if you build
engaging, unique, and seamless web application development solutions experiences
for your users.
-paced, dynamic, and competitive
digital era testify that being customer-centric is the only sustainable way of growing

dig for newer and better ways of providing seamless experiences to customers.
It is why many organizations have started to build parts of their web applications
using an emerging web design referred to as Single Page Application.
Google and Facebook, the two giants whose apps drive your daily dose of the
internet and social media activity, have also been built using SPAs
In this blog, you will explore all aspects of a single page application, its benefits,
pitfalls, and how it brings much-needed business value. But before we go ahead, it
is essential to mention here that web applications are divided into two types based
on design pattern single page application and multi-page application.
-page applications.

Advantages of Single-Page Applications

Fast response to user actions. To execute a user's request, an SPA loads a small JSON
file instead of a new web page. ...
High performance and stability. ...
Fast development. ...
Desktop-like user experience. ...
Mobile-friendly.
What is the main advantage of SPA?
Here are the key advantages of using SPAs: Fast, instant, hardly any wait time.
Easily debuggable. Good user experience.
Single-Page Application Vs Multi-Page Application
Although SPAs are prevalent these days, it does not mean it is the perfect web
development choice for your next project. Choosing between a single-page
application vs a multi-page application depends on your business requirements.
What is a Multi-Page Application?
A multi-page Application is a traditional web application where a new page is
requested from the server to display when data is exchanged back and forth. The
amount of content they carry is enormous. Thus, they are generally multi-level deep
with many links and intricate UIs.
What is a Single Page Application?
A SPA application is a single page continuously interacting with the user by
dynamically rewriting the current page rather than loading entire new pages from a
server. Trello, Facebook, Gmail, and Twitter are a few single-page app examples.
Single Page Application Architecture and How SPA works
When you send a request to visit a web page, the browser sends a request to the
server and gets an HTML file in return. With a SPA, the server only sends an HTML
file on the first request; it sends data known as JSON on subsequent requests.
Going by the explanation above, a Single Page Application will only rewrite the
content on the current page instead of the initial page load in response to user actions.
As we discussed, this results in no page reloads and no extra waiting time.
Single Page Applications (SPAs) load a single HTML page and dynamically update
the content as the user interacts with the application. This type of architecture can
improve the user experience by reducing the amount of time spent waiting for page
refreshes. One of the most popular ways to build SPAs is using JavaScript
frameworks such as Angular, React, and Vue.
These frameworks provide developers with the tools and components needed to

that SPAs also have their own set

important to consider the specific needs of your application and weigh the pros and
cons before deciding to use a SPA architecture and javascript frameworks.
The dynamic loading of content on single-page web applications creates a
natural, fluid user experience , making the applications feel like native desktop or
mobile applications.
Single Page Application Pros and Cons
Like most other technologies, SPAs have advantages and disadvantages. Knowing
about each of them will bring you closer to deciding whether the SPA framework
fits your app idea.
Single Page Application Pros
Single-page applications are fast as most of the resources, including HTML, CSS,
and Scripts, are loaded once, and only data is transmitted back and forth. Here are
some of the business benefits of building single-page applications:
1. Quick Loading Time
A page taking over 200 milliseconds to load can significantly affect your online
business and, eventually, sales.
With the SPA approach, your full page loads quicker than traditional web
applications, as it only has to load a page at the first request. On the other hand,
traditional web apps have to load pages at every request, taking more time.
2. Seamless User Experience
SPAs deliver an experience like a desktop or mobile app. Users do not have to watch
a new page load, as only the content changes, not the page, making the experience
enjoyable.
3. Ease in Building Feature-rich Apps
SPA application makes adding advanced features to a web application easy. For
example, it is easier to build a content-editing web app with real-time analysis using
SPA development. Doing this with a traditional web app requires a total page reload
to perform content analysis.
4. Uses Less Bandwidth
It is no surprise that SPAs consume less bandwidth since they only load web pages
once. Besides that, they can also do well in areas with a slow internet connection.
Hence, it is convenient for everyone, regardless of internet speed.
Single Page Application Cons
Single page application architecture is best for developing high-performing SAAS
platforms and social networks. However, this approach has some disadvantages that
make it unsuitable for developing highly secure and SEO-optimized websites.
 m Well With SEO
One of the metrics that search engines use is the number of pages a website has.
However, since SPAs only load a single page, it is a disadvantage when ranking on
search engines
2. Uses a Lot of Browser Resources
SPAs require many resources from the web browser since the browser does most of
the tasks for the SPAs. Creating SPAs often need users to use the latest browsers
with support for some modern features.
3. Security Issues
Compared to multi-page apps, SPAs are more prone to cross-site scripting attacks.
Using XSS, it becomes easy for hackers to introduce client-side scripts into a web
app. Also, SPAs are more likely to expose sensitive data to all users.
6 Most-Popular Single Page Application Frameworks
If you have decided that building a SPA best suits your business requirements, then
building it on a robust SPA framework is mandatory.
This blog includes the best single-page application frameworks that handle the grand
application architectures required for rich web apps. Each framework has its own set
of features and functions. But, which SPA framework is best depends entirely on
your business requirements.
1. Meteor
Every developer loves a framework that is easy to use, deploy, and learn. Meteor is
just that. It is a relative technology package that lets you work effortlessly between
server and client to build high-performing single-page applications.
The single-page app framework is based on Node to build a complete end-to-end
framework that allows you to run the same code on server and client and has
MongoDB to give extraordinary database access. Meteor is the best SPA framework
for you if you want to develop your app faster.

