CELL CYCLE & CELL DIVISION

CELL CYCLE & CELL DIVISION

Introduction :
• Cell division is a very important process in all living organisms.
• During the division of a cell, DNA replication and cell growth also take place. All these processes, i.e., cell
division, DNA replication, and cell growth, hence, have to take place in a coordinated way to ensure correct
division and formation of progeny cells containing intact genomes.
• The sequence of events by which a cell duplicates its genome, synthesises the other constituents of the cell and
eventually divides into two daughter cells is termed cell cycle. Although cell growth (in terms of cytoplasmic
increase) is a continuous process, DNA synthesis occurs only during one specific stage in the cell cycle.
• The replicated chromosomes (DNA) are then distributed to daughter nuclei by a complex series of events during
cell division. These events are themselves under genetic control.
• It is an orderly series of changes that occur in a cell by which it duplicate its genome and other contents and
then divide into two daughter cells.

Phases of Cell Cycle

A typical eukaryotic cell cycle is illustrated by human cells in culture. These cells divide once in approximately
every 24 hours. However, this duration of cell cycle can vary from organism to organism and also from cell type to
cell type.
For example, Yeast can progress through the cell cycle in only about 90 minutes. The cell cycle is divided into
two basic phases:
1. Interphase :
(i) G1 phase or postmitotic gap (ii) S phase or synthesis phase (iii) G2 phase or premitotic gap
2. Dividing phase :
(i) Karyokinesis i.e. division of nucleus which is further divided into :
(a) Prophase (b) Metaphase (c) Anaphase (d) Telophase.
(ii) Cytokinesis i.e. division of cytoplasm.

A diagrammatic view of cell cycle indicating formation of two cells from one cell

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CELL CYCLE & CELL DIVISION

1. Interphase :
It is interval between two successive division of a eukaryotic cell in which growth and synthetic activities
prepare a cell and its nucleus to divide again, It is :
• Largest phase of cell cycle.
• Metabolically most active phase.
• It is a preparatory phase for division of cell.
• It is a growth phase as cell increases in size.
This phase is subdivided into three sub-phases –
(i) G1-phase : (12 hours)
• Most variable duration of cell cycle.
• G1 phase corresponds to the interval between mitosis and initiation of DNA replication. During G1 phase the cell
is metabolically active and continuously grows but does not replicate its DNA.
• Cell size increases. Nucleus also increases in size but upto smaller extent.
(ii) S-phase : (6 - 10 hours)
• Replication of DNA molecules occurs, thus called synthesis phase. Histone proteins are formed. At the end of
S-phase each chromosome has two chromatids.
• Only form of chromosome is changed and not its number.
• Centrosome duplication occurs.
(iii) G2-Phase : (3-12 hours)
• It is second growth phase also called gap II, post synthetic phase or pre-mitotic phase. Cell size increases.
Nucleus grows in size. Energy store increases. Formation of more RNA and proteins takes place.
• Mitochondria, Plastids undergo division. Synthesis of tubulin occur which is required for spindle formation.

Centriole

Chromatin
network
Nucleolus

Nuclear
membrane

(a) Interphase

G0 Phase
Some cells in the adult animals do not appear to exhibit division (e.g., heart cells) and many other cells divide
only occasionally, as needed to replace cells that have been lost because of injury or cell death. These cells that do
not divide further exit G1 phase to enter an inactive stage called quiescent stage (G0) of the cell cycle. Cells in this
stage remain metabolically active but no longer proliferate unless called on to do so depending on the requirement of
the organism.

2. Dividing Phase (M - Phase) :– (1 hour)

• It is shortest phase also called M-phase. In this phase division may occur by mitosis or meiosis.
• M-phase separate the product of chromosome replication and ensure its equi-distribution.
• These is also a distribution of cytoplasm and cell organelles.
• M-phase is divided into :
(i) Karyokinesis – division of nucleus
(ii) Cytokinesis – division of cytoplasm

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 CELL CYCLE & CELL DIVISION

MITOSIS
• It is a mode of cell division in which daughter cells are genetically similar to the mother cell because their nuclei
have the same number and type of chromosomes as are present in the mother cell.
• Occurrence – It occurs in almost all cells during growth of embryo. Later on it occurs in bone marrow.
• In plants it occurs in meristem and Root tip, is best material to study Mitosis.
• Strausburger first studies mitosis in plant cells.
• Boveri and Flemming studied somatic division in animal cell.
• In animals, mitotic cell division is only seen in the diploid somatic cells. However, there are few exceptions to
this where haploid cells divide by mitosis, for example, male honey bees. Against this, the plants can show
mitotic divisions in both haploid and diploid cells.

Steps : Mitosis has two steps.

(1) Karyokinesis :
• In this nuclear division takes place. It is also called indirect nuclear division because the entity of nucleus
disappears before the formation of two nuclei from it.
It is divided into four phases :

(a) Prophase : It is largest phase of mitosis, divided into three sub-phases :

(i) Early Prophase :

1. Viscosity of cytoplasm increases.

2. Nucleus become rounded.
3. Chromatin fibres thicken and shorten to form long chromosomes.
4. Condensation of chromosome occur.
5. Centriole pair start moving away from each other towards pole.
They radiate out microtubule filament called Astral Rays(in Animal Cell).
(ii) Mid Prophase :
1. Further condensation of chromosome occur which make chromosome more thicker.
2. Free surface of each centromeric region is covered by a protein structure called Kinetochore.
3. Asters further move away from each other.
(iii) Late Prophase :
1. Nucleolus disappear completely.
2. Golgi complex and endoplasmic reticulum become inconspicuous.
3. In animal cell, the two asters reach the pole.
4. Nuclear envelope break into small vesicles.

