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JAMES LOWEN &
CARLOS BOCOS

BIRDS OF
SPAIN
A PHOTOGRAPHIC GUIDE
SECOND EDITION
 HELM
Bloomsbury Publishing Plc
50 Bedford Square, London, WC1B 3DP, UK
29 Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin 2, Ireland

BLOOMSBURY, HELM and the Helm logo are trademarks

of Bloomsbury Publishing Plc

This edition published 2024

This electronic edition published in 2023 by Bloomsbury Publishing Plc

Text © James Lowen 2024

Photographs © Carlos Bocos 2024, bar images listed on page 219

James Lowen and Carlos Bocos have asserted their rights under the Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as Authors of this work.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted

in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission
in writing from the publishers.

Bloomsbury Publishing Plc does not have any control over, or responsibility for,
any third-party websites referred to or in this book. All internet addresses given in
this book were correct at the time of going to press. The author and publisher
regret any inconvenience caused if addresses have changed or sites have ceased
to exist, but can accept no responsibility for any such changes.

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication data has been applied for.

ISBN: PB: 978-1-399-40501-0; ePub: 978-1-399-40503-4;

ePDF: 978-1-399-40502-7

Design by Rod Teasdale

Map by Julie Dando

To find out more about our authors and books visit www.bloomsbury.com
and sign up for our newsletters
 CONTENTS

Introduction4
Natural Spain 5
Birds and Bird Conservation in Spain 6
Good Birdwatching Sites in the Region 8
How to Use This Book 21
Species Accounts 22
Further Reading and Resources 219
Acknowledgements219
Photo Credits 219
List of Species Names 220
Index222
 4
INTRODUCTION
Introduction

Millions of British tourists visit Spain every year – more than any other country, in fact, and
not far off the combined total of visitors to France and Germany. While the majority may
prioritise their time on sun-drenched beaches, an ever-increasing proportion is exploring
Spain’s wilder side – especially the birdlife of its remarkably varied countryside.
And for good reason. Spain is the second-largest country to lie wholly within Europe, so
is much bigger than many visitors might appreciate. It boasts a hugely diverse landscape
that contains many spectacular and important habitats for wildlife. It has snow-capped
mountains that stretch more than 3km into the sky, where vultures soar around lofty peaks,
and swathes of traditionally managed dehesa wooded pasture, beneath which Common
Cranes gulp down acorns each winter. Despite the best (i.e. typically deleterious) efforts
of agricultural intensification, extensive areas remain shrouded in semi-natural grasslands
– the steppe-like home of bustards and sandgrouse. Not all agriculture is bad, of course:
the expansion of rice cultivation has created new wetlands that sometimes harbour
large numbers of wintering and migrant waterbirds. Then there are rocky deserts, a vast
central plateau, rich and verdant wetland deltas, ancient oak forests, both Atlantic and
Mediterranean coastlines, and the insular havens of the Balearics. And if that were not
enough, Spain lies at the interface between Europe and Africa, funnelling avian migrants
between the two continents. It is truly a land of avian plenty.
Moreover, Spain’s average human population density of 92 people per km2 places
the country firmly in the more sparsely populated half of the European league table.
The UK, by comparison, is roughly three times more densely populated. Furthermore,
80 per cent of Spaniards live in urban areas – which leaves vast areas of uninhabited
countryside to explore.
And wherever you explore in Spain, you should find birds – which is where this book
comes in. Drawing on a rich font of digital photography, this guide illustrates and describes
301 bird species that are most likely to be encountered on a visit to Spain, including the
Balearic Islands (but excluding the far-flung archipelago of the Canary Islands).
 5
NATURAL SPAIN

Natural Spain
The Iberian Peninsula – comprising Spain and Portugal – is isolated from the rest of Europe
by the great mountain range of the Pyrenees. The remainder of the landmass is fringed
either by the Mediterranean Basin or by the Atlantic Ocean. The coast is important in
Spain; only five European countries have a seaboard longer than its 5,000 or so kilometres.
Nor should Spain’s proximity to Africa be underestimated: at its closest point, it is
nearer to Morocco than England is to France. Where not overlain with concrete, Spain’s
Mediterranean coast holds impressive wetlands, jagged cliffs and vast sandy strands. The
Atlantic coast tends to be rockier, but is interspersed with estuaries and cosy coves.
Much of inland Spain comprises a vast upland plateau known as the Meseta.
One-sixth of Spain lies above 1,000m and, across Europe, only Switzerland has a
higher average land height. The Meseta is split by the Sistema Central, a mountain
range that peaks just shy of 2,600m. Further north, the Cordillera Cantábrica attains
roughly the same altitude in the Picos de Europa. The 400km-long Pyrenees tower
above them all, however, reaching 3,400m. The zone above the treeline teems with
specialised wildlife, from arctic–alpine plants to hardy butterflies, evolutionarily
adapted mountaineering mammals, reptiles and amphibians, and exciting birds such
as Bearded Vulture, Wallcreeper and Alpine Accentor.
As the Meseta tilts towards the south-west, four main rivers (the Duero, Guadalquivir,
Guadiana and Tajo) drain into the Atlantic, leaving only the Ebro to exit at the
Mediterranean. The Meseta is dotted with rocky gorges and standing waterbodies
(particularly reservoirs), which serve as oases for birds – especially ducks – in an otherwise
largely arid, agricultural domain. This is the home of Spain’s dwindling ‘pseudo-steppes’,
semi-natural grasslands where Eurasian Stone-curlews rub shoulders with bustards, while
various species of lark sing overhead in skies through which sandgrouse career.
Among Spain’s natural wetlands are the famous river deltas of the Ebro and Guadalquivir
(the latter better known as the Coto Doñana). Reedbeds and marshes nudge lagoons and
riverine forests, creating a diversity of landscape packed with herons, rallids and warblers.
Spain offers wooded habitats, too. Cantabrian slopes are cloaked in Sessile Oak
(Quercus petraea), Downy Birch (Betula pubescens) and Beech (Fagus sylvatica). The
Pyrenees are renowned for ancient forests of pines (Pinus spp.) and European Silver
Fir (Abies alba). Where these upland woodlands have been cleared for agriculture,
grassland has developed – notably hay meadows, in which butterflies and orchids thrive.
Further south lies the dehesa, the wooded pasture dominated by Cork Oak (Quercus
suber) and Holm Oak (Q. ilex). This region is of huge significance for wildlife, with the
oaks’ umbrella-shaped canopy providing nesting sites for Cinereous Vulture, Spanish
Imperial Eagle, Great Spotted Cuckoo, Iberian Magpie and many more species of bird.
Finally, on particularly dry or unstable ground that is no longer suitable for agriculture,
secondary scrub communities (usually known as maquis or garrigue) have developed.
Warblers, shrikes and open-country specialists such as Hoopoe thrive here.
 6
BIRDS AND BIRD
CONSERVATION IN SPAIN
Birds and bird conservation in Spain