Meteor allows perfect synchronization, which means all data is synchronized

in real-time, and collaboration on a project becomes easy. It has a LiveReload
feature that lets you view and analyze all changes you make without refreshing
the browser page for fast development.

Meteor requires fewer code lines, fewer bugs, faster development, and high-
quality single-page web apps.
 It makes the deployment of a SPA easy and less time-consuming. Meteor is
integrated with Galaxy, a PAAS solution for hosting apps with Meteor.js.
Therefore, all it requires to deploy an app is to sign in to Galaxy and add
environment variables.
2. React.JS

transformation, enterprises have Scalability & Flexibility ingrained into their core
focus areas right from the beginning, which was once just an afterthought.
Thus, building an efficient single-page application comes hand in hand with this
crucial factor. If scalability and flexibility are the topmost priority for your business,
ReactJS is a good choice of framework.

Its component-based architecture makes maintenance of a single-page

application built using React relatively easy.
 A page based on ReactJS includes a Virtual DOM. It enables the development
team to track and update the changes without affecting the other parts of the

ReactJS is more flexible than other frameworks because of its stand-alone

libraries, which enable a good response time and make it the best framework
for SPA development.

The framework enables the distribution of the load from the server to the client
as both sides utilize ReactJS
3. Angular.JS

In a pursuit to push the web to do more, enterprises face a common problem: the

before, making it hard for them to achieve a high-performance level across various
devices
Performance issues can lead to minor delays, and at worst, they can make your SPA
unresponsive, thereby turning away your potential customers. Even a study by
Google indicates that sites loading within 5 seconds had 70% longer sessions, 35%
lower bounce rates, and 25% higher ad viewability than sites taking nearly four times
longer.
Thus, good performance is a crucial factor when you are choosing a single-page
application framework. There is no better framework than AngularJS when it comes
to the performance of a single-page application.

AngularJS data binding feature eliminates much of the code a developer would
otherwise have to write. Thus, building a single page application using Angular
requires fewer line of code and delivers impressive performance.
Applications built with AngularJS load quickly. The component router feature
of AngularJS makes this possible by delivering automatic splitting of codes. It
enables the users to load only the requester code for the view.

An AngularJS framework allows a SPA to work on every platform.

4. Vue.JS
When combined with the right supporting libraries and modern tooling, VueJS is the
best framework for single-page web application development.
One of the most significant advantages of Vue.js is its small size(18-21kb). The user
can download it easily and start using it to avail several other benefits, including:

Because of its MVVM architecture, Vue.js allows two-way communication,

making it very easy to handle HTML blocks. This feature is called two-way
data binding and is not common in other frameworks like React.js. Vue.js is
also called reactive, as it reacts whenever the data is changed.

