Ecology

Ecology—the scientific study of interactions between different organisms and between organisms and their environment or
surroundings

The fundamental idea behind the study of ecology is that all organisms are interdependent.

They interact with one another and physical environment.

What influences an ecosystem

• Biotic—living factors that influence an ecosystem
• Abiotic—non-living factors that influence an ecosystem

Producers

A. Sunlight is the main energy source for life on earth

B. Also called autotrophs
C. Use light or chemical energy to make food
• Plants
• plant-like protists (algae)
• Bacteria
D. Photosynthesis—use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and carbohydrates (Remember: 6CO2 +
6H2O 6O2 + C6H12O6)
E. Chemosynthesis—performed by bacteria, use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates Light Energy
 Consumers
A. Organisms that rely on other organisms for their energy and food supply
B. Also called heterotrophs
C. Consumers are of 4 types
1. Herbivores—obtain energy by eating only plants
2. Carnivores—eat only animals
3. Omnivores—eat both plants and animals
4. Decomposers—breaks down dead organic matter
Feeding Interactions
Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction— from the sun or inorganic compounds to autotrophs (producers) and then
to heterotrophs (consumers)

Food Chain—series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten. Arrows go in the direction of how
energy is transferred. Start with producer and end with top consumer or carnivore
Food Web—network of food chains within an ecosystem

Trophic Levels—each step in a food chain or food web

1. Level 1—Producers (autotrophs)
2. Level 2—Primary Consumers (herbivores)
3. Level 3—Secondary Consumers (carnivores or omnivores)
4. Level 4—Tertiary Consumers (carnivore—usually top carnivore)
Ecological Pyramids

• Diagram that shows the relative amount of energy or

organisms contained within each trophic level of a food chain
or web
• Energy Pyramid shows relative amount of energy available at
each trophic level
• Organisms in a trophic level use the available energy for
life processes (such as growth, photosynthesis, cellular
respiration, metabolism, etc.) and release some energy as
heat
• Remember: Every chemical process that happens in your
body releases heat as a byproduct (ex: burning calories).
• Rule of 10—only about 10% of the available energy within
a trophic level is transferred to the next higher trophic
level
• Biomass Pyramid—represents the amount of living organic
matter at each trophic level
Ecological Interactions between organisms

• Competition—when two organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource in the same place
at the same time. Ex: food, water, shelter
• Niche—the ecological niche involves both the place where an organism lives and the roles that an organism has in its habitat.
• Example: The ecological niche of a sunflower growing in the backyard includes absorbing light, water and nutrients (for
photosynthesis), providing shelter and food for other organisms (e.g. bees, ants, etc.), and giving off oxygen into the
atmosphere.
• The ecological niche of an organism depends not only on where it lives but also on what it does.
• Predation—one organism captures and feeds on another organism
• Predator—one that does the killing
• Prey—one that is the food
• Symbiosis—any relationship in which two species live closely together
• Mutualism—both species benefit (WIN-WIN) a. Ex: insects and flowers
• Commensalism—one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed. (WIN-0) Example:
weaver bird and tree
• Parasitism—one organism lives on or inside another organism (host) and harms it. The parasite obtains all or part of its
nutritional needs from the host. (WIN-LOSE) Example: fleas on a dog
Environment?
• Just the ‘natural world’?
• Includes all the living and non-living things around us.
• It also includes the man made items
• It also includes the complex web of human relationships
• EVERYTHING in the Universe

Limits….
• Natural Resources - the various substances and energy sources needed for our survival –
• Renewable and non- renewable
• Renewable are either
• Unlimited - sunlight, wind, wave
• Replenished quickly - water, soil, food crops
• Non-renewable
• Fixed amounts - oil, gas, land – Consumption increases based on life style and population
Cycles of Nature- Biogeochemical cycle

Biogeochemical cycle, any of the natural pathways by which essential elements of living matter are circulated.
• The term biogeochemical is a contraction that refers to the consideration of the biological, geological, and chemical aspects of
each cycle. Some of the major biogeochemical cycles are as follows:
1. Water-Cycle
2. Carbon-Cycle
3. Nitrogen Cycle
4. Phosphorus Cycle.
Effect of Global warming:
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What is Environmental Management?