Of more than 550 bird species recorded in Spain, roughly 350 occur regularly in
mainland Spain and the Balearics, and more than 240 routinely breed. Many will be
familiar to visitors coming from the British Isles. Excitingly, however, others that are
at best rare in the UK and Ireland transpire to be common and widespread in Spain,
including Black Redstart, Cirl Bunting and European Serin.
You will soon notice other differences, too. Although climate change is pushing
some of these species north into the UK, long-legged waterbirds such as egrets, herons
and spoonbills are generally more frequently encountered in Spain. Bustards and
sandgrouse roam the rolling, grassy plains, and there is a wider variety of woodpeckers
in Spanish forests. In addition, there is a much broader diversity of birds of prey
(including several eagles and vultures), and many more warblers and larks.
Wildfowl and waders may feel pretty familiar, but less familiar are colourful,
exotic-looking creatures such as Hoopoe, European Roller, European Bee-eater and
Great Spotted Cuckoo. Gulls include unexpected interlopers, notably Audouin’s and
Slender-billed. High-altitude zones offer special birds – including such evocatively
named species as Alpine Chough and White-winged Snowfinch.
According to current classifications by BirdLife International and the International Union
for Conservation of Nature, 23 species occurring in Spain (here including the Canary
Islands) are considered globally threatened (which means they face a very real chance
of extinction), with 22 others (including Cinereous Vulture, Little Bustard and Woodchat
Shrike) on the cusp of being so. Roughly half of these globally threatened species breed
in Spain, which is consequently of particular importance for them. Balearic Shearwater
breeds nowhere else in the world other than the Balearics. Should you wish to see globally
threatened birds such as White-headed Duck, Spanish Imperial Eagle or Iberian Grey
Shrike in Europe, your best bet is to visit Spain – so we indicate the status of such birds in
the species accounts. Make no mistake, Spain is special.
Despite such importance for birds, Spain has not always garnered positive press
in conservation circles. However, things do seem to be changing. Interest in and
awareness of environmental issues has widened in the country. This development has
been reflected in the expansion of protected areas (and associated investment in their
infrastructure) as well as the ever-growing membership of conservation organisations.
Foremost among these is the BirdLife International partner in Spain, Sociedad
Española de Ornitología (SEO/BirdLife; in English, the Spanish Ornithological Society).
Founded in 1954, SEO/BirdLife works on the conservation of birds and their habitats,
conducting scientific studies, disseminating knowledge and developing environmental
initiatives. It engages in conserving particularly threatened bird species, identifies
Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs), manages internationally important
locations, and advises the management boards of other reserves.
Many of the IBAs benefit from protection under European Union biodiversity
legislation. Several have complementary national-level designations, of which the
four most prominent are, in descending order of protection level: Parque Nacional
7
(National Park), Parque Natural (Natural Park), Paraje Natural (Natural Locality) and

Birds and bird conservation in Spain

Reserva Natural (Nature Reserve).
Protected areas do not help birds occurring outwith their boundaries, of course. And
Spain’s natural environment, like every other country worldwide, suffers from a raft
of pressures. Change in land use is a key threat, with examples being the conversion
of pseudo-steppes to agriculture or forestry. Urban expansion, from tourist villas to
new roads, reduces the available land. The expansion of ski facilities imperils birds
inhabiting montane regions, and windfarms (while generating carbon-free electricity)
have not always been sited in ideal locations and can cause direct avian mortality.
Climate change – or the climate crisis, as we should call it now – will assuredly have
long-term impacts, although the precise details are a work in progress. Nevertheless,
the sight of forest fires and desiccating wetlands (a problem exacerbated by increased
human demand for water) are already commonplace, and will surely only become
more so. As people increasingly visit the countryside for recreation, disturbance to
birdlife increases: think quad bikes and off-lead dogs for a start.
You can do your bit to rectify this, of course. If you travel to Spain by air, why not offset
your carbon emissions? You might demonstrate your support for SEO/BirdLife endeavours
by becoming a member of that organisation, in exchange receiving its birdwatching
magazine Aves y Naturaleza. You could even subscribe to the scientific journal Ardeola,
published by SEO/BirdLife but written almost entirely in English. You could choose to stay
at accommodation that abides by robust sustainability principles. Above all, you could
ensure that local hoteliers, restauranteurs and other service-providers are aware that the
reason you are visiting is to enjoy Spain’s thrilling birdlife in its natural setting. The stronger
the financial incentive to safeguard wildlife, the greater the chance that future generations
can enjoy birdwatching in Spain in the future every bit as much as we do now.