Vue.js is said to be the best of two worlds React and Angular. Just like React,
it uses Virtual DOM and is component-based, making it extremely fast
performing. On the other hand, like Angular, it has directives and two-way data
binding features, making it a reactive framework.
 Vue.js is neither a library nor a framework. It has the right balance of amazing
features for developing SPAs, and it is easy to add more, like State
Management and Routing.
5. Backbone.JS

It is one of the most popular SPA frameworks dependent on MVP designer patterns
for creating flexible web apps. It comes with a router, models, events, views,
collections, and many other incredible features that make developing SPAs easy and
fast.

For developing one-page apps, Backbone.JS is a much-preferred framework.

Its model view framework helps developers more than just structure the JS
architecture. Basically, it is used when there is a need to limit HTTP requests
to the server and simplify complicated UI designs.
 It is a robust framework for creating mature, single-page web apps with a
strong community. Some of its incredible features include tons of libraries,
small-size, abstract code, event-driven communication, and conventions for
coding style.
6. Ember.JS

The user interface (UI) is an integral part of an application that in no time

differentiates you from your competitors. A single-page application is considered
the most efficient if it can transmit the entire UI to the client. It, thereby, improves
the overall performance of the network.

EmberJS as a framework for your application.

Like AngularJS, EmberJS also features two-way data binding, keeping both
view and model in sync. Applying the Ember FastbootJS module, it becomes
 possible to prompt server-side rendering of DOM, thereby improving complex
UIs.

EmberJS, based upon two-way binding, automatically updates the UI with a

change in data. Thus, it allows us to describe UI that knows when to update
easily.
EmberJS is a highly opinionated, open-source framework that promotes greater
flexibility. Thus, it is an excellent choice for building complex, feature-rich single-
page web applications. The big names that incorporate this framework are
Nordstrom, Kickstarter, LinkedIn, Netflix, and many others.
Use Cases of SPAs
Single Page Application is ideal for building dynamic platforms with small data
volumes. Apart from this, a single page web application fits perfectly well for
future mobile app development.
It is an excellent architecture for SaaS platforms, social networks, and closed

examples of single-page applications like Gmail and Google Maps perfectly

demonstrate how SPAs can create successful products.
If a project requires effective SEO, on the other hand, then you should use a multi-
page application. There are numerous use cases of Single Page Applications. You
can perform every task with a SPA that a traditional multi-page application can
perform; however, the vice- some examples of how
brands are using the SPA framework.

Single Page Application Examples

By now, you must be familiar with most of the basics of a SPA: How SPA works,
single page application advantages and disadvantages, popular SPA frameworks,
and its use cases. The following are a few common single page web app examples
you can relate with:
Gmail: You can open unread emails, delete, compose, and even send emails.
Grammarly: You can get insights on a writeup, get grammatical corrections,
and do SEO checks.
Google Maps: You can search for new locations on the map, and change
places.
You can do all this without having to reload the page. Thereby, it provides a far
better experience than reloading the page.

The steps to built loc 8r

Build a Loc8r:

