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Biology 1

Cells are the fundamental units of life, existing as either prokaryotic or eukaryotic types. Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and are simpler, while eukaryotic cells are more complex with membrane-bound organelles. Cells perform essential functions such as metabolism, growth, communication, and transport, and specialized cells exist for specific roles within organisms.

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12 views1 page

Biology 1

Cells are the fundamental units of life, existing as either prokaryotic or eukaryotic types. Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and are simpler, while eukaryotic cells are more complex with membrane-bound organelles. Cells perform essential functions such as metabolism, growth, communication, and transport, and specialized cells exist for specific roles within organisms.

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1.

Cell

The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms. Cells can exist as a
single-celled organism, like bacteria or amoeba, or as part of multicellular organisms, like
humans and plants. There are two main types of cells:

 Prokaryotic cells: Simple cells without a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles. DNA


floats freely in the cytoplasm. Examples include bacteria and archaea. They reproduce
mainly by binary fission.
 Eukaryotic cells: Complex cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (like
mitochondria, chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus). They are found in
animals, plants, fungi, and protists.

Functions of cells include:

 Metabolism: Cells carry out chemical reactions to produce energy and build molecules.
 Growth and repair: Cells divide to form new cells, helping organisms grow or heal.
 Communication: Cells signal each other using chemical messages to coordinate
functions.
 Transport: Cells move materials in and out via diffusion, osmosis, or active transport.

Specialized cells exist for specific purposes: neurons transmit signals, red blood cells carry
oxygen, and muscle cells contract to enable movement.

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