MAP OF THE REGION

Avilés Santander Bay of Biscay
A Coruña Ferrol Gijón FRANCE
Bilbao San Sebastián
Lugo Oviedo
Santiago de Vitoria
Pamplona
Pontevedra Compostela León Logroño
Ponferrada Figueres
Vigo Ourense Burgos
Huesca Girona
Palencia Manresa Vic
Soria Zaragoza Lleida Terrassa
Zamora Mataró
Valladolid Barcelona
Atlantic Reus L’Hospitalet
Ocean Salamanca Tarragona
Segovia
Ávila Guadalajara
MADRID Alcalá de Henares
Teruel
Minorca
Getafe Mallorca
PORTUGAL Aranjuez Cuenca
Castellón de la Plana
Toledo Sagunt Palma de
Cáceres Valencia Mallorca
Ibiza
Tomelloso
Ciudad Real Albacete Ibiza
Mérida
Badajoz Valdepeñas Alcoy Formentera
Puertollano Elda
Elche Alicante
Córdoba
Linares
Úbeda Murcia
Orihuela Mediterranean
Jaén Lorca Sea
Écija Cartagena
Huelva Seville Granada
Utrera
Antequera
Ronda
Jerez de la Frontera Almería
Cádiz Málaga
La Línea
Algeciras Gibraltar (UK) A l b o r a n S e a ALGERIA
Ceuta (Spain)
 8
GOOD BIRDWATCHING
Good birdwatching sites in the region

SITES IN THE REGION

You can see birds anywhere in Spain, and you don’t need to make any special trips
to enjoy watching attractive species. But one thing is clear: you will not see precisely
the same suite of species wherever you travel. The assemblage of birds at any given
location depends on habitat, altitude and season. Spring (March–May) is optimum
for seeing the widest range of species, with migrant breeders arriving while winterint
species are still in situ. The mountains are best left for summer (June–August), when
they are easily accessible and suffer less than lowlands from drought or disturbance.
Autumn (September–November) can be exciting, with non-breeding visitors arriving
and migration concentrated along coastlines. Winter (December–February) is
particularly good in the lowlands, especially wetlands, which may host congregations
of waterbirds, Common Cranes and raptors.
The sections below suggest some good birdwatching sites across the country
(mainly mainland Spain, but also briefly covering the Balearic Islands), focusing on
the most interesting birds. Regions are listed roughly north to south, with sites listed
alphabetically within each. Andalucía is so rich in birding locations that the province
is also specified for each site. The suggestions are intended to be illustrative, not
exhaustive, and are no substitute for detailed insights (for further information, see
Further Reading and Resources, p. 219).

GALICIA Cape Bares is famous for watching passing

seabirds. August to November are best,
A Ínsua and Traba Lake
following strong winds from the north-
Ensenada de A Ínsua is a sheltered estuary
west quadrant. Using a telescope, watch
north of A Càrballa, while Laguna de Traba
from the bird observatory balcony, east of
is a small, reed-fringed lagoon nudging the lighthouse. Standard species include
the coast. Autumn is best, followed by shearwaters (Cory’s, Great, Balearic, Sooty,
winter. Regular birds include Eurasian Manx), skuas (including Pomarine), gulls
Oystercatcher, Red Knot, Dunlin, Eurasian (including Little Gull and Black-legged
Curlew and Bar-tailed Godwit. Waterfowl Kittiwake), terns, Common Scoter and
include Eurasian Wigeon. Both sites are Grey Phalarope. A notch up in excitement
famous for attracting vagrants from North levels are Sabine’s Gull and Long-tailed
America, with a mouth-watering list ranging Skua, while real prizes include Pterodroma
from Bufflehead and Pied-billed Grebe to petrels and Wilson’s Storm-petrel.
Semipalmated Plover and Least Sandpiper.
Galician Islands
Estaca de Bares A national park protects several small
Iberia’s northernmost point, a steep islands lying less than 8km offshore. Boat
headland protruding into the Bay of Biscay, trips run most regularly in spring and
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summer. Islas Cíes and Ons hold Spain’s national park straddles the border with
largest colonies of European Shag, and Castilla y León. Dominated by the
9
other breeding birds include European rugged Cordillera Cantábrica, varied

