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CULTURAL
ANTHROPOLOGY
Appreciating Cultural
Diversity

CONRAD
PHILLIP
K O T TA K
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Also Available from McGraw-Hill by Conrad Phillip Kottak Anthropology:
Appreciating
Human Diversity,
16th ed. (2015)

Mirror for Humanity:

A Concise
Introduction
to Cultural
Anthropology,
9th ed. (2014)

Window on
Humanity:
A Concise
Introduction to
Anthropology,
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Culture,
2nd ed. (2014, with
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On Being
Diferent:
Diversity and
Multiculturalism
in the North
American
Mainstream,
4th ed. (2012, with
Kathryn A. Kozaitis)

Assault on
Paradise: The
Globalization of
a Little Community
in Brazil,
4th ed. (2006)

ii PART 2 Physical Anthropology and Archaeology

 cultural
anthropology APPRECIATING
CULTURAL DIVERSITY

SIXTEENTH EDITION

Conrad Phillip Kottak

University of Michigan

Chapter 13 The Origin and Spread of Modern Humans iii

To my mother, Mariana Kottak Roberts

CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY: APPRECIATING CULTURAL DIVERSITY, SIXTEENTH EDITION

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 contents in brief
List of Boxes xvi
About the Author xviii
Preface xix

PA R T 1 Introduction to Anthropology
1 WHAT IS ANTHROPOLOGY? 1
2 CULTURE 20
3 METHOD AND THEORY IN CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY 39

PA R T 2 Appreciating Cultural Diversity

4 APPLYING ANTHROPOLOGY 63
5 LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION 81
6 ETHNICITY AND RACE 102
7 MAKING A LIVING 129
8 POLITICAL SYSTEMS 151
9 GENDER 174
10 FAMILIES, KINSHIP, AND DESCENT 194
11 MARRIAGE 212
12 RELIGION 231
13 ARTS, MEDIA, AND SPORTS 250

PA R T 3 The Changing World

14 THE WORLD SYSTEM AND COLONIALISM 273
15 ANTHROPOLOGY’S ROLE IN A GLOBALIZING WORLD 295
Glossary 312
Bibliography 319
Credits 334
Index 336

v
 List of Boxes xvi
About the Author xviii
Preface xix

1 What Is Anthropology? 1
INTRODUCTION TO ANTHROPOLOGY

General Anthropology 6
Cultural Forces Shape Human Biology 6
The Subdisciplines of Anthropology 7
Cultural Anthropology 7
FOCUS ON GLOBALIZATION: World Events 8
Anthropological Archaeology 8
Biological, or Physical, Anthropology 9
Linguistic Anthropology 10
Anthropology and Other Academic Fields 11
Cultural Anthropology and Sociology 11
Anthropology and Psychology 11
Applied Anthropology 13

The Scientific Method 13

APPRECIATING ANTHROPOLOGY: His Mother,

the Anthropologist 14
PART 1

Theories, Associations, and Explanations 14

When Multiple Variables Predict 17
UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 2
Summary 18
Human Diversity 2
Adaptation, Variation, and Change 3 Key Terms 19

APPRECIATING DIVERSITY: “Give Me a Hug” 4

Critical Thinking 19

vi
2 Culture 20

UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 21

What Is Culture? 21
Culture Is Learned 22
Culture Is Symbolic 23
Culture Is Shared 24
Culture and Nature 24
Culture Is All-Encompassing 24
Culture Is Integrated 24
Culture Is Instrumental, Adaptive, and
Maladaptive 25
Culture’s Evolutionary Basis 25
What We Share with Other Primates 26
Culture Clash: Makah Seek
APPRECIATING DIVERSITY:
How We Difer from Other Primates 26 Return to Whaling Past 32
Universality, Generality, and Particularity 27 Mechanisms of Cultural Change 34
Universals and Generalities 27
Globalization 34
Particularity: Patterns of Culture 28
Globalization: Its Meaning and Its Nature 35
Culture and the Individual: Agency and Practice 29
Summary 36
Levels of Culture 29
Key Terms 37
Ethnocentrism, Cultural Relativism,
and Human Rights 30 Critical Thinking 37