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CELL CYCLE & CELL DIVISION

(b) Metaphase :
• Replicated chromosomes are brought in equilibrium position for the equitable distribution.
• Each chromosome is attached to spindle pole. Small chromosome on equator arrange themselves on inner part
and larger chromosomes on outer part. Arrangement of all chromosome on equator is called Equatorial plate or
Metaphasic plate.

• Metaphase is best stage to count the no. of chromosomes & study their morphology. Arrangement of chromosome on
equator is also called congression.

(c) Anaphase :
It is shortest phase of mitosis.
1. In the beginning of Anaphase the centromeric complex of a chromosome splits into two centromeres.
2. Separated chromatids are now pulled towards the spindle poles by the region of their centromeres.
3. APF is activated which dissolves centromere binding protein that is why centromeres are separated.
4. Interzonal fibres are formed and elongated.
5. Chromosomal fibres pull the chromosomes towards pole and interzonal fibres push them towards pole.
6. Depending upon position of centromere, anaphasic chromosomes appear V-shaped, L-shaped, J-shaped or i
shaped during their movement toward pole.
7. At the end of Anaphase, two groups of single-stranded or monad chromosome are formed.

(d) Telophase :
It is almost reverse of prophase.

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 CELL CYCLE & CELL DIVISION

Telophase
1. There is decrease in viscosity and refractivity of cytoplasm.
2. Unfolding (Decondesation) of chromosomes takes place.
3. Chromosome become elongated and again change into chromatin fibres.
4. Nucleolus is formed again.
5. Lamina again reappear around chromatin.
6. Nuclear envelope is formed again by E. R.

(2) Cytokinesis :
This process of division of cytoplasm start in anaphase and completes just after telophase. There are two
methods of cytokinesis.

(a) Cleavage / Furrow method : It occurs in animal cell mainly.

• Initially microtubules and microfilaments aggregate on equator forming a mid body. Mid body consists of
contractile protein and its ends attach with plasma membrane of cell.

Cytokinesis in animal cell

• When mid body contract plasmalemma invaginates forming furrow leading to cell division.
• Thus in animal cell cytokinesis starts from periphery and ends at centre so called Centripetal cytokinesis.

(b) Cell Plate Method :

It occurs in plant cells. All Golgi bodies aggregate on equator forming phragmoplasts.
After addition of E.R. and spindle fibres phragmoplast convert into cell plate.

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CELL CYCLE & CELL DIVISION

 

Golgi body secrete Ca and Mg pectate converting it into middle lamella.

Formation of cell plate starts from centre and grows towards periphery.
So cytokinesis of plant cells is centrifugal type.

Significance of Mitosis :
Mitosis or the equational division is usually restricted to the diploid cells only. However, in some lower
plants and in some social insects haploid cells also divide by mitosis. It is very essential to understand the
significance of this division in the life of an organism. Are you aware of some examples where you have
studied about haploid and diploid insects?
Mitosis usually results in the production of diploid daughter cells with identical genetic complement. The growth of
multicellular organisms is due to mitosis. Cell growth results in disturbing the ratio between the nucleus and the
cytoplasm. It therefore becomes essential for the cell to divide to restore the nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio. A very
significant contribution of mitosis is cell repair. The cells of the upper layer of the epidermis, cells of the lining of the
gut, and blood cells are being constantly replaced. Mitotic divisions in the meristematic tissues the apical and the
lateral cambium, result in a continuous growth of plants throughout their life

MEIOSIS
• It is a double division which occur in diploid generative cells and it involves reduction of chromosome number to
half and forms four haploid cells. It is also called reductional division.
• Farmer & Moore coined the term meiosis.
• It usually occurs in generative cells during gametogenesis.
• The production of offspring by sexual reproduction includes the fusion of two gametes, each with a complete haploid
set of chromosomes. Gametes are formed from specialised diploid cells. This specialised kind of cell division that
reduces the chromosome number by half results in the production of haploid daughter cells. This kind of division is
called meiosis. Meiosis ensures the production of haploid phase in the life cycle of sexually reproducing organisms
whereas fertilisation restores the diploid phase. We come across meiosis during gametogenesis in plants and animals.
This leads to the formation of haploid gametes.

Meiosis-I : It is a reductional division. There is no chromosomal division in meiosis I. Only pairs of homologous
chromosome separates.
It includes Karyokinesis I and Cytokinesis I.

Karyokinesis I : This include 4 subphases :

(A) Prophase I : It is longest and most complex phase of meiosis.

It is further divided into 5 sub-phases

(a) Leptotene :
• Chromatin are condensed to form chromosomes. Chromosomes after possess linear series of darkly stained
swollen areas called chromomeres.
• There are regions of extra condensation. This give the chromosome, a beaded appearance.
• All chromosomes converge toward centrosome making a pot like structure, this stage is called Bouquet Stage.

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 CELL CYCLE & CELL DIVISION

(b) Zygotene :
• Homologous chromosomes are attracted towards each other forming Bivalents.
• It brings homologous chromosome near each other.

• A nucleoprotein complex is formed between them – called synaptonemal complex.

• This process is called Synapsis or Syndesis.

(c) Pachytene :
• Both the chromatids of a chromosomes are separated length wise except centromere.

• Two chromatids of a chromosome are considered as sister chromatids whereas 2 chromatids of different
chromosome are different.
• This stage of Bivalent is called tetrad stage.
• Non-sister chromatids of a bivalent attach to each other at some places called recombination nodules.
• Crossing over is also an enzyme-mediated process and the enzyme involved is called recombinase.
• Out of 4 chromatids in the bivalent tetrad, 2 are original or parental type (I and IV) while remaining two are
recombination type (II and III).