Good birdwatching sites in the region

Storm-petrel, Cory’s Shearwater and habitats include alpine pastures, hay
Yellow-legged Gull. Passage seabirds meadows, deep gorges, steep cliff faces
include Balearic and Manx Shearwaters, and deciduous forests. Extensive road
and Northern Gannet. Breeding landbirds and trail networks, plus the Fuente De
include Peregrine, Alpine Swift, Red- cable car, provide easy access above
billed Chough, Sardinian Warbler and 2,000m. This makes the area perfect for
Dartford Warbler. seeking high-altitude specialities such as
Wallcreeper, White-winged Snowfinch
O Grove Peninsula and Alpine Accentor. Common Rock
The sheltered inlet (ensenada) east of the Thrush, Water Pipit and both species
small peninsula of O Grove harbours of chough are widespread. Citril Finch
intertidal mud and saltmarsh, which may be encountered at high-level passes.
attracts nationally important numbers of Griffon Vultures and various eagles soar
shorebirds such as Dunlin, Grey Plover, overhead, and Bearded Vulture has been
Eurasian Oystercatcher and Ruddy reintroduced. Black and Middle Spotted
Turnstone. Waterfowl are prominent in Woodpeckers frequent woodlands, with
winter, alongside Great Northern Diver, Western Bonelli’s Warbler and Red-
grebes and Razorbill. Autumn passage backed Shrike often nearby.
can prove rewarding. Other estuaries
along the west coast, including Río Miño Somiedo
and Ría de Ortigueira, are worth visiting Breeding raptors in this national park
for similar species. include Egyptian Vulture, Griffon Vulture,
Golden Eagle and Short-toed Snake Eagle.
ASTURIAS Black Woodpecker and Middle Spotted
Woodpecker inhabit forests. Grey Partridge
Eo Estuary occurs at high altitude, with Water Pipit,
This estuary running north into the Mar
Wallcreeper and White-winged Snowfinch
Cantábrico is one of northern Spain’s
higher still. It is best to visit in late spring
most important coastal wetlands. A few
and summer; Puerto de Somiedo pass
thousand duck may be present in autumn
(good for Ortolan Bunting and Ring Ouzel)
and winter, notably Northern Pintail and
may be blocked by snow in winter.
Eurasian Wigeon. Passage and wintering
waders include Northern Lapwing,
European Golden Plover, Common
CANTABRIA
Redshank and Eurasian Curlew. During Santoña
migration periods, there is the chance This shallow, sheltered inlet serves as
of scarcer species. Meadows near Tapia northern Spain’s most important coastal
hold Richard’s Pipit in winter. wetland. Tidal mudflats, saltmarsh and
sand bars provide wintering habitat
Picos de Europa for waterfowl and shorebirds. Eurasian
One of Spain’s foremost wildlife- Wigeon and Dunlin predominate. In
watching locations, this 650-km2 winter, look for Brent Goose, all three
 gorges. Salida de Lineas is a good
10
vantage point. Bonelli’s Eagle is
prominent, and a superlative array of
Good birdwatching sites in the region

cliff-nesting birds includes Egyptian

Vulture, Griffon Vulture, Golden Eagle,
Black Stork, Eurasian Eagle-owl, Alpine
Swift, Eurasian Crag Martin and Red-
billed Chough. Spring and summer are
best, also offering the chance of Red-
necked and European Nightjars, Great
Curavacas, Cantabrian Range.
Spotted Cuckoo and Spectacled Warbler.
divers, and Red-necked and Slavonian
Grebes. A wide variety of waders, including Duratón Gorge
Pied Avocet and Purple Sandpiper, migrate A cliff-lined river gorge surrounded by
through the area. A noteworthy feature of open plain, this natural park stretches
autumn is a large congregation of Eurasian from Burgomillodo to Sepúlveda. Large
Spoonbill. Resident birds include Western colonies of Griffon Vulture breed, with
Marsh Harrier, Northern Goshawk, small numbers of Egyptian Vulture and
Sardinian Warbler, Dartford Warbler, Eurasian Eagle-owl. Overhead raptors
European Serin and Cirl Bunting. include Black Kite, Booted Eagle and
Short-toed Snake Eagle. Cliff-loving birds
CASTILLA Y LEÓN include Red-billed Chough, Blue Rock
Thrush, Common Rock Thrush, Black
Gredos Wheatear, Rock Sparrow and Rock
In the south of Castilla y León, the Bunting. A few Dupont’s Larks inhabit the
Sierra de Gredos forms part of the Sierra plains (best seen on spring mornings).
Central mountains. Alpine meadows are
interspersed with montane lakes. Slopes
are swathed in oaks and pines. Probably
the best birding area is readily accessed
from La Plataforma car park. Look for
Ortolan Bunting, Rock Bunting, Water
Pipit, Common Rock Thrush, Red-billed
Chough, Alpine Accentor and Bluethroat.
In pine forests, European Crested Tit, Red
Crossbill and Citril Finch occur. Cinereous
Vulture breeds in the Iruelas Valley. The
Gredos’ southern slopes harbour species
such as European Bee-eater, Woodchat
Shrike and Iberian Grey Shrike.

River Duero
South-west of Zamora and north-west
of Salamanca, the River Duero and
tributaries flow through spectacular Mediterranean Forest, Cerrato.
Villafáfila area is well known for Griffon Vulture,
but Golden Eagle and Eurasian Eagle-
11
Pseudo-steppes and large wetlands
provide good, year-round birding. The owl also breed. The wooded areas are