• Environmental management is concerned with the man environmental interface, the complex boundary where bio-physical
and socio cultural systems interact (Hare, 1970).
• An approach which goes beyond natural resource management, to encompass the political and social as well as the natural
environment (Clarke, 1999).
• It is an attempt to control human impact on and the interaction with the environment in order to preserve natural resources.
Characteristics of Environmental Management

• It deals with the world affected by human.

• It supports sustainable development.
• It demands a multidisciplinary approach.
• It has to integrate different developmental points of view.
• Applied for both short term and long term concerns.
• Integration of natural and social sciences.
• Integration of policy making and planning.

Significance of Environmental Management

• To prevent and solve environmental problems.

• To develop research and monitoring.
• To warn threats and identify opportunities.
• To suggest measures to resource conservation.
• For long term/short term sustainable developments.
• Develop a strategy to solve the environmental issues.
General Scheme for Environmental Management

• Identification of objectives and define problems

• Determination of appropriate action plan
• Implementation and progress evaluation
• Monitoring and adjust management
• Future environmental management and planning

Approaches of Environmental Management

There are 3 approaches of environmental management-

• Spatial approach –
• Spatial Approach considers the management of environment at 3 levels- 1. Local level 2. Regional level 3. Global level
• Ecological approach –
• Ecological approach considers the management of ecological resources to save the environment.
• It has two methods to manage ecology.
1. Conservation: To utilize the natural environment for social needs but a simultaneous effort to maintain the
ecological balance.
2. Preservation: To save some species or natural environments from social utilization in order to protect them.
• Environmental Management System (EMS) Approach –
• Environmental Management System (EMS) Approach EMS has been defined by ISO 140001as- “The part of the overall
management system that includes organizational structure, planning activities, responsibilities, practices, procedures,
processes and resources for developing, implementing achieving and reviewing the environmental policy.”
4 Elements of EMS
What EMS does?

An environmental management system brings together the people, policies, plans, review mechanisms, and procedures used to
manage environmental issues at a facility or in an organization.

• Facilitates environmental compliance

• Addresses environmental impacts
• Broadens environmental responsibilities to all whose work can have a significant impact on the environment

Framework for Environmental Management System

• ISO 14001 Standard

• Code of Environmental Management Principles
• Compliance-Focused EMS
• Eco-Management and Audit Scheme

ISO 14001 is a family of standards related to environmental management that exists to help organizations minimize how their
operations negatively affect the environment; comply with applicable laws, regulations, and other environmentally oriented
requirements; and continually improve in the above.
Environmental planning is about decision making involving future actions and development proposals that have environmental
implications.

The activities that are part of environmental planning include:

• Approvals of development proposals that have environmental implications.

• It also includes environmental impact assessment,
• and approvals required to clear native vegetation;
• Plan and policy making where such plans have significant environmental implications, including plan and policy making by
environmental agencies; and
• Planning for the repair and rehabilitation of degraded areas.

Once those future actions commence or the development proposal is implemented, management of the impacts will be
necessary.

In short the difference between environmental planning and environmental management is temporal: planning is about the
future whereas management is about the day to day immediate actions.
Three components of Environmental Planning
ISO 14001 is a family of standards related to environmental management that exists to help organizations minimize how their
operations negatively affect the environment; comply with applicable laws, regulations, and other environmentally oriented
requirements; and continually improve in the above.

14000 is the standard, and ISO 14001 is the document containing the requirements.
Sustainable Environmental Planning
One of the early definitions of sustainable development was provided by Brundtland Commission (1987) as: ‘development that
meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’

Sustainable habitat development means achieving a balance between the economic and social development of human habitat
together with the protection of environment, equity in employment, shelter, basic services, social infrastructure and
transportation. Some of these parameters, which can be considered in Planning and Development, are:

1. Regional Planning: Regional development to control mushrooming unplanned and un-organized growth outside Master
Plans/Development Plans along with integration of land use and transport resulting in sustainable development.

2. Compact city/ High Density Development: The National Mission on Sustainable Habitat (NMSH) recommends Low Rise and
Higher Density Development to improve overall energy efficiency of the area; such forms are less expensive and reduce pressure
on travel demand. Therefore for planning for high-density development and for increase in FAR in existing built up area,
rationality for the increase in FAR should be worked out apart from carrying capacity analysis for the area.

3. Redevelopment/ redensification: Approaches shall be developed for Re-development / redensification of existing urban
habitat. Mixed land use, integrated and shared social space and multiple transport options can be considered and implemented
to reduce trip generation and create efficient transport system.