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CELL CYCLE & CELL DIVISION

(d) Diplotene :
• Homologous chromosomes start repulsing each other so chiasmata becomes visible.

(e) Diakinesis :

• Due to repulsion chiasmata starts opening or sliding in a zip like manner. This is called Terminalisation.
• In this stage terminalization completes. Centrioles start moving to each pole.
• Nuclear membranes and nucleolus disappear. Chromosome condense and thicken.
• Chromosomes are in homologous pairs. In each pair two sister chromatids of a chromosome remain attached
in the region of centromere.

(B) Metaphase I :
• In this stage bivalents are brought in equilibrium position for equitable distribution of chromosomes.
• Chromosomes pair form Metaphasic plate at the centre of the cell.
• Spindle apparatus appear over the region of nucleoplasm.
• 3 type of spindle fibres appear in the cell :
(i) Chromosomal (ii) Supporting (iii) Interzonal

(C) Anaphase-I :
• Chromosomal fibres contract and interzonal fibres elongate.
• Homologous chrmosomes separate and pass toward different poles creating two haploid sets of chromosomes.
• Separated chromosomes are called Univalents.
• They are also called Dyads.
• At the end of Anaphase I two groups of dyad chromosomes are formed each having half the number of
chromosomes present in mother cell.

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 CELL CYCLE & CELL DIVISION

(D) Telophase-I :
• The chromosomes elongate and they change into chromatin fibres again.
• Formation of nucleoli, nucleoplasm and nucleas envelope occur again.
• Spindle fibres and astral rays degenerate.
• In some cases Telophase I is skipped. In such cases chromosome directly enter metaphase II.
eg. Trillium.

Cytokinesis-I :
• It generally occur through cleavege. In case of plant cells, wall material is deposited in the furrow.
• Cell plate type of cytokinesis is less common.
• Interkinesis : It is a brief interphase which some times occur between Meiosis I and Meiosis II.
• Biochemicals are synthesized but DNA replication doesnot occur because chromosomes are already in replicated
state. Centrosome may replicate in animal cells.

Meiosis-II :
• It is also known as equational division or homotypic division.
• Chromosomal division occur in Meiosis-II. It include Karyokinesis II and Cytokinesis II.
(a) Karyokinesis -II
• It is almost similar to regular mitosis but there are a few differences between these two.
• Regular mitosis occur in diploid cells while Meiosis II occurs in haploid cell.
• Regular mitosis follows, large duration interphase in which DNA replication occurs while Meiosis II follows a very short
duration interphase called interkinesis.
• There is no DNA replication in interkinesis.
(b) Cytokinesis II :
• In animal cells each karyokinesis is followed by cytokinesis but in plant cells both cytokinesis occur
simultaneously just after karyokinesis II.
• Because of this plant cells are formed in form of tetrad. eg. Pollen tetrad.

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CELL CYCLE & CELL DIVISION

Significance of Meiosis :
Meiosis is the mechanism by which conservation of specific chromosome number of each species is achieved
across generations in sexually reproducing organisms, even though the process, paradoxically, results in reduction
of chromosome number by half. It also increases the genetic variability in the population of organisms from one
generation to the next. Variations are very important for the process of evolution.
Type of meiosis : 3 types

(1) Zygotic / Initial : Meiosis occurs in dipolid zygote therefore resulting organism is haploid. eg. Algae & Fungi.
(2) Sporic / Intermediate : Occurs in all plants except algae like megaspore & microspore mother cell.
(3) Gametic/Terminal: Occurs in animals during spermatogenesis & oogenesis where resulting zygote is diploid.

Amitosis
• It is a direct method of cell division since there is no clear distinction b/w cytokinesis & karyokinesis.
• While mitosis & meiosis are indirect methods of cell division where division is a series of complex changes
karyokinesis & cytokinesis are differentiated.
• Amitosis also produces two daughter cells by furrow method but these is no equal division of genetic matter
otherwise division of genetic matter is a matter of chance.
• Amitosis generally occurs in prokaryotic cells without spindle fibre formation.
• Amitosis also occurs in eukaryotic cells like foetal membrance cells of vertebrates, embryonic cells of vertebrates,
endosperm cells of plants, mega nucleus of paramecium, multiple fission of plasmodium etc.

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EXERCISE-1
1. Cell division is not present in the cells of- 10. The number of chromatids in a chromosome at
(1) Skin (2) Gonads metaphase is -
(1) Two each in meiosis and mitosis
(3) Brain (4) Bone marrow
(2) Two in mitosis and one in meiosis
2. In the somatic cell cycle -
(3) Two in mitosis and four in meiosis
(1) In G 1 phase DNA content is double the
(4) One in mitosis and two in meiosis
amount of DNA present in the original cell
11. Decondensation of chromosome occurs in -
(2) DNA replication takes place in S-phase
(1) Prophase (2) Metaphase
(3) A short interphase is followed by a long
(3) Anaphase (4) Telophase
mitotic phase
12. In cell cycle, changes of which stage are not
(4) G2 phase is followed by mitotic phase visible under microscope -
3. Mitosis is not found in - (1) Interphase (2) Prophase
(1) Cartilage cells (2) Bone cells (3) Metaphase (4) Anaphase
(3) Nerve cells (4) All of the above 13. Nuclear envelope reappears at :-
4. During G2 - phase a diploid cell contains the (1) Metaphase (2) Prophase
amount of DNA equal to a - (3) Anaphase (4) Telophase
(1) Diploid cell 14. Which of the following is not a function of mitotic
cell division in animals?
(2) Tetraploid cell
(1) Asexual reproduction
(3) Haploid cell
(2) Growth
(4) Nothing can be said
(3) Repair of damaged organs
5. A cell is bound to divide, if it has entered:
(4) Production of gametes
(1) G2 - phase (2) G1 - phase 15. In which stage of cell division, number of
(3) Prophase (4) S - phase chromosomes best counted:-
6. Most active stage of cell cycle is :- (1) Prophase (2) Metaphase
(1) Prophase (2) Metaphase (3) Telophase (4) Interphase