Good birdwatching sites in the region

stars are Spain’s largest Great Bustard better for Short-toed Eagle and Booted
population, with a supporting cast of Eagle. Smaller birds inhabiting the gorges
Little Bustard, Eurasian Stone-curlew include rock-associated species such as
and Black-bellied Sandgrouse, plus Eurasian Crag Martin, Common Rock
Lesser Kestrel and Montagu’s Harrier in Thrush, Blue Rock Thrush, Red-billed
spring and summer. Steppe passerines Chough and Rock Sparrow.
include Calandra Lark, Greater Short-toed
Lark and Tawny Pipit. During winter, Sierra de la Demanda
floods hold tens of thousands of Greylag A scenic area offering decent birding for
Geese. In winter, ducks include Mallard, hikers. Alpine pastures host montane
Gadwall and Northern Shoveler, and species such as Alpine Accentor,
raptors like Red Kite, Common Buzzard, Water Pipit and Citril Finch. Woodland
Western Marsh Harrier and Hen Harrier. dominated by beech and oak harbours
raptors such as European Honey Buzzard,
PAÍS VASCO Short-toed Snake Eagle and Booted
Eagle. The area is good for the localised
Urdaibai European Pied Flycatcher. Turza and Tobía
Some 250 bird species are recorded Valleys provide prospects of Egyptian
annually in the varied habitats of this Vulture, Common Rock Thrush, Short-toed
UNESCO Biosphere Reserve. The rocky Treecreeper and Red-backed Shrike.
coast holds breeding European Shag,
European Storm-petrel and Yellow-legged
NAVARRA
Gull, plus wintering Purple Sandpiper.
Great Northern Diver and auks winter Bardenas Reales
offshore, while autumn seawatching from Various reserve designations protect parts
two headlands may produce Northern of a large desert-like plateau scored by
Gannet, shearwaters, skuas and terns. ravines, Unfortunately, the presence of
Wildfowl and waders throng on an a military base restricts access to major
estuary and adjacent saltmarsh. Breeding thoroughfares. Spring is best for open-
birds include Little Bittern, Zitting country birds such as Dupont’s Lark,
Cisticola and Great Reed Warbler. Short- Pin-tailed Sandgrouse, Black-bellied
toed Eagle, Eurasian Hobby, Red-rumped Sandgrouse and Red-necked Nightjar.
Swallow and Red-backed Shrike are Cliff-nesters include Griffon Vulture,
sometimes seen. A visit at any season is Eurasian Eagle-owl and Alpine Swift. In
likely to be worthwhile. summer, a notable attraction is a roost of
Egyptian Vultures at Caídas de la Negra.
LA RIOJA
Pico Gorramendi and Selva de Irati
Iregua, Leza and Jubera A large area with extensive forests
Three deep limestone gorges separated by separated by rocky gorges and topped
deciduous woodland and scrubby habitats by mountain peaks. Several localities
make for productive raptor-watching. The are worth exploration, including Pico
 Gorramendi (mountains), Quinto Real Infierno, Wallcreeper is now best looked
12 and Selva de Irati (forests), and Collado for near Garbadito refuge.
de Ibañeta (migration watchpoint). All
Good birdwatching sites in the region

seven Spanish woodpeckers occur, Belchite

the star being White-backed. Other Focus on two reserves in this important
woodland denizens include European but fragmented pseudo-steppe: La Lomaza
Honey Buzzard, Northern Goshawk, de Belchite and El Planerón. This is
Common Redstart and European Pied probably Spain’s best area for Dupont’s
Flycatcher. Rocky areas are good for Lark (easiest in spring), with good numbers
Bearded, Egyptian and Griffon Vultures, of Black-bellied Sandgrouse and Pin-tailed
Golden Eagle and Alpine Chough. High- Sandgrouse. Other steppe birds include
altitude pastures hold Citril Finch and Eurasian Stone-curlew, Lesser Short-toed
Water Pipit. Migration watchers may Lark, Calandra Lark, Western Black-eared
experience a huge passage of Common Wheatear and, in summer, Greater Short-
Wood Pigeon, plus storks, Black Kite, toed Lark and Tawny Pipit. In autumn,
harriers and Common Cranes. passage flocks of Eurasian Dotterel occur.

Roncal Valley Gallocanta Lake

At high altitude in the Pyrenees look Spain’s largest natural lake covering
for Bearded Vulture, Alpine Accentor, 15km2 (with seasonal fluctuations) within
Wallcreeper and White-winged a protected area totalling quadruple
Snowfinch. Forests around the Belagua that. Tens of thousands of Common
refuge host European Nightjar, Black Cranes use the site on passage (notably
and White-backed Woodpeckers, with November and late February), and
an outside chance of Tengmalm’s Owl. many also winter. Wildfowl winter in
Burgui Gorge has a vibrant colony of large numbers. Breeding birds include
Griffon Vulture, plus Eurasian Eagle- Black-winged Stilt, Kentish Plover,
owl, Red-billed Chough and Blue Rock Whiskered Tern and Gull-billed Tern.
Thrush. Down-valley is good for Iberian The surrounding pseudo-steppes hold
Green Woodpecker, Eurasian Wryneck Pin-tailed and Black-bellied Sandgrouse,
and Red-backed Shrike. plus Eurasian Stone-curlew.