4. Open Spaces: Emphasis should be given on vegetation/Green Belt in urban areas to reduce “heat island” effects.
INTRODUCTION & ORIGIN OF MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
• The Millennium Development Goals were established as a response to many of the world’s foremost challenges as they
appeared in 2000.
• At that time, the policy orthodoxy that has focused on development through micro economic fundamentals has achieved
limited results.
1980’s 1990 1995 1997-98 Late 1990’s

Post cold-war Disappointing First Human Copenhagen World Asian Financial Crisis Deepening global
aid budgets balance in Development Summit for Social has sent shockwaves mistrust towards
were in development - Report (HDR) by Development adopted around the globe internal economic
decline. calling for a number UNDP argued that a 10-point Declaration and Latin America institutions.
Many former of international economic growth on Social Development was recovering from Asia’s Crisis only
Eastern Bloc conferences in the by no means that later formed the its own series of worsened reputational
Countries UN framework - automatically basis of the MDGs. economic crisis. burdens of World Bank
struggled to dealt with various ensured social Establishment of a Sub-Sahara Africa and International
regain their aspects of social development . It broad consensus on a has suffered two Monetary Fund after
economic and ecological critically brought common goal system ‘Lost Decades’ more than a decade of
footing development out the one as well as on strategic Rampant of ‘Structural
following the leading to 'the dimensional , purely approaches for HIV/AIDS pandemic Adjustments’
demise of decade of world economic translating it into infected 25 million imposition in
Soviet Union. conferences’ . understanding of practice. people developed countries.
poverty.
INTRODUCTION & ORIGIN OF MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
Sep 2000 Sep 2001 2012 2012 - 2015

Millennium Declaration was adopted at September 2001, the In 2012 the UN A Million Voices: The World We
the Millennium Summit, held in the MDGs were approved by Secretary-General Want
framework of the 55th General Assembly the 56th UN General established the "UN Global Taskforce of Local and
of the United Nations (UN). Assembly. The System Task Team on Regional Governments for the Post-
In the wake of the Millennium Summit, a international community the Post-2015 UN 2015 Development were appointed
joint working group was constituted with was thus in possession of a Development Agenda",
representatives from the UN, the World common goal system that bringing together more
Bank, the Organization for Economic has been agreed upon by than 60 UN agencies and
Cooperation and Development (OECD) all relevant actors and that international
and other international organizations. was both measurable and organizations to focus
It extracted several measurable targets set to be implemented by a and work on sustainable
from two of the eight chapters of the fixed date. development.
Millennium Declaration – Chapter 3 On 31 July 2012,
“Development and poverty eradication”) Secretary-General Ban
and Chapter 4 (“Protecting our common Ki-moon appointed 26
environment”) and specified these goals public and private
by 18 targets and 48 indicators. leaders to advise him on
Most of the goals are set to be the post-MDG agenda.
implemented by 2015.
EIGHT GOALS OF MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
MDG1: ERADICATE EXTREME HUNGER AND POVERTY
● between 1990 and 2015 halve the proportion of people whose income is less than US$1.25 a day
● achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, including women and young people.
● between 1990 and 2015, halve the proportion of people who suffer from hunger
MDG2: ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION
● About 57 million primary school age children do not attend school. Over four out of five of these children
live in rural areas. The urban-rural knowledge and education divide is today’s main barrier to achieving
universal primary education by 2015.
● Ensure that, by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of
primary schooling
MDG3: PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWER WOMEN
● FAO recognizes the importance of promoting the full and equitable participation of women and men in
efforts to improve food security, reduce poverty, and fuel sustainable rural development.
● Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of
education no later than 2015.
MDG4: REDUCE CHILD MORTALITY
● FAO programmes assist poor households and communities to secure access to nutritionally adequate diets
and reduce child undernutrition.
● Reduce by two thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate.
EIGHT GOALS OF MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS
MDG5: IMPROVE MATERNAL HEALTH
● FAO contributes to improving maternal health through efforts to: improve women’s access to productive resources and
income; improve women’s nutritional status; and empower women to obtain better health care, education and social
services.
● Reduce by three quarters the maternal mortality ratio
● Achieve universal access to reproductive health
MDG6: COMBAT HIV/AIDS, MALARIA AND OTHER DISEASES
● Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS
● Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for HIV/AIDS for all those who need it
● Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases
MDG7: ENSURE ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
● Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes and reverse the loss of
environmental resources
● Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation
● Achieve, by 2020, a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers
MDG8: DEVELOP GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR DEVELOPMENT
● Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, non-discriminatory trading and financial system
● Address the special needs of least developed countries
● In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable essential drugs in developing countries
● In cooperation with the private sector, make available benefits of new technologies, especially information and
communications
PROGRESS OF INDIA AND IMPROVEMENTS poor moderate good