(3) Telophase (4) Interphase 16. Chromosome exhibit high level of coiling at
which phase of karyokinesis:-
7. During cell cycle, RNA and protein synthesis
(1) Prophase (2) Metaphase
takes place during:-
(3) Telophase (4) Interphase
(1) G1 and G2 - phase (2) S - phase
17. Interzonal fibers occur in:-
(3) M - phase (4) Cytokinesis
(1) Prophase (2) Early metaphase
8. A cell is bound to divide, if it has entered :-
(3) Late prophase (4) Anaphase
(1) G2 - phase (2) G1 - phase 18. In which stage of mitosis, the chromosomes
(3) Prophase (4) S - phase are bivalent i.e. composed of two chromatids :-
9. Cytoplasmic structures involved in cell division (1) Prophase & metaphase
are- (2) Anaphase and telophase
(1) Mitochondria (2) Ribosomes (3) Prophase and telophase
(3) Lysosomes (4) Centrioles (4) Metaphase and anaphase

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 CELL CYCLE & CELL DIVISION

19. The main difference between a dividing animals 27. During meiotic cells division, genetic recombi-
and plant cell lies in- nations between two homologous chromo-
somes are facilitate by-
(1) Cell plate formation
(1) Movement of centromeres
(2) Coiling of chromosome
(2) Extrusion of polar bodies
(3) Chromosome movement
(3) Movement of centrioles
(4) Types of spindle fibres
(4) Formation of synaptonemal complex
20. W hich of the following is the method of
cytokinesis in plant cell - 28. At which stage during meiotic prophase I the
synaptic forces, between homologous
(1) By cell plate formation
chromosomes, are the maximum ?
(2) By constriction
(1) Leptotene (2) Zygotene
(3) By phragmoplast
(3) Pachytene (4) Diplotene
(4) (1) and (3) both
29. W hen pairing occurs in chromosomes
21. A contractile mid body forms during cytokinesis (meiosis)-
in -
(1) Leptotene (2) Zygotene
(1) Animals (2) Higher plants
(3) Pachytene (4) Diakinesis
(3) Fungi (4) Algae
30. What happens in interkinesis -
22. In which order, cytokinesis occurs in plants - (1) DNA - replication
(1) Centripetal (2) Centrifugal (2) Chromosome duplication
(3) Oblique (4) Equatorial (3) Preparation of second meiotic div.
23. Colchicine, a mitotic poison, arrests the cell (4) Resting stage
division in :-
31. Which of the following not ocurs in Anaphase-I
(1) G1 - phase (2) G2 - phase but occurs in Anaphase-II -
(3) Anaphase (4) Metaphase (1) Condensation of chromosomes
24. Which division maintains genetic similarity :- (2) Poleward movement of chromosome
(1) Mitosis (2) Meiosis (3) Contraction of spindle fibers
(3) Amitosis (4) Reduction div. (4) Splitting of centromere
25. The phragmoplast is organised:- 32. Crossing over takes place in -
(1) At the beginning of anaphase (1) Zygotene (2) Pachytene
(2) At the end of anaphase (3) Diplotene (4) Diakinesis
(3) At the beginning of telophase 33. Slipping of chiasmata towards the ends of
bivalent is called :-
(4) At the end of telophase
(1) Terminalisation (2) Diakinesis
26. Tetrad is made of -
(3) Interkinesis (4) Heteropycnosis
(1) Four non homologous chromatids
34. Meiosis takes place in:-
(2) Four homologous chromosomes with four
chromatids (1) Apical meristem

(3) Four non homologous chromosomes (2) Inter calary meristem

(4) Two homologous chromosomes each with (3) Reproductive cells

two chromatids (4) Vegetative cells

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 CELL CYCLE & CELL DIVISION

35. Chiasmata are formed during meiosis: 40. Recombinant nodules are found during:
(1) before metaphase I (1) Anaphase (2) Prophase
(2) after metaphase I (3) Telophase (4) Metaphase
(3) during prophase II 41. In meiosis, nuclear membrane and nucleolus
(4) during metaphase II disappear during :-

36. Meiosis which occur at the time of spore (1) Zygotene (2) Pachytene
formation is called:- (3) Diakinesis (4) Metaphase - I
(1) Zygotic meiosis (2) Sporic meiosis 42. Function of telomeres in nucleus is -
(3) Terminal meiosis (4) Gometic meiosis (1) Poleward movement
37. "Bouquet-stage" occur in which sub stages of (2) To initiate the RNA synthesis
prophase - I:- (3) To seal the ends of chromosome
(1) Leptotene (2) Zygotene (4) To recognise the homologous chromosome
(3) Pachytene (4) Diplotene 43. Which type of division leads to polyploidy :–
38. In Anaphase – I each chromosome composed (1) Cryptomitosis (2) Meiosis
of:-
(3) Endomitosis (4) Amitosis
(1) One chromatid (2) Two chromatid
44. Division of nucleus is indirect in :-
(3) Four chromatid (4) Many chromatid
(1) Mitosis (2) Meiosis
39. In meiosis, division of centromere occurs
(3) Amitosis (4) (1) and (2) both
during:-
45. Amitosis is characteristic of :-
(1) Interphase (2) Anaphase - I
(1) Higher plants (2) Higher animals
(3) Anaphase - II (4) Metaphase - I
(3) Bryophyta (4) Bacteria