3 Method and Theory in Cultural Anthropology 39

UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 40

Ethnography: Anthropology’s Distinctive

Strategy 40
Ethnographic Techniques 41
Observation and Participant Observation 41
Conversation, Interviewing, and Interview
Schedules 41

APPRECIATING DIVERSITY: Even Anthropologists Get

Culture Shock 42
The Genealogical Method 43
Key Cultural Consultants 44
Life Histories 44
Problem-Oriented Ethnography 44
Longitudinal Research 45
Team Research 45
Ethnographic Perspectives 46
Emic and Etic 46
Expansion in Analytic Scale 46
Online Ethnography 47

Contents vii
 Survey Research 47 Science and Determinism 56
Doing Anthropology Right and Wrong: Ethical Culture versus the Individual 56
Issues 48 Symbolic and Interpretive Anthropology 57
The Code of Ethics 49 Structuralism 58
Anthropologists and Terrorism 49 Processual Approaches 58
Theory in Anthropology over Time 50 World-System Theory and Political
Economy 59
Unilinear Evolutionism 51
Culture, History, Power 59
Historical Particularism 52
Functionalism 53 Anthropology Today 60

Configurationalism 54 Summary 61
Neoevolutionism 55 Key Terms 62
Cultural Materialism 56
Critical Thinking 62

4 Applying Anthropology 63
APPRECIATING CULTURAL DIVERSITY

UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 64

The Role of the Applied Anthropologist 65

Early Applications 65
Academic and Applied Anthropology 66
Applied Anthropology Today 66
Development Anthropology 67
Equity 67
APPRECIATING ANTHROPOLOGY: Afghanistan: What the
Anthropologists Say 68
Strategies for Innovation 68
Overinnovation 69
Underdiferentiation 70
Indigenous Models 70
Anthropology and Education 71

Urban Anthropology 72
Urban versus Rural 72
PART 2

Medical Anthropology 73
FOCUS ON GLOBALIZATION: The Deadliest Global
Pandemic of Our Time 74

Anthropology and Business 76

APPRECIATING DIVERSITY: Culturally Appropriate

Marketing 77
Public and Applied Anthropology 78

Careers and Anthropology 78

Summary 79

Key Terms 80

Critical Thinking 80

viii Contents
5 Language and Communication 81

UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 82

What Is Language? 82

Nonhuman Primate Communication 83

Call Systems 83
Sign Language 83
The Origin of Language 85
Nonverbal Communication 85

The Structure of Language 86

Speech Sounds 86
Language, Thought, and Culture 87
The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis 87
Focal Vocabulary 88
Meaning 89
Sociolinguistics 89
Linguistic Diversity 90
Historical Linguistics 97
APPRECIATING DIVERSITY: Googling Locally 90
Language, Culture, and History 99
Gender Speech Contrasts 92
Language Loss 100
Language and Status Position 92
Stratification 92
Summary 100

APPRECIATING ANTHROPOLOGY: I Wish They All Could Key Terms 101

Be California Vowels 94 Critical Thinking 101
African American Vernacular English (AAVE) 96

6 Ethnicity and Race 102

UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 103

Ethnic Groups and Ethnicity 104

Status Shifting 104
Minority Groups and Stratification 105
Human Biological Diversity and
the Race Concept 106
Races Are Not Biologically Distinct 107
Explaining Skin Color 108
The AAA RACE Project 111
Race and Ethnicity 111

APPRECIATING ANTHROPOLOGY: What’s

Wrong with Race? 112
The Social Construction of Race 114
Hypodescent: Race in the
United States 114
Race in the Census 115
Not Us: Race in Japan 116
Phenotype and Fluidity: Race in Brazil 117