GOAL 1: ERADICATE EXTREME POVERTY AND HUNGER

Between 1995 and 2005, proportion of population below poverty
line
Between 1995 and 2005, proportion of people who suffer from
hunger
India has been moderately successful in reducing poverty.
In India, the proportion of underweight children below three years
has declined marginally between 1998-99 and 2005-06 to 46
percent.
In 2015, malnourishment declined to 40 percent. This is still below
the target of reducing malnourishment to 26 percent.
GOAL 2: ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION
Ensure that by 2015 children everywhere will b able to complete
a full course of primary education
India has made significant progress in universalizing primary
education, and is moderately on track to achieve this Goal.
Enrolment and completion rates of girls in primary school have
improved and are catching up with those of boys, as are
elementary completion rates.
PROGRESS OF INDIA AND IMPROVEMENTS poor moderate good
GOAL 3: PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWER WOMEN
Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education by
2005 and in all education by 2015
India is on track to achieve gender parity at all education levels,
having already achieved it at the primary level.
But women’s literacy rates lag behind that of men, indicating
women’s poorer learning outcomes and opportunities
GOAL 4: REDUCE CHILD MORTALITY
Reduce by two thirds, between 1990 and 2005 the under 5
mortality rate
India’s Under Five Mortality (U5MR) declined from 125 per 1,000 live
births in 1990 to 49 per 1,000 live births in 2013.
The MDG target is of 42 per 1000, which suggests that India is
moderately on track, largely due to the sharp decline in recent years.
GOAL 5: IMPROVE MATERNAL HEALTH
Reduce the maternal mortality ration by three quarters between
1990 and 2015
India is required to reduce MMR to 139 per 100,000 live births by
2015.
Between 1990 and 2006, there has been some improvement in the
Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR), which has declined to 167 per
100,000 live births in 2009.
However, despite this, India’s progress on this goal has been slow and off track.
PROGRESS OF INDIA AND IMPROVEMENTS poor moderate good

GOAL 6: COMBAT HIV/AIDS, MALARIA AND OTHER DISEASES

Have halted by 2015 and begun reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS

Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of malaria

and other diseases
India is on track to achieving this goal, since HIV, malaria and
tuberculosis prevalence have been declining..Malaria has
consistently come down from 2.12 per thousand in 2001 to 0.72 per
thousand in 2013, but slightly increased to 0.88 in 2014
GOAL 7: ENSURE ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
Integrate principles of country development into country policies
Halve by 2015 the number of people without access to safe
drinking water and sanitation
By 2020, achieve significant improvement in the lives of at least
100 million slum dwellers

GOAL 8: DEVELOP A GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR DEVELOPMENT

Make available the benefits of new technologies, specially
information and communication
As part of the globalization process and integration with the global
economy, India has emerged as one of the major development
partners for fostering techno-economic and intellectual assistance to
various developed and developing countries across the world.
CRITICISM AND SHORTCOMINGS:
• General criticisms include a perceived lack of analytical power and justification behind the chosen objectives.