EXERCISE-2
1. Crossing over that results in genetic recombi- 3. Which one of the following preceeds reformation
nation in higher organisms occurs between :- of the nuclear envelope during M- phase of the
cell cycle :
(1) Sister chromatids of a bivalents
(1) Decondensation from chromosomes and re-
(2) Non-sister chromatids of a bivalent assembly of the nuclear lamina

(3) Two daughter nuclei (2) Transcription from chromosomes and reas-
sembly of the nuclear lamina
(4) Two different bivalents
(3) Formation of the contractile ring and forma-
2. In the somatic cell cycle :- tion of the phragmoplast
(4) Formation of the contractile ring and tran-
(1) In G1 phase DNA content is double the
scription from chromosomes
amount of DNA present in the original cell
4. If you are provided with root-tips of onion in your
(2) DNA replication takes place in S-phase class and are asked to count the chromosomes
which of the following stages can you most con-
(3) A short interphase is followed by a long
veniently look into :-
mitotic phase
(1) Metaphase (2) Telophase
(4) G2 phase follows mitotic phase
(3) Anaphase (4) Prophase

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 CELL CYCLE & CELL DIVISION

5. At what stage of the cell cycle are histone pro- 10. Which of the two events restore the normal
teins synthesized in a eukaryotic cell - number of chromosomes in life cycle -
(1) During G-2 stage of prophase (1) Mitosis and Meiosis
(2) During S-phase (2) Meiosis and fertilisation
(3) During entire prophase (3) Fertlisation and mitosis
(4) During telophase (4) Only meiosis
6. Centromere is required for - 11. During cell division chromosome move towards
(1) Movement of chromosomes towards poles different poles due to -

(2) Cytoplasmic cleavage (1) Centriole (2) Vacuole formation

(3) Microtubules (4) Cytokinesis
(3) Crossing over
12. Tetrad formation in meiosis occur is -
(4) Transcription
7. The salivary gland chromosomes in the dipteran (1) Leptotene (2) Zygotene
larva, are useful in gene mapping because - (3) Pachytene (4) Diplotene
(1) These are much longer in size 13. Cell cycle can remain arrested at -
(2) These are easy to stain (1) G0 (2) S
(3) These are fused (3) G2 (4) M
(4) They have endoreduplicated chromosomes 14. Which of the following are mitotic poisons -
8. Synapsis occurs between : (1) Colchicine
(1) a male and a female gamete
(2) Mustard gas and Azides
(2) mRNA and ribosomes
(3) Cyanides
(3) spindle fibres and centromer
(4) All the above
(4) two homolog chromosomes
15. Separation of homologous chromosomes dur-
9. Given below is a schematic break-up of the ing Anaphase - I is called -
phases / stages of cell cycle :
(1) Synapsis (2) Disjunction

(3) Nondisjunction (4) Crossing over

16. In tetrad, the number of non cross over

chromatids is normally -

(1) Four (2) Two

(3) One (4) None

17. Sporic meiosis occurs in -

(1) Animals

Which one of the following is the correct indica- (2) Thallophyta

tion of the stage / phase in the cell cycle ? (3) Bryophyta
(1) B-Metaphase (4) All plants except algae
(2) C-Karyokinesis
18. Synthesis of proteins occurs during :-
(3) D-Synthetic phase
(1) G1 (2) G2
(4) A-Cytokinesis
(3) S (4) All the above

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 CELL CYCLE & CELL DIVISION

19. Which of the following reorganises the nucleolus 27. In anaphase, a metacentric chromosome
during telophase :- appears :-
(1) Sec. constriction (1) i - shaped (2) J - shaped
(2) Centromere (3) V - shaped (4) L - shaped
(3) Primary constriction 28. During cytokinesis in plants, which of the
(4) Kinetochore following secretes the middle lamella :-
20. Each chromosome composed of one chromatid (1) Golgibody (2) SER
in:- (3) RER (4) Lysosomes
(1) Anaphase - I (2) Anaphase - II
29. Which cell division is responsible for the growth
(3) Metaphase - I (4) Metaphase - II of tissue and individuals :–
21. If the number of bivalents are 8 in metaphase – (1) Amitosis
I, what shall be the number of chromosomes in
(2) Mitosis
daughter cells after meiosis – I and meiosis – II
respectively:- (3) Meiosis
(1) 8 and 4 (2) 4 and 4 (4) Mitosis and meiosis
(3) 8 and 8 (4) 16 and 8 30. Equatorial plate (Metaphase plate) found in :–
22. W hich of the following not occurs in (1) Metaphase (2) Prophase
Anaphase-I
(3) Telophase (4) Anaphase
(1) Segregation of homologous chromosomes
31. Synapsis found in between :–
(2) Shortening in spindle
(1) Nonhomologous chromosome
(3) Poleward movement of chromosomes
(2) Homologous chromosome
(4) Division of centromere
23. Condensation of chromosomes and appearance (3) Nonhomologous and homologous
of astral rays occur during :- chromosome