1: Build a static site

2: Design the data model and create the database

3: Build our REST API

4: Use the API from our application

5: Embellish the application

6: Refactor the code into an AngularJS SPA

7: Add authentication

HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE
The hardware architecture is a view of the physical architecture that represents the
hardware components and their interrelationships.
The web service runs and web application is stored on a PC on the same network as
your hardware. This architecture keeps the server burden off of your hardware and
works best for sharing measurement data dashboards and applications using System
Link Tag and Message APIs.
Parallel computing and hardware architecture of parallel computing in this post.
Note that there are two types of computing but we only learn parallel computing
here. As we are going to learn parallel computing for that we should know
following terms.
1. Era of computing The two fundamental and dominant models of computing
are sequential and parallel. The sequential computing era began in the 1940s
and the parallel (and distributed) computing era followed it within a decade.
2. Computing So, now the question arises that what is Computing? Computing
is any goal-oriented activity requiring, benefiting from, or creating computers.
Computing includes designing, developing and building hardware and software
systems; designing a mathematical sequence of steps known as an algorithm;
processing, structuring and managing various kinds of information
3. Type of Computing Following are two types of computing :
1. Parallel computing
2. Distributed computing
Parallel computing As in this article, we are going to learn Parallel computing
so what is parallel processing? Processing of multiple tasks simultaneously on
multiple processors is called parallel processing. The parallel program consists of
multiple active processes (tasks) simultaneously solving a given problem. As we
learn what is parallel computing and there type now we are going more deeply on
the topic of the parallel computing and understand the concept of the hardware
architecture of parallel computing.
Hardware architecture of parallel computing The hardware architecture of
parallel computing is distributed along the following categories as given below : 1.
Single-instruction, single-data (SISD) systems 2. Single-instruction, multiple-data
(SIMD) systems 3. Multiple-instruction, single-data (MISD) systems 4. Multiple-
instruction, multiple-data (MIMD) systems Refer to learn about the hardware
architecture of parallel computing taxonomy
Hardware computing Computer hardware is the collection of physical parts of
a computer system. This includes the computer case, monitor, keyboard, and
mouse. It also includes all the parts inside the computer case, such as the hard disk
drive, motherboard, video card, and many others. Computer hardware is what you
can physically touch.

Advantages:

Speedup: Parallel computing can significantly reduce the time it takes to solve a
complex problem by breaking it down into smaller parts that can be solved
simultaneously.
Scalability: Parallel computing architectures can easily scale up to handle larger
datasets or more complex computations.
Fault-tolerance: Parallel computing can be fault-tolerant, which means that if one
processor or node fails, the others can continue to work.
Cost-effective: By using multiple processors or nodes, parallel computing can be
more cost-effective than using a single high-performance processor.
Increased performance: Parallel computing can increase the performance of
certain types of computations, such as simulations, data analysis, and machine
learning.
Disadvantages:
Complexity: Parallel computing architectures can be complex and difficult to
program, which can require specialized skills and knowledge.
Communication overhead: Communication between processors or nodes can be
slow, which can limit the performance gains of parallel computing.
Synchronization issues: When multiple processors or nodes work together,
synchronization issues can arise, which can lead to errors or reduced performance.
Limited scalability: Some parallel computing architectures may have limited
scalability, which can limit their usefulness for certain types of computations.
Hardware limitations: Parallel computing architectures may require specialized
hardware, which can be expensive and difficult to obtain.
How the Mean stack components work together
Forming the backend of the MEAN stack, Express handles all the interactions
between the frontend and the database, ensuring a smooth transfer of data to the end
user. It's designed to be used with Node. js and so continues the consistent use of
JavaScript throughout the stack.

What is the MEAN stack?

The MEAN stack is a JavaScript-based framework for developing web applications.
MEAN is named after MongoDB, Express, Angular, and Node, the four key
technologies that make up the layers of the stack.

MongoDB document database

Express(.js) Node.js web framework
Angular(.js) a client-side JavaScript framework
Node(.js) the premier JavaScript web server

There are variations to the MEAN stack such as MERN (replacing Angular.js with
React.js) and MEVN (using Vue.js). The MEAN stack is one of the most popular
technology concepts for building web applications.

How does the MEAN stack work?

MEAN stack architecture
The MEAN architecture is designed to make building web applications
in JavaScript and handling JSON incredibly easy.
MEAN stack components
Angular.js front end

At the very top of the MEAN stack is Angular.js, the self-

Angular.js allows you to extend your HTML tags with metadata in order to create
dynamic, interactive web experiences much more powerfully than, say, building
them yourself with static HTML and JavaScript (or jQuery).

-end JavaScript
framework, including form validation, localization, and communication with your
back-end service.

Express.js and Node.js server tier

The next level down is Express.js, running on a Node.js server. Express.js calls itself

exactly what it is.

Express.js has powerful models for URL routing (matching an incoming URL with
a server function), and handling HTTP requests and responses. By making XML
HTTP requests (XHRs), GETs, or POSTs from your Angular.js front end, you can
connect to Express.js functions that power your application.

using promises, to access and update data in your MongoDB database.