Los Monegros
ARAGÓN
A mosaic of pseudo-steppe and
Anso and Hecho Valleys agricultural land lying mainly north of
Spectacular Pyrenean valleys with cliffs, the AP-2 motorway. Although similar to
woodland and alpine pastures. A diverse Belchite, Los Monegros also offers juniper
raptor offering includes Bearded, Griffon and pine forest plus seasonal lagoons.
and Egyptian Vultures, and Short-toed Little Bustard is more regular than at
Snake Eagle. Gorges hold cliff-nesters Belchite, and Lesser Kestrel has become
including Eurasian Eagle-owl, Alpine a prominent breeder. For Dupont’s Lark,
Swift, Eurasian Crag Martin, Blue Rock try north of Osera de Ebro. In winter,
Thrush, Rock Sparrow and Rock Bunting. lagoons south of Bujaraloz may hold
Alpine and Red-billed Choughs are wildfowl. Eurasian Dotterel passage
common. Once expected at Boca del peaks in September. Cliff faces may
produce Egyptian Vulture, Alpine Swift, for Garganey, Little Crake, Spotted Crake,
Whiskered Tern, Red-footed Falcon and,
13
Eurasian Crag Martin and Rock Sparrow.
increasingly, Black-winged Kite.

Good birdwatching sites in the region

Ordesa
Spain’s first national park, Ordesa’s Cadí–Moixeró
156 km2 covers grassy alpine pastures, fir This large, montane natural park possesses
and pine forests and rushing rivers. On habitats ranging from rugged peaks and
mountaintops, look for Alpine Accentor, evergreen forests to alpine pastures and
White-winged Snowfinch and Water Pipit. valley meadows. High-altitude specialities
In summer, rocky areas hold Common include Bearded Vulture, Alpine Accentor,
Rock Thrush and Black Redstart. Cliff- Wallcreeper, Common Rock Thrush
faces may produce Golden Eagle, Bearded and Citril Finch. Forests hold Northern
Vulture, both choughs, Alpine Swift and Goshawk, European Honey Buzzard,
Wallcreeper. Forest residents include Tengmalm’s Owl and Black Woodpecker.
Northern Goshawk, Black Woodpecker Lower reaches are frequented by Eurasian
and European Crested Tit, with Citril Finch Wryneck, European Bee-eater, Western
in more open areas. Subalpine Warbler and Red-backed Shrike.
Best visited in spring and summer, but the
CATALUÑA winter adventurer may encounter White-
winged Snowfinch.
Aigüestortes
This spectacular Pyrenean national park Ebro Delta
holds lakes, streams, forests, meadows Spain’s second-largest wetland spans
and towering peaks. Raptors are more than 300km2, and its variety of
excellent. Montane birds include Bearded watery habitats and coastal location
Vulture, Golden Eagle, Rock Ptarmigan, explain its attraction to birds. Following
Alpine Accentor, Wallcreeper, Alpine autumn’s rice harvest, tens of thousands
Chough, White-winged Snowfinch, of ducks and Common Coot throng
Common Rock Thrush and Water Pipit. the paddies. Waders (mainly Dunlin
Forest species include Tengmalm’s Owl and Little Stint) occur in great numbers
and Black Woodpecker, with Citril Finch during winter and on migration. Winter
nearby. Spring or early summer are best. also sees many Slender-billed Gull and
Mediterranean Gull, but Audouin’s Gull
Aiguamolls de l’Empordà arrives only in spring. Whiskered and
A coastal wetland with freshwater Gull-billed Terns breed. Little Bittern,
lagoons, marshes, reedbeds and Squacco Heron, Black-crowned Night
seasonally flooded grassland. Access Heron and Glossy Ibis are common.
is from Castelló d’Empúries. Greater Greater Flamingo is resident. Breeding
Flamingo, Great Bittern, Western shorebirds include Collared Pratincole,
Marsh Harrier, Purple Swamphen and Black-winged Stilt and Kentish Plover.
Moustached Warbler are resident, with
spring and summer also seeing Purple Lleida
Heron, Black-crowned Night Heron, Although heavily fragmented, the
Little Bittern, Black-winged Stilt and pseudo-steppe east of Utxesa reservoir
Savi’s Warbler. During migration, look and south of Lleida offers opportunities
 to see Montagu’s Harrier, Little Bustard, El Hondo
14 Pin-tailed Sandgrouse and Eurasian This natural park harbours two large
Stone-curlew plus Calandra, Lesser Short- reservoirs, marshes and other wetlands.
Good birdwatching sites in the region

toed and even Dupont’s Larks. Other Waterbirds are impressive, including
open-country species include Great Marbled Teal (resident) and White-headed
Spotted Cuckoo, Red-necked Nightjar, Duck (particularly in winter). Greater
European Roller, Black Wheatear and Spotted Eagle winters. In summer, enjoy
Western Black-eared Wheatear. The breeding herons, egrets and Little Bittern,
reservoir may hold Purple Heron, Little plus large colonies of Black-necked Grebe
Bittern and Great Reed Warbler in spring and Whiskered Tern.
and summer.
Marjal de Pego-Oliva
Llobregat Delta This coastal wetland lies north-west
Conveniently located adjacent to of Dénia. The main attraction is a
Barcelona airport, this coastal wetland substantial resident population of
is shared between two reserves. Winter Moustached Warbler. Purple Swamphen
offers large numbers of Mediterranean and Red-crested Pochard occur year-
Gull, with Ferruginous Duck on the round, and the lucky visitor may
wetlands, and Balearic and Yelkouan encounter Marbled Teal. Breeding birds
Shearwaters offshore. Breeding species include Little Bittern and Purple Heron,
include Little Bittern, Black-crowned while winter wildfowl are complemented
Night Heron, Red-crested Pochard, by Bluethroat and Eurasian Penduline Tit.
Audouin’s Gull and Great Reed Warbler.
Birding excels during spring and autumn MADRID
migration, when crakes, waders, gulls La Pedriza
and terns occur. Part of the Sierra de Guadarrama National
Park, La Pedriza offers good birding-cum-
COMUNIDAD VALENCIANA hiking close to Madrid. Griffon Vulture
Albufera de Valencia breeds. Cinereous Vulture, Spanish
This coastal lagoon is complemented Imperial Eagle and Golden Eagle may
appear overhead. European Crested Tit
by marshes, reedbeds and rice fields – a
breeds in the pine forests. Iberian Magpie
combination rendering it a haven for
inhabits the scrub. In spring and summer,
birdlife. Large numbers of various herons
look also for Common Rock Thrush,
and egrets breed, as does Red-crested
Western Black-eared Wheatear and Red-
Pochard and the occasional Marbled
billed Chough. Further west, birds include
Teal. Purple Swamphen and Red-knobbed
Alpine Accentor at high altitude, Citril
Coot have been introduced. Audouin’s,
Finch beside upland forests, and breeding
Slender-billed and Mediterranean Gulls
Cinereous Vulture.
breed. Glossy Ibis and Moustached
Warbler are resident. Thousands of Black-
tailed Godwits occur among passage
CASTILLA–LA MANCHA
waders. Wildfowl abound in winter, with Navalcán
Red-crested Pochard, Common Pochard, Navalcán is a large reservoir surrounded
Gadwall and Northern Pintail. by scrub and dehesa, best visited in
winter: the north-western arm is typically de Manjavacas, east of Pedro Muñoz.
productive. Common Crane congregates Across the area there is a large breeding
15
in numbers. Cinereous and Griffon population of Black-necked Grebe, plus