(1) prophase (2) Metaphase (4) Chromatids

(3) Anaphase (4) Telophase 32. V, J and L shaped chromosome occure in :–

24. Cell plate which appears during cytokinesis, (1) Prophase (2) Anaphase
ultimately transforms in :- (3) Metaphase (4) Telophase
(1) Middle lamella
33. M–phase of cell cycle consist of :–
(2) Primary wall
(1) G1, S and G2 phase
(3) Sec. wall
(2) Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase,
(4) Plasma membrane
Telophase
25. During telophase :-
(3) Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase,
(1) Nuclear membrane is formed Anaphase, Telophase
(2) Nucleolus appears (4) Only prophase
(3) Astral rays disappear
34. Number of cells obtained by meiosis :–
(4) All the above
(1) 2 (2) 4
26. Direct or incipient cell div. is :-
(3) 6 (4) 8
(1) Cryptomitosis
35. Longest phase of mitosis is :–
(2) Dinomitosis
(1) Prophase (2) Metaphase
(3) Amitosis
(4) Mitosis and Meiosis (3) Anaphase (4) Telophase

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 CELL CYCLE & CELL DIVISION

36. Pre - DNA synthesis phase is:- 40. In which stage the DNA is doubled :-
(1) G1 - phase (2) G2 - phase (1) Metaphase (2) Anaphase
(3) S - phase (4) Prophase
(3) Interphase (4) Prophase
37. DNA replication is found in :–
41. Which type of cell division heals the wound -
(1) Mitosis and meiosis - I
(2) Mitosis and meiosis–I and meiosis–II (1) Amitosis (2) Mitotic

(3) Meiosis only (3) Meiosis (4) Free nuclear

(4) Mitosis only 42. The significance of Meiosis is that it -
38. Thick–thread stage occured in :–
(1) Produce four cells having chromosomal
(1) Leptotene (2) Zygotene number equal to mother cell
(3) Pachytene (4) Diplotene
(2) Occurs in all types of cells
39. How many divisions will occur in an isolated tip
cell to form 128 cells. (3) Maintains the constant Chromosomes
number to a particular species
(1) 128 (2) 127
(3) 32 (4) 7 (4) Growth of animal body ograns

EXERCISE-3
NEET/AIPMT PROBLEMS (PREVIOUS YEARS)
1. Which stages of cell division do the following 3. Select the correct option with respect to mito-
figures A and B represent respectively ? sis. [CBSE AIPMT 2011]
(1) Chromatids tart moving towards opposite
[CBSE AIPMT 2010] poles in telophase.
(2) Golgi complex and endoplasmic reticulurn
are still visible at the end of prophase.
(3) Chromosomes move to the spindle equator
and get aligned along equatorial plate in
metaphase
(4) Chromatid separate but remain in the cen-
tre of the cell in anaphase.
4. Given below is the representation of a certain
event at a particular stage of a type of cell divi-
sion which is this stage [CBSE AIPMT 2012]

(1) Metaphase, Telophase

(2) Telophase, Metaphase
(3) Late Anaphase, Prophase
(4) Prophase, Anaphase
2. During mitosis ER and nucleolus begin to dis-
(1) Prophase - I during meiosis
appear at ? [CBSE AIPMT 2010] (2) Prophase - II during meiosis
(1) Late prophase (2) Early metaphase (3) Prophase of Mitosis
(3) Late metaphase (4) Early prophase (4) Both prophase and metaphase of mitosis

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[52]
 CELL CYCLE & CELL DIVISION

5. Identify the metiotic stage in which the 10. The enzyme recombinase is required at which
homologous chromosomes separate while the stage of meiosis : [CBSE AIPMT 2014]
sister chromatid remain associated at their
(1) Pachytene (2) Zygotene
centromeres - [CBSE - PMT(Mains) - 2012]
(3) Diplotene (4) Diakinesis
(1) Anaphase II (2) Metaphase I
11. In 'S' phase of the cell cycle :-
(3) Metaphase II (4) Anphase I
[CBSE AIPMT 2014]
6. During gamete formation, the enzyme
recombinase participates during (1) Amount of DNA doubles in each cell.

[CBSE AIPMT 2012] (2) Amount of DNA remains same in each cell.
(1) Metaphase - I (2) Anaphase - II (3) Chromosome number is increased.
(3) Prophase - I (4) Prophase - II (4) Amount of DNA is reduced to half in each
7. A stage in cell division is shown in the figure. cell
Select the answer which gives correct identifi- 12. During which phase(s) of cell cycle, amount of
cation of the stage with its characterstics. DNA in a cell remains at 4C level if the initial
[NEET 2013] amount is denoted as 2C ? [CBSE AIPMT 2014]

(1) G0 and G1 (2) G1 and S

(3) Only G2 (4) G2 and M

13. A somatic cell that has just completed the S

phase of its cell cycle, as compared to gamete
of the same species, has - [AIPMT-2015]

(1) Twice the number of chromosomes and foud

times the amount of DNA

(2) Four times the number of chromosomes and

twice the amount of DNA

(3) Twice the number of chromosomes and twice

(1) Telephase - Nuclear envelope reforms Golgi
the amount of DNA
complex reforms
(4) Same number of chromosomes but twice the
(2) Late anaphase - Chromosomes move away
amount of DNA
from equatorial plate.Golgi complex not
present. 14. Select the correct option - [AIPMT-2015]

(3) Cytokinesis - Cell plate formed, mitochon I II

(1) Synapsis aligns homologous (i) Anaphase-
dria distributed between two daughter cells chromosomes II
(2) Synthesis of RNA and protein (ii) Zygoten
(4) Telophase - Endoplasmic reticulum and
(3) Action of enzyme recombinase (iii) G2-phase
nucleous not reformed yet (4) Centromeres do not separate (iv) Anaphase-I
but chromatids move towards (v) Pachytene
8. Meiosis takes place in : [NEET 2013]
opposite poles
(1) Meiocyte (2) Conidia
(1) (2) (3) (4)
(3) Gemmule (4) Megaspore
(1) (i) (ii) (v) (iv)
9. The complex formed by a pair of synapsed ho-
(2) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v)
mologous chromosomes is called : [NEET 2013]
(3) (ii) (i) (iii) (iv)
(1) Equatorial plate (2) Kinetochore
(4) (ii) (iii) (v) (iv)
(3) Bivalent (4) Axoneme