• Some of the indicator definitions, baselines and targets were changed after their first adoption, to suggest that progress
had been better than was really the case.
• The MDGs had a singular approach not taking into account the diverse conditions of the different countries.
• They were also criticised for not having a broader framework of evaluation that promotes inclusivity of all factors.
• Some of the major shortcomings of MDGs are given below:
• ALLEGED LACK OF LEGITIMACY
• The entire MDG process has been accused of lacking legitimacy as a result of failure to include, often, the voices
of the very participants that the MDGs seek to assist.
• The International Planning Committee for Food Sovereignty, in its post 2015 thematic consultation document on
MDG 69 states "The major limitation of the MDGs by 2015 was the lack of political will to implement due to the
lack of ownership of the MDGs by the most affected constituencies"
• LACK OF EMPHASIS ON HUMAN RIGHTS
• The MDGs may under-emphasize local participation and empowerment.
• FIAN International, a human rights organization focusing on the right to adequate food, contributed to the Post
2015 process by pointing out a lack of: "primacy of human rights; qualifying policy coherence; and of human
rights based monitoring and accountability. Without such accountability, no substantial change in national and
international policies can be expected."
CRITICISM AND SHORTCOMINGS:
• LACK OF TECHNICAL KNOW HOW TO EVALUATE HUMAN CAPITAL
• Goals related to maternal mortality, malaria and tuberculosis are impossible to measure.
• The countries with the highest levels of poverty conditions typically have the least reliable data collection as they
retreated to convenient sampling of data that often lead to incorrect inferences.
• Many a times the UN has been criticised for its lack of scientific validity in measuring the aspects of human capital..
• UNDERMINED THE ROLE OF EQUITY
• Researchers at the Overseas Development institute argued that progress could be accelerated due to recent
breakthroughs in the role equity plays in creating a virtuous circle where rising equity ensures the poor participate
in their country's development and creates reductions in poverty and financial stability.
• Researchers at the ODI thus propose equity be measured and ranked in order to provide a clearer insight into how
MDGs can be achieved more quickly.
• TRIVIALISED THE WOMEN’S ISSUES
• It is thought by some women's rights' advocates that the MDGs targets do not place enough emphasis on tracking
gender inequalities in poverty reduction and employment as there are only gender goals relating to health,
education, and political representation.
• FAILURE TO ADDRESS MAJOR ISSUES
• For instance, The MDGs were attacked for insufficient emphasis on environmental sustainability,
• Agriculture was not specifically mentioned in the MDGs even though most of the world's poor are farmers.
• Thus, they do not capture all elements needed to achieve the ideals set out in the Millennium Declaration.
RELATED ACTIVITIES/ORGANISATIONS
It was launched to increase support for the Millennium Development Goals. The Millennium
United Nations Millennium Campaign Campaign targets intergovernmental, government, civil society organizations and media at global
and regional levels.

It is a U.S.-based non-profit organization founded in 2005. It aimed to demonstrate MDG

Millennium Promise Alliance feasibility through an integrated, community-led approach. The project ran from 2005 to 2015,
operating in 15 sites across 11 countries in sub-Saharan Africa

It created animated videos about MDGs, and videos about MDG targets using Arcade C64
Cartoons in Action videogames.

It was a platform and joint venture between the United Nations and Civil Society Organizations
World We Want 2015 that supported citizen participation in defining a new global development framework to replace
the Millennium Development Goals
Its aim was to increase MDG awareness and public support by engaging teacher training
Future Worlds Center institutes, teachers and pupils in developing local teaching resources that promote the MDGs with
a focus on sub-Saharan Africa.

It is a global project dedicated to spreading knowledge of MDG through various internet and
UN Goals offline awareness campaigns.

It is an initiative launched by the teaching team that formulated the proposal most voted in the
group "Sustainable Development for the Eradication of Poverty in Rio+20". It is supported by
Global Education Magazine
UNESCO and UNHCR and aims to create a common place to disseminate transcultural,
transpolitical, transnational and transhumanist knowledge.
Implementation

• Implementation of the SDGs started world wide in 2016.

• This process can also be called "Localizing the SDGs".
• Individual people, universities, governments, institutions and organizations of all kinds work are working separately but one or
more goals at the same time.
• Individual governments must translate the goals in to national legislation, develop a plan of action, and establish their own
budget. At the same time, they must be open to and actively search for partners.
• Coordination at the international level is crucial, making partnerships valuable.
• The SDGs note that countries with less access to financial resources need partnerships with more well-to-do countries.

Partnerships for sustainable development are multi-stakeholder initiatives voluntarily undertaken by Governments,
intergovernmental organizations, major groups and others stakeholders, which efforts are contributing to the implementation of
inter-governmentally agreed development goals and commitments.

Capacity Development

• The UN system plays a critical role in supporting member states’ implementation of inter governmentally agreed sustainable
development objectives.
• System-wide coherence at global, regional, sub-regional and country levels is crucial for the UN system to deliver on its
mandates effectively.
• A broad-based inter-agency coordination mechanism in this regard is the Executive Committee of Economic and Social Affairs
Plus (ECESAPlus), which brings together 50 plus UN entities as well as UN research institutes.
Data challenges leave too many behind

• Data on entire groups and key issues are unavailable.