Contents ix
 Ethnic Groups, Nations, and Nationalities 119 FOCUS ON GLOBALIZATION: The Gray and
Nationalities and Imagined Communities 120
the Brown 123
Prejudice and Discrimination 124
Ethnic Tolerance and Accommodation 120
Chips in the Mosaic 124
Assimilation 120
Aftermaths of Oppression 125
The Plural Society 121
Multiculturalism 121
Summary 127

Changing Demographics 121 Key Terms 128

Roots of Ethnic Conflict 122 Critical Thinking 128

7 Making a Living 129

UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 130

Adaptive Strategies 131

Foraging 131
Geographic Distribution of Foragers 131
Correlates of Foraging 133
Adaptive Strategies Based on Food Production 134
Horticulture 134
Agriculture 134
The Cultivation Continuum 136
Intensification: People and the Environment 136
Pastoralism 136
Modes of Production 138
Production in Nonindustrial Societies 138
Means of Production 139
Alienation in Industrial Economies 139
FOCUS ON GLOBALIZATION: Our Global Economy 141

APPRECIATING DIVERSITY: Scarcity and the

Betsileo 142
Economizing and Maximization 142
Alternative Ends 144
Distribution, Exchange 144
The Market Principle 144
Redistribution 144
Reciprocity 145 Summary 149

Coexistence of Exchange Principles 146 Key Terms 149

Potlatching 147 Critical Thinking 150

x Contents
8 Political Systems 151

UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 152

What Is “The Political”? 153

Types and Trends 153

Bands and Tribes 154

Foraging Bands 154
Tribal Cultivators 156
The Village Head 156
The “Big Man” 157
Pantribal Sodalities 158
Nomadic Politics 159
Chiefdoms 161
Political and Economic Systems 161
Status Systems 162
The Emergence of Stratification 162
State Systems 163 APPRECIATING DIVERSITY:Globalization Spreads
Population Control 163 Political Power to the Countryside 166
Judiciary 164 Weapons of the Weak 167

Enforcement 164 Shame and Gossip 167

Fiscal Support 164 The Igbo Women’s War 169

Resistance via Social Media: A Case Study 170
FOCUS ON GLOBALIZATION: The Political Role
of New Media 165 Summary 172

Social Control 165 Key Terms 173

Hegemony and Resistance 165 Critical Thinking 173

9 Gender 174

UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 175

Sex and Gender 175

Recurrent Gender Patterns 177

Gender Roles and Gender Stratification 180

Reduced Gender Stratification—Matrilineal-
Matrilocal Societies 181
Matriarchy 181
Increased Gender Stratification—Patrilineal-
Patrilocal Societies 181
Patriarchy and Violence 182
Gender in Industrial Societies 183
The Feminization of Poverty 184
Work and Happiness 185 Hidden Women, Public
APPRECIATING ANTHROPOLOGY:
Men—Public Women, Hidden Men 190
FOCUS ON GLOBALIZATION: The Global Gender Gap
Index 186 Summary 192

Beyond Male and Female 187 Key Terms 193

Sexual Orientation 189 Critical Thinking 193

Chapter 13 The Origin and Spread of ModernContents

Humans xi
 10 Families, Kinship, and Descent 194

APPRECIATING ANTHROPOLOGY: American Family Life

in the 21st Century 202
Descent 203
Descent Groups 203
Lineages, Clans, and Residence
Rules 204
Ambilineal Descent 204
Family versus Descent 205
Kinship Calculation 206
Genealogical Kin Types and
Kin Terms 206
Kinship Terminology 207
Lineal Terminology 208
Bifurcate Merging Terminology 208
UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 195 Generational Terminology 209
Families 195 Bifurcate Collateral Terminology 209
Nuclear and Extended Families 196 Summary 210
Industrialism and Family Organization 197 Key Terms 211
APPRECIATING DIVERSITY: Social Security, Kinship Critical Thinking 211
Style 198
Changes in North American Kinship 198
The Family among Foragers 201