Good birdwatching sites in the region

Vultures are present, as are Spanish White-headed Duck, Marbled Teal,
Imperial Eagle and Black-winged Kite. Red-crested Pochard, Purple Swamphen,
The dehesa holds Iberian Magpie and, Collared Pratincole, Gull-billed Tern,
in spring and summer, Western Orphean Whiskered Tern, Moustached Warbler,
Warbler and Western Subalpine Warbler. Savi’s Warbler and Great Reed Warbler.
Various ducks, Common Crane and
Oropesa Bluethroat occur in winter.
Immediately south of Navalcán, between
the A-5 at Oropesa and the CM-4101 EXTREMADURA
running west from Calera y Chozas to El
Puente del Arzobispo, is an interesting Allcollarín Reservoir
area of pseudo-steppe. Spring is best for This reservoir south-west of Guadalupe
Little Bustard, Great Bustard, Black- attracts large numbers of wintering ducks
bellied Sandgrouse and Eurasian Stone- and grebes. In spring and summer, Gull-
curlew. Lesser Kestrel nests in villages. In billed Tern and Collared Pratincole are
the dehesa, look for Booted Eagle, Great highlights. Various waders have been
Spotted Cuckoo and Iberian Magpie. recorded on passage. Several scarcities
have been observed, and further
Cabañeros coverage is likely to extend this list.
A large national park with high-quality
Mediterranean forest. Numerous breeding Badajoz
Cinereous Vultures are complemented Urban birding at the permanently
by Spanish Imperial Eagle and Black- flooded Río Guadiana either side of
winged Kite. Common Crane winters, Badajoz city centre can be rewarding.
large numbers feeding below evergreen Footpaths follow the river banks; bridges
oaks. Little Bustard and Eurasian Stone- enable circular walks. Numerous
curlew are resident in open areas. breeding long-legged waterbirds include
Look also for Woodchat Shrike, Iberian Cattle Egret, Squacco Heron, Black-
Magpie, Iberian Grey Shrike and Spanish crowned Night Heron, Glossy Ibis and
Sparrow. Access to much of the park Eurasian Spoonbill. Purple Swamphen
must be booked in advance but driving is resident. Alpine Swift breeds on
the CM-4017 between Horcajo de los bridges. Black-winged Stilt and Osprey
Montes and Retuerta del Bullaque is one migrate through.
alternative.
Cáceres and Trujillo plains
La Mancha Húmeda Pseudo-steppes either side of the
A sprawling UNESCO Biosphere Reserve A-58/N-521 between Cáceres and
with more than 100 seasonally-flooded Trujillo offer excellent birding. One good
lagoons, of which the best are Laguna route is to take the CC-99 north-east,
de la Veguilla (north-west of Alcázar then a minor road north past La Pulogsa
de San Juan), two lagoons north-east of bird hide, then west to reach the EX-390.
Villafranca los Caballeros, and Laguna This area is good for Great (and possibly
 Little) Bustard, both sandgrouse and Waxbill and Red Avadavat frequent
16 Eurasian Stone-curlew. Cinereous Vulture weedy areas and drainage channels.
and Spanish Imperial Eagle may be seen
Good birdwatching sites in the region

overhead. Calandra Larks sing loudly. Monfragüe

Lesser Kestrel and White Stork nest in A well-known national park covered with
Cáceres and Trujillo. Other good plains scrubby Mediterranean woodland and
lie west of Cáceres. incised by gorges that offers excellent
birding. Numerous Cinereous Vultures
La Serena are a highlight, as are large colonies of
The plains offer both bustards, both Griffon Vulture. Spanish Imperial Eagle,
sandgrouse, Eurasian Stone-curlew, Egyptian Vulture and Black Stork breed.
Montagu’s Harrier, European Roller, Eurasian Eagle-owl can be heard at
various larks and Spanish Sparrow. Spring dusk. White-rumped Swift is a summer
is generally best. Birds move in response highlight. Alpine Swift, Eurasian Crag
to changing land use, but good areas Martin, Iberian Magpie and Rock Bunting
include the road between Cabeza del are easily seen. Good areas include
Buey and Embalse del Zújar. Immediately Monfragüe castle, El Salto del Gitano
south, Sierra de Tiros is good for Alpine and Tajadilla, Higuerilla and Portillo del
Swift, Eurasian Crag Martin and Red- Tietar miradors.
rumped Swallow; White-rumped Swift
is sometimes seen. Black Stork and
Bonelli’s Eagle may sail overhead. MURCIA
Mar Menor
Los Canchales
A large coastal lagoon with saltpans to
A reservoir north-west of Mérida with
its north, at San Pedro de Pinatar. The
many wintering waterfowl and roosting
combination often offers rewarding
Common Crane. Collared Pratincole,
birdwatching. Resident species include
Gull-billed Tern, Whiskered Tern and
Audouin’s and Slender-billed Gulls, plus
Black-winged Stilt breed. In autumn,
Calandra and Lesser Short-toed Larks.
wader passage can be good, and White
In summer, terns include Gull-billed,
Stork and Eurasian Spoonbill occur.
and Pallid Swift breeds. Great Crested
Mérida itself is worth visiting; from the
and Black-necked Grebes feature in
Roman bridge over the Río Guadiana,
winter, while waders and terns may be
look for Black-crowned Night Heron,
encountered on passage.
Little Bittern, Glossy Ibis and Alpine
Swift.
ANDALUCÍA
Madrigalejo Brazo del Este (Sevilla)
In the Guadiana Valley, extensive Rice fields and other wetlands on the
rice fields around Madrigalejo village east bank of the Ríos Guadaira and
attract many wintering Common Crane, Guadalquivir provide excellent birding
wildfowl and Black-tailed Godwit. similar to the busier Coto Doñana,
Western Marsh Harrier and Hen Harrier immediately to the west. On a spring
are common, while passerines such as visit, expect Squacco Heron, Black-
Bluethroat, Spanish Sparrow, Common crowned Night Heron, Purple Heron,
Glossy Ibis, Eurasian Spoonbill, Purple unproductive periods. Huge numbers of
Swamphen, Collared Pratincole and Greylag Geese, ducks and Black-tailed
17
Savi’s Warbler. Passage waders may be Godwit winter. Thousands of Glossy

Good birdwatching sites in the region

present in spring and autumn. The area Ibis breed, along with large numbers of
holds the non-native, naturalised Yellow- herons, egrets and Eurasian Spoonbill.
crowned Bishop and Black-headed Raptors such as Black Kite and Short-
Weaver plus the more widespread toed Eagle are common. Pinewoods hold
Common Waxbill and Red Avadavat. Red-necked Nightjar, Western Olivaceous
Warbler and Rufous-tailed Scrub Robin.
Cabo de Gata (Almería) Access to core areas is restricted to
A diverse area with saltpans, brackish pre-booked tours, but good, publicly
lagoons, beaches, rocky hills, pseudo- accessible areas include El Rocío, and
steppes and a headland useful for El Acebuche and La Rocina information
seawatching. The saltpans hold Greater centres.
Flamingo, Black-winged Stilt, Audouin’s
Gull and sometimes Slender-billed Gull, Fuente de Piedra (Málaga)
plus passage waders and terns. Trumpeter A large saline lagoon just south-west
Finch stars in the hills, where there is a of Fuente de Piedra village has a large
chance of Dupont’s Lark. The latter also breeding colony of Greater Flamingo
occurs in the steppe-like habitat of Las – provided the water is deep enough.
Amoladeras, as do small numbers of Little Intriguingly, Lesser Flamingo has also
Bustard, Black-bellied Sandgrouse and nested. Given sufficient water, other
Lesser Short-toed Lark, plus Trumpeter breeders include Gull-billed Tern, White-
Finch in winter. headed Duck and Red-crested Pochard.

Córdoba city (Córdoba) Guadalhorce Estuary (Málaga)

City-break tourists could do worse The Guadalhorce Delta offers convenient
than birdwatch alongside the Río birding for those reaching or leaving
Guadalquivir near San Rafael bridge. Spain via the adjacent Málaga airport.
Riparian woodland and river islands Little Bittern, Black-winged Stilt and
support a decent variety of birds. Spring Great Reed Warbler breed. Audouin’s
and early summer are best for views of Gull, Mediterranean Gull and sometimes
Black-crowned Night Heron, Glossy Ibis Slender-billed Gull frequent the coast.
and Purple Heron. Flocks of hirundines Winter brings Greater Flamingo, White-
include Red-rumped Swallow. In winter, headed Duck, Booted Eagle, Great
White Wagtail, Bluethroat and Eurasian Crested Grebe and Black-necked Grebe.
Penduline Tit occur. Waders and terns
are possible on passage. Guadalquivir Estuary (Cádiz)
At the mouth of the Guadalquivir Estuary,
Coto Doñana (Huelva/Sevilla) Chipiona harbour holds breeding Little
This huge World Heritage Site, UNESCO Swift. Upriver, Bonanza saltpans host a
Biosphere Reserve and national park is variety of waders during migration periods,
among Europe’s most famous wetlands. while Gull-billed Tern breeds, and both
Birding can be good year-round, although Slender-billed Gull and Greater Flamingo
spring and summer droughts result in are usually present. The small lake at Tarelo
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