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 CELL CYCLE & CELL DIVISION

15. Arrange the following events of meiosis in cor- 20. Which of the following is not a characteristic
rect sequence : [CBSE AIPMT - 2015] feature during mitosis in somatic cells?
I. Crossing over [NEET 2016]
II. Synapis (1) Disappearance of nucleolus
III. Terminalisation of chaismata (2) Chromosome movement
IV. Disappearance of nucleolus (3) Synapsis
(1) II, I, IV, III (2) II, I, III, IV (4) Spindle fibres
(3) I, II, III, IV (4) II, III, IV, I 21. In meiosis crossing over is initiated at
16. During cell growth, DNA synthesis takes place [NEET 2016]
in [NEET 2016]
(1) Leptotene (2) Zygotene
(1) M phase (2) S Phase
(3) Diplotene (4) Pachytene
(3) G1 phase (4) G2 phase
22. Which of the following options gives the correct
17. Match the stages of meiosis in Column-I to their
sequence of events during mitosis?[NEET 2017]
characteristic features in Column-II and select
the correct option using the codes given below (1) codensation ® nuclear membrane disas-
: [NEET 2016] sembly ® crossing over ® segregation ?
telophase
Column - I Column - II
(2) condensation ® nuclear membrane dis-
A. Pachytene 1. Pairing of homologous
assembly ® arrangement at equator ®
chromosomes
centromere division ® segregation ® te-
B. Metaphase I 2. Terminalization of chi-
lophase
asmata -
(3) condensation ® crossing over ® nuclear
C. Diakinesis 3. Grossing-over takes
membrane disassembly ® segregation ®
place
telophase
D. Zygotene 4. Chromosomes align at
(4) condensation ® arrangement at equator ®
equatorial plate
centromere division ® segregation ® telo-
Codes : phase
A B C D 23. Anaphase promoting complex (APC) is a pro-
(1) 3 4 2 1 tein degradation machinery necessary for proper
(2) 1 4 3 1 mitosis of animal cells. If APC is defective in a
human cell, which of the following is expected
(3) 2 4 3 1
to occur? [NEET 2017]
(4) 4 3 2 1
(1) Chromosomes will not condense
18. When cell has stalled DNA replication fork,
(2) Chromosomes will be fragmented
which checkpoint should be predominantly ac-
tivated? [NEET 2016] (3) Chromosomes will not segregate
(1) G1/S (2) G2/M (4) Recombination of chromosome arms will
(3) M (4) Both G2/M and M occur

19. Spindle fibres attach on to : 24. The stage during which separation of the paired
homologous chromosomes begins is
(1) Kinetochore of the chromosome
[NEET - 2018]
(2) Centromere of the chromosome
(1) Diakinesis (2) Diplotene
(3) Kinetosome of the chromosome
(3) Pachytene (4) Zygotene
(4) Telomere of the chromosome
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 CELL CYCLE & CELL DIVISION

25. The correct sequence of phases of cell cycle is 31. Which of the following stages of meiosis involves
[NEET - 2019] division of centromere? [NEET_2021]

(1) G1  G2  S  M (1) Telophase II (2) Metaphase I

(2) S  G1  G2  M (3) Metaphase II (4) Anaphase II

(3) G1  S  G2  M 32. Match List-I with List-II. [NEET_2021]

List - I List - II
(4) M  G1  G2  S (a) S phase (i) Proteins are synthesized
(b) G2 phase (ii) Inactive phase
26. Cells in G0 phase : [NEET-2019]
(c) Quiescent stage (iii) Interval between mitosis and initiation of DNA replication

(1) enter the cell cycle (d) G1 phase (iv) DNA replication

(2) suspend the cell cycle Choose the correct answer from the options
(3) terminate the cell cycle given below.

(4) exit the cell cycle (a) (b) (c) (d)

27. Match the following with respect to meiosis (1) (ii) (iv) (iii) (i)
[NEET - 2020] (2) (iii) (ii) (i) (iv)
(A) Zygotene (i) Terminalization (3) (iv) (ii) (iii) (i)
(B) Pachytene (ii) Chiasmata
(4) (iv) (i) (ii) (iii)
(C) Diplotene (iii) Crossing over
33. W hich stage of meiotic prophase shows
(D) Diakinesis (iv) Synapsis
terminalisation of chiasmata as its distinctive
Select the correct option from the following feature? [NEET_2021]
(A) (B) (C) (D) (1) Pachytene (2) Leptotene
(1) (i) (ii) (iv) (iii)
(3) Zygotene (4) Diakinesis
(2) (ii) (iv) (iii) (i)
34. The fruit fly has 8 chromosomes (2n) in each
(3) (iii) (iv) (i) (ii) cell. During interphase of Mitosis if the number
(4) (iv) (iii) (ii) (i) of chromosomes at G1 phase is 8, what would
28. Dissolution of the synaptonemal complex be the number of chromosomes after S phase?
occurs during [NEET-2020]
[NEET - 2021]
(1) Diplotene (2) Leptotene
(1) 32 (2) 8
(3) Pachytene (4) Zygotene
(3) 16 (4) 4
29. Some dividing cells exit the cell cycle and enter
vegetative inactive stage. This is called 35. The centriole undergoes duplication during :
quiescent stage (G0). This process occurs at [NEET - 2021]
the end of [NEET-2020]
(1) G2 phase (2) S-phase
(1) S phase (2) G2 phase (3) Prophase (4) Metaphase
(3) M phase (4) G1 phase
36. Select the incorrect statement with reference
30. Identify the correct statement with regard to G1 to mitosis : [NEET_2022]
phase (Gap 1) of interphase. [NEET-2020]
(1) All the chromosomes lie at equator at
(1) Cell is metabolically active, grows but does
metaphase.
not replicate its DNA.
(2) Spindle fibres attach to centromere of
(2) Nuclear Division takes place.
chromosomes.
(3) DNA synthesis or replication takes place.
(3) Chromosomes decondense at telophase
(4) Reorganisation of all cell components takes
place. (4) Splitting of centromere occurs at anaphase

