Biology Review Packet
INTRO TO BIOLOGY
1. Create an experiment. State the control, experimental groups, independent
variable, dependent variable and a good hypothesis.
Growth in height of plants based on pH of soil.
Dependent variable: height of plants
Independent variable: pH levels
THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
1. Elements join together by chemical bonds to form compounds. Name the 2
types of chemical bonds.
2. There are 4 major categories of organic molecules that are made up of the
SPONCHCaK elements. Complete the following chart on the macromolecules of
life.
CARBOHYDRATES LIPIDS
Elements: CHO Elements: CHO
Building Blocks: saccharides Building Blocks: fatty acids and
glycerol
Function: short-term energy Function: insulation, water resistant
Examples: Examples:
PROTEINS NUCLEIC ACIDS
Elements: CHON(S) Elements: CHONP
Building Blocks: amino acids Building Blocks: nucleotides
Function: catalyzing reactions,
providing structural support,
repairing tissues, and cellular
communication Function: DNA
Examples: Examples:
3. Compare and contrast the 4 major macromolecules.
4. Write the molecular formula for Glucose and Sucrose. Why is sucrose not
double glucose?
C6H12O2 (Glucose)
C12H22O11 (Sucrose)
Sucrose is NOT double of glucose because it's a disaccharide formed from two
monosaccharides, glucose (C6H12O6) and fructose (C6H12O6), through a
glycosidic bond -- a glycosidic bonds requires the removal of water to form.
5. Define enzymes
- Catalyst that speeds up a biochemical reaction
6. To what group of biomolecules do enzymes belong?
- Proteins
7. How does an enzyme affect the speed of a chemical reaction?
- Increases
8. What effect does pH and temperature have on an enzymes ability to catalyze
(speed up) a reaction?
- Extreme pH and temperatures can prohibit an enzyme from functioning
due to denaturation (enzyme loses its shape and ability to bind to the
substrate through its active site).
CELL BIOLOGY
1. Draw a plant and animal cell and label the following parts:
membrane golgi apparatus
nuclear envelope lysosome
nucleus ribosome
nucleolus vacuole
cytoplasm cell wall
mitochondria chloroplast
endoplasmic cytoskeleton
reticulum centriole
Cell Part Function (job) Plant, Animal, or Both
Plasma Membrane
Nuclear Membrane
Nucleus
Nucleolus
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
ER
Golgi Apparatus “Messenger”
Lysosomes Get rid of waste
Ribosomes Produce proteins
Vacuole Store water
Cell Wall
Chloroplast
Cytoskeleton
Centriole
3. Explain the differences between a prokaryote and a eukaryote. Give examples
of each.
Prokaryotic = no nucleus, unicellular
Eukaryotic = nucleus, multicellular
4. Draw and label the cell membrane (phospholipid bilayer).
Hydrophilic heads -- Hydrophobic tails
5. Give an example of each type of cell transport.
Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated Diffusion
Active Transport
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
ENERGY
1. How are photosynthesis and cell respiration related? What are some
similarities between them?
- Photosynthesis and cell respiration are similar in that what one produces,
the other consumes, all in a constant cycle.
- Photosynthesis absorbs light energy and CO2 to produce glucose and O2
(and water).
- Cellular respiration takes in O2 and breathes out CO2.
2. Draw and label a chloroplast and mitochondria. Write where each step of the
processes take place in each organelle.
3. How are the light reaction and calvin cycle related?
4. Compare and contrast anaerobic and aerobic respiration.
Anaerobic respiration:
- Does not use oxygen
- Alcoholic fermentation
Aerobic respiration:
- Needs oxygen
- Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, ETC (Electron Transport Chain)
5. What are the steps in aerobic cell respiration and how are they related?
Aerobic:
- Glycolysis
- Krebs
- ETC
CELL DIVISION
1. Describe the five phases of the cell cycle in 1 sentence each.
Interphase:
○ G1:
○ G0:
○ G2:
○ S:
P:
M:
A:
T:
Cytokinesis:
2. How do nucleotides form the structure of DNA?
3. Name and state the purpose of each enzyme in DNA replication.
4. What is the base-pairing rule?
5. What is a chromosome vs chromatid vs chromatin?
6. Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis in terms of the steps and end
products.
GENETICS
1. What is the purpose of meiosis? Why do cells have to go through meiosis?
2. Describe fertilization using the terms haploid, gamete, diploid, and zygote.
3. Explain the menstrual cycle in terms of hormones and egg production.
4. How and where are sperm produced?
5. Complete the following monohybrid cross. Two parents that are
heterozygous for brown eyes. Be sure to identify the genotypes of the parents,
complete the punnett square, identify the phenotypes with genotypes and
the ratio of the phenotypes. What percent of the offspring have blue eyes?
6. Using Mendel’s laws of segregation and independent assortment, explain
why all tall people do not have brown hair.
7. Give an example for each of the following:
Codominance:
Incomplete Dominance:
MOLECULAR GENETICS
1. Distinguish the end products of replication, transcription, and translation.
Replication Transcription Translation
Start
End
2. List the steps of transcription.
- Initiation
- RNA polymerase binds to a specific region on the DNA called the
promoter
- Elongation
- RNA polymerase moves along the DNA template, using it to build a
new RNA molecule (mRNA)
- Termination
- Once the RNA polymerase reaches a stop sequence on the DNA, it
detaches from the template and the newly synthesized mRNA is
released
3. Where does each step of gene expression take place?
4. What role does an operon play in gene expression?
5. How does gene expression differ between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell?
EVOLUTION & BIODIVERSITY
1. Give an example of evolution by natural selection
- Long neck giraffes
-
2. What are the different types of selection? Give an example of each.
2. Explain how each of the following provide evidence for evolution.
Fossil Record:
Homologous Structures:
Vestigial Structures: Structures that remain in a current animal that once served
a purpose for its ancestors, but no longer does. (Hip bone in whales).
DNA Similarities:
3. Compare the patterns of evolution and use an example to explain each.
4. How do you know if a population is a new species?
6. How does the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium “prove” evolution?
7. Compare and contrast the endosymbiosis and infolding theories.
ECOLOGY
1. What are the components of an ecosystem? How are they related/affect
each other?
2. Trace the flow of energy through the members of a community.
3. What does a food chain show? Give an example.
4. Why are energy pyramids usually no more than 4 trophic levels?
5. Biogeochemical cycles are important to all ecosystems because they recycle
all the important nutrients necessary for living things. Water, carbon, and
nitrogen are essential for life. Describe how these materials are recycled in an
ecosystem.
6. Biological communities are very complex due to the many interactions
(symbiotic relationships) that happen between all organisms. Describe each of
the following and give an example of each:
Commensalism:
Parasitism:
Mutualism:
Competition:
Predator/Prey:
7. What are 3 ways you can measure a population?
8. Describe what factors can affect population size and biodiversity.
9. Describe how each of the following levels of ecology can change over time:
ecosystem, community, population.
10. Name 2 major pieces of legislation that are currently helping the
environment.
ANATOMY
Complete the information about each of the human systems:
Digestive System:
Function:
Path of Food (all major organs):
Circulatory System
Function:
Path of Blood (all major organs and vessels):
Nervous System
Function:
Diagram a neuron and explain how it works:
Reproductive System
Function:
Hormones involved:
Process of making an egg and sperm.