11 Marriage 212

APPRECIATING ANTHROPOLOGY: Come Join My

Band, Baby 217
Incest Avoidance 218
Endogamy 218
Caste 219
Royal Endogamy 219
Marital Rights and Same-Sex Marriage 220

Marriage as Group Alliance 222

Gifts at Marriage 222
Durable Alliances 224
Divorce 225

Plural Marriages 226

Polygyny 226
Polyandry 227
UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 213 The Online Marriage Market 227
What Is Marriage? 213 Summary 229
Incest and Exogamy 214 Key Terms 229
Incest and Its Avoidance 215 Critical Thinking 230

xii Contents
12 Religion 231

UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 232

What Is Religion? 232

Expressions of Religion 234

Spiritual Beings 234
Powers and Forces 234
Magic and Religion 235
Uncertainty, Anxiety, Solace 235
Rituals 236
Rites of Passage 236
Totemism 238
Religion and Cultural Ecology 238
Sacred Cattle in India 238
Social Control 239
APPRECIATING DIVERSITY: Hinduism Takes
Kinds of Religion 240 Back Yoga 244
Protestant Values and Capitalism 240 Homogenization, Indigenization, or
Hybridization? 246
World Religions 241
Antimodernism and Fundamentalism 246
Religion and Change 241 The Spread of Islam 247
Cargo Cults 241
Secular Rituals 247
New and Alternative Religious Movements 243
Summary 248
Religion and Cultural Globalization 243
Key Terms 249
Evangelical Protestantism and
Pentecostalism 243 Critical Thinking 249

13 Arts, Media, and Sports 250

UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 251

What Is Art? 251

Art and Religion 252
Locating Art 253
Art and Individuality 254
The Work of Art 255
Art, Society, and Culture 255
Ethnomusicology 256
Representations of Art and
Culture 257
Art and Communication 257
Art and Politics 258
The Cultural Transmission of
the Arts 258
APPRECIATING ANTHROPOLOGY: I’ll Get You,
My Pretty, and Your Little R2 260
Continuity and Change 262

Contents xiii
 Media and Culture 263 What Determines International Sports
Using the Media 263 Success? 267
Assessing the Efects of Television 264 The Fall from Grace: Golf and the Celebrity
Scandal 269
Networking and Sociability On- and
Oline 265 Summary 271

Sports and Culture 267 Key Terms 272

American Football 267 Critical Thinking 272

14 The World System and Colonialism 273

THE CHANGING WORLD

FOCUS ON GLOBALIZATION: Where in the World Are

the Jobs? 282

Colonialism 283
British Colonialism 283
French Colonialism 284
Colonialism and Identity 285
Postcolonial Studies 286
Development 286
Neoliberalism 287
NAFTA’s Economic Refugees 288
PART 3

The Second World 289

Communism 289
APPRECIATING ANTHROPOLOGY: Is Mining
UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 274
Sustainable? 290
The World System 275 Postsocialist Transitions 291
The Emergence of the World System 275
The World System Today 292
Bones Reveal Some Truth
APPRECIATING DIVERSITY:
Summary 293
in “Noble Savage” Myth 276
Key Terms 294
Industrialization 277
Causes of the Industrial Revolution 278 Critical Thinking 294

Socioeconomic Efects of Industrialization 278

Industrial Stratification 279
Modern Stratification Systems 281

xiv Contents
15 Anthropology’s Role in a Globalizing World 295

UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 296

Energy Consumption and Industrial Degradation 297

Global Climate Change 297

APPRECIATING DIVERSITY: The Plight of Climate

Refugees 298
Environmental Anthropology 300
Global Assaults on Local Autonomy 301
Deforestation 302
Emerging Diseases 302
Interethnic Contact 304
Cultural Imperialism and Indigenization 305
A Global System of Images 306
A Global Culture of Consumption 306
People in Motion 307

Indigenous Peoples 308

Anthropology’s Lessons 310 Key Terms 311

Summary 310 Critical Thinking 311

Contents xv
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