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 CELL CYCLE & CELL DIVISION
37. Regarding Meiosis, which of the statements is 43. Match List I with List II : [NEET_2023]
incorrect? [NEET - 2022] List - I List - II
(1) There are two stages in Meiosis, Meiosis - A. M Phase I. Proteins are
I and II synthesized

(2) DNA replication occurs in S phase of B. G2 Phase II. Inactive phase

Meiosis-II C. Quiescent stage III. Interval between
mitosis and initiation
(3) Pairing of homologous chromosomes and
of DNA replication
recombination occurs in Meiosis-I
D. G1 Phase IV. Equational division
(4) Four haploid cells are formed at the end of
Choose the correct answer from the options
Meiosis - II
given below:
38. Which one of the following never occurs during (1) A-IV, B-II, C-I, D-III (2) A-IV, B-I, C-II, D-III
mitotic cell division? [NEET_2022]
(3) A-II, B-IV, C-I, D-III (4) A-III, B-II, C-IV, D-I
(1) Spindle fibres attach to kinetochores of 44. Select the correct statements. [NEET_2023]
chromosomes
A. Tetrad formation is seen during Leptotene.
(2) Movement of centrioles towards opposite B. During Anaphase, the centromeres split and
poles chromatide separate.
(3) Pairing of homologous chromosomes C. Terminalization takes place during
Pachytene.
(4) Coiling and condensation of the chromatids
D. Nucleolus, Golgi complex and ER are
39. The appearance of recombination nodules on reformed during Telophase.
homologous chromosomes during meiosis
E. Crossing over takes place between sister
characterizes : [NEET_2022]
chromatids of homologous chromosome.
(1) Synaptonemal complex Choose the correct answer from the options
(2) Bivalent given below:
(1) B and D only (2) A, C and E only
(3) Sites at which crossing over occurs
(4) Terminalization (3) B and E only (4) A and C only
45. Given below are two statements : [NEET_2023]
40. The process of appearance of recombination
nodules occurs at which sub stage of prophase Statement I : During G0 phase of cell cycle,
I in meiosis ? [NEET_2023] the cell is metabolically inactive.
Statement II : The centrosome undergoes
(1) Pachytene (2) Diplotene
duplication during S phase of interphase.
(3) Diakinesis (4) Zygotene In the light of the above statements, choose the
41. Which of the following stages of meiosis involves most appropriate answer from the options given
division of centromere ? [NEET_2023] below :
(1) Both Statement I and Statement II are
(1) Metaphase II (2) Anaphase II
incorrect.
(3) Telophase (4) Metaphase I (2) Statement I is correct but Statement II is
42. Among eukaryotes, replication of DNA takes incorrect.
place in - [NEET_2023] (3) Statement I incorrect but Statement II is
correct.
(1) S phase (2) G1 phase
(4) Both Statement I and Statement II are
(3) G2 phase (4) M phase correct.

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 CELL CYCLE & CELL DIVISION

ANSWERS
EXERCISE - 1

1. (3) 2. (2) 3. (3) 4. (2) 5. (4)

6. (4) 7. (1) 8. (4) 9. (4) 10. (1)
11. (4) 12. (1) 13. (4) 14. (4) 15. (2)
16. (2) 17. (4) 18. (1) 19. (1) 20. (4)
21. (1) 22. (2) 23. (4) 24. (1) 25. (2)
26. (4) 27. (4) 28. (2) 29. (2) 30. (3)
31. (4) 32. (2) 33. (1) 34. (3) 35. (1)
36. (2) 37. (1) 38. (2) 39. (3) 40. (2)
41. (3) 42. (3) 43. (3) 44. (4) 45. (4)

EXERCISE - 2
1. (2) 2 (2) 3. (1) 4. (1) 5. (2)
6. (1) 7. (1) 8. (4) 9. (3) 10. (2)
11. (3) 12. (3) 13. (1) 14. (4) 15. (2)
16. (2) 17. (4) 18. (4) 19. (1) 20. (2)
21. (3) 22. (4) 23. (1) 24. (1) 25. (4)
26. (3) 27. (3) 28. (1) 29. (2) 30. (1)
31. (2) 32. (2) 33. (2) 34. (2) 35. (1)
36. (1) 37. (1) 38. (3) 39. (4) 40. (3)
41. (2) 42. (3)

EXERCISE - 3

1. (3) 2. (4) 3. (3) 4. (1) 5. (4)

6. (3) 7. (1) 8. (1) 9. (3) 10. (1)
11. (1) 12. (4) 13. (1) 14. (4) 15. (2)
16. (2) 17. (1) 18. (1) 19. (1) 20. (3)
21. (4) 22. (2) 23. (3) 24. (2) 25. (3)
26. (4) 27. (4) 28. (1) 29. (3) 30. (1)
31. (4) 32. (4) 33. (4) 34. (2) 35. (2)
36. (2) 37. (2) 38. (3) 39. (3) 40. (1)
41. (2) 42. (1) 43. (2) 44. (1) 45. (3)

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