MongoDB database tier

If your application stores any data (user profiles, content, comments, uploads,

Angular, Express, and Node.

end can be sent to the Express.js server, where they can be processed and (assuming
at MongoDB Atlas. This will allow you built-in full database security and cross-
cloud scalability with the click of a button. More on that later on this page.

Advantages of the MEAN stack

MEAN applications can be used in many ways with a cross-platform write-once
approach. While MEAN is particularly suited to real-time applications, particularly
those running natively in the cloud and single-page (dynamic) web applications built
in Angular.js, it can be used for other use cases such as:

Workflow management tools

News aggregation sites
Todo and calendar applications
Interactive forums

There are many more uses for the MEAN stack, as well.

Since all the components are based on JavaScript and JSON, the integration between
the components of the stack is intuitive and straightforward.

Additionally, the E and A of MEAN (Express and Angular) are two of the most
popular and well-supported JavaScript frameworks for back-end and front-end
development, respectively. Express makes routing and managing HTTP requests and
responses super easy, and includes great support for middleware to handle JSON
endpoints and form posts. Angular is a powerful tool for building dynamic HTML
pages that communicate with a back-end server.

-throughput API, a simple web application, or a

microservice, MEAN is the ideal stack for building Node.js applications.

All of the MEAN stack components are open source in nature and therefore allow a
generous, free-of-charge opportunity for developers.

Disadvantages of the MEAN stack

-
end servers. Since the foundation of the MEAN stack is JavaScript, including the
back-end server, it might come with concurrency and performance problems at scale
due to JavaScript nature.

Additionally, since the development opportunity is so rapid, business and server

logic might suffer from poor isolation, making potential spaghetti code and bad
practices a reality along the way.

Finally, although there are many guides and tutorials out there, they generally will
not include concrete JS coding guidelines appropriate for this stack. Therefore,
something that worked really well for one application might surface issues for
another.

When can the MEAN stack be used?

MEAN follows the traditional three-tier stack pattern, including the display tier
(Angular.js), application tier (Express.js and Node.js), and database tier
(MongoDB).

MongoDB stores data in a JSON-like format (BSON, a binary JSON extension), the
MongoDB Query Language (MQL) is defined in JSON, and its command line
interface (CLI) is a JavaScript interpreter. Not only is MongoDB essentially a
Java
querying deep into JSON documents, has powerful native Node.js drivers, and is
designed for horizontal scale-
using MongoDB Atlas, the cloud-native database as a service from the creators of
MongoDB.

-throughput API, a simple web application, or a

microservice, MEAN is the ideal stack for building Node.js applications.

Using MEAN stack with MongoDB Atlas

The MongoDB Node.js driver makes working with MongoDB from inside a Node.js
script simple and intuitive for developers saving developers time and increasing
their productivity.
Need a MongoDB database. The easiest way to get started with MongoDB is to
create a free cluster in MongoDB Atlas, MongoDB's fully managed, multi-cloud
document database as a service.

Atlas databases are easily deployed and scaled, providing you with a consistent URI
to connect. See the official MongoDB documentation on connecting to a cluster.

Along the way, Atlas connections come with built-in username/password and TLS
end-to-end encryption by default. Additionally, these connections allow you to
utilize advanced MongoDB security features such as certificate/IAM authentication,
LDAP, Encryption-at-rest, and Auditing with the click of a button.

Moreover, an Atlas project can utilize the Atlas App Services applications platform
to easily integrate many authentication providers such as Google, Facebook, JWT,
and custom authentication.

Scaling and managing Atlas is very easy; its biggest benefit is that it supports and
secures the MEAN stack's most valuable layer: the data layer.

How secure is the MEAN stack?

We recommend using the MEAN stack with MongoDB Atlas, since Atlas has built-
in credentials, a firewall, and end-to-end encryption, which is the best foundation for
securing your MongoDB.

Additionally, the MEAN stack has a concrete three-tier separation which, if used
with best practices and correct network isolation, should prevent your end users from
having access to the business logic and, moreover, to your database layer. Therefore,
your application is by default designed to avoid malicious user interaction from
putting your application at risk (query injection, code manipulation, port spoofing,
etc.).