• Data are not dynamic or disaggregated.
• Data quality is poor and major gaps remain.
• Data that exist are often not useable.
• Data that are useable are not accessible or open.
• Data that are accessible are often not used effectively.

Financing Sustainable Development–The Challenge

The financing for sustainable development is available, given the size, scale and level of sophistication of the global financial
system – with gross world product and global gross private sector financial assets.

However, available finance is not channelled towards sustainable development at the scale and speed required to achieve the
SDGs and goals of the Paris Agreement.

Channelling available finance towards the SDGs is constrained by a range of challenges including:
• Uneven economic growth and unsustainable patterns of production and consumption;
• Rising inequality and debt levels.
• Limited fiscal space and institutional capacity
• Misaligned incentives and regulations, limited awareness, and difficulties.
The National Mission on Sustainable Habitat has identified the components, which have major role to play in bringing
environmental sustainability. These basic norms are detailed out below:

1. Energy Efficiency
• Non Conventional/Renewal Energy:
• As per NMSH, for residential buildings 15% of the total external lighting load should be met through renewable energy and
• For commercial / institutional / industrial / mixed use buildings, 5% of the total lighting load should be met through
renewable energy sources (solar, wind, biomass, fuel-cells and so on).
• Also, there should be development of city level Energy Efficiency (EE) and Renewal Energy (RE) policy actions for e.g.
Nagpur and Bhubaneswar have developed and adopted city level EE and RE.
• Energy Efficient Design:
• The Government of India has developed the Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC), which provides minimum energy
performance standards for energy efficient buildings, which can to be referred while designing private and public buildings.
• The ECBC is currently a voluntary programme, with a number of States adopting it as a mandatory requirement.
• Building Performance Certification and Rating System:
• After the introduction of ECBC, MoEF suggested ECBC compliance while undertaking EIA for all building and construction
projects falling under their purview.
• Apart from EIA, in 2008, the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, the Government of India have launched Green Rating
for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA).
• The LEED-India promotes a whole-building approach to sustainability
The National Mission on Sustainable Habitat has identified the components, which have major role to play in bringing
environmental sustainability. These basic norms are detailed out below:

2. Urban Transport
• Transit Orient Development (TOD)
• Strengthening of Public Transport System:
• It can be done through a Combination of Promotional, Regulatory and Fiscal Measures adopting green transport models.
• Reducing Fuel Consumption per passenger\
• Non Motorised Transport (NMT) and Intelligent Transport System (ITS)
• Non Conventional source of Energy

3. Urban Infrastructure
• Zero Waste and Waste Recycling
• GHG mitigation measures for wastewater
• Decentralised Wastewater Management
• Low Water use and Ecological Sanitation
• Recovery of Energy
• Reducing need for pumping
Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation

• Numerous agencies including National and International agencies are carrying out studies and are supporting cities to develop,
adopt and implement sustainable and climate safe practices as per the National Action Plan on Climate Change, Government
of India.
• The International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Working Group-II’s most recent report (2013) paints a grim picture for India.
• Considering this, the Regional Plans and Development Plans must incorporate the possible impact of climate change on
development.
• The focus should be on water security, use of heat repealing materials in construction and minimising concrete surfaces.
• Aspects such as urban agriculture, vertical farming, water harvesting and preservation of all environmentally fragile
ecosystems including water, landscapes etcetera should be incorporated.
Environment Policies and Statutory Obligation

1. National Environmental Policy (NEP), 2006

• Reforms suggested through the policy
• Environmental and Forest clearance
• Economic principles for environmental decision making by costing the resources
• Coastal areas: development activities in the coastal areas are regulated by means of the coastal regulation zone
notification.
• Environmentally sensitive zones: environmental sensitive zones may be defined as areas with identified environmental
resource with ‘incomparable values’ which require special attention for their conservation.
• Monitoring & enforcement of environmental compliance.
• Use of economic principles in environmental decision making so that costs are associated with the degradation and
depletion of natural resources.
• Enhancing and conserving environmental resources through production and consumption practices with focus on
regulatory and institutional reforms. Land degradation, forests and wildlife, biodiversity, freshwater resources; ground
water and wetlands are the thrust resources of concern.
• Pollution abatement: ecosystems have some natural capacities to assimilate pollution; however these vary considerably
with the nature of the pollutant and the ecosystem.
• Climate change issues
Environment Policies and Statutory Obligation

1. National Environmental Policy (NEP), 2006

Environment Policies and Statutory Obligation

2. EIA Notification, 2006

• To ensure that the economic growth and development in our country is in conformity with regulations for environmental
conservation, the Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF) has notified the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Notification, 2006.
• The EIA Notification 2006 has notified 39 developmental sectors, which require prior EC.
• MoEF has prepared EIA guidelines on each sector as identified by EIA notification 2006, which elaborates the procedure and
mandatory requirements of EIA with respect to the sector.
• For e.g. Manual on norms and standards for environment clearance of large construction projects has been issued by MoEF to
assist developers to measure and quantify environmental impacts of proposed construction, and derive mitigation options to
minimise impacts.
Environment Policies and Statutory Obligation

3. Environment Protection Act, 1986

• The Environment Protection Act, 1986 (EPA) has notified various rules under EPA for protecting the environment which are
chronologically mentioned below:
• The Manufacture, Use, Import, Export and Storage of Hazardous Micro-Organism Genetically Engineered Organism or Cells
Rules, 1989
• The Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989
• The Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rule, 1989
• Scheme of Labelling of Environment Friendly Products (ECO-MARK)
• Restricting certain activities in special Specified area of Aravalli Range
• The Chemical Accidents (Emergency Planning, Preparedness and Response) Rules, 1996
• The Bio -Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998, as amended to date
• The Recycled Plastics Manufacture and Usage Rules, 1999
• The Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000
• The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000
• The Ozone Depleting Substances (Regulation) Rules, 2000
• The Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001
Along with the above rules as identified in EPA 1986, The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 and the
Noise-Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 should also be referred to formulate norms and standards while preparing
development plan for a city. The various statuary obligations for different clearances are mentioned in table below:
Environment Policies and Statutory Obligation

4. Forest Conservation Act, 1980

• Due to rising rate of deforestation and the resulting environmental degradation, the Central Government enacted the Forest
(conservation) Act in 1980.
• The Act prohibits the deletion of a reserved forest or the diversion of forestland for any non forest purpose, and prevents the
cutting of trees in a forest without prior approval of Central government.
• The salient features of the Act are given below:
• This Act has five Sections, which deal with conservation of forests.
• The Act was enacted with the twin objectives under Section 2 of restricting the use of forestland for non-forest purposes,
and preventing the de-reservation of forests that have been reserved under the Indian Forest Act, 1927.
• However, in 1988 the Act was further amended to include two new provisions under Section 2, where it sought to restrict
leasing of forest land to private individuals, authority, corporations not owned by the Government, and to prevent clear
felling of naturally grown trees.
• The Act empowers Central Government to constitute a committee to advise the Government with a grant of approval
under Section 2, as also on any other matter connected with the conservation of forest and referred to it by the Central
Government.
• The Act provides for punishment of offenders from the Government Departments, including Head of the Departments and
Authorities.
Environment Policies and Statutory Obligation

5. Strategic plan for new and renewable energy sector for the period 2011-17, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
The key objectives are:
• To promote deployment of grid-interactive renewable power generation projects
• To promote renewable energy initiatives for:
− Meeting energy/ lighting needs in rural areas
− Supplementing energy needs in urban areas
− Supplementing energy needs in industry and commercial establishments, and
• To promote research, design and development activities at premier national institutions and industries on different aspects of
new and renewable energy technologies and help development of new products
• To encourage development of a Robust Manufacturing Industry in Renewable Energy Sector
Environmental Guidelines

1. Environmental Guidelines for Industries

Environmental Guidelines

1. Environmental Guidelines for Industries

In such a selected site, the following factors must be recognized:
• No forestland shall be converted into non-forest activity for the sustenance of the industry (as per the Forest Conservation Act,
1980).
• No prime agricultural land shall be converted into industrial site.
• Within the acquired site the industry must locate itself at the lowest location to remain obscuredfrom general sight.
• Land acquired shall be sufficiently large to provide space for appropriate treatment of wastewater still left for treatment after
maximum possible reuse and recycle.
• Reclaimed (treated) wastewater shall be used to raise green belt and to create water body for aesthetics, recreation and if
possible, for aquaculture.
• The green belt shall be 1/2 km wide around the battery limit of the industry.
• For industry having odour problem it shall be a kilometre wide.
• The green belt between two adjoining large-scale industries shall be one kilometre.
• Enough space should be provided for storage of solid wastes so that these could be available for possible reuse.
• Layout and form of the industry that may come up in the area must confirm with the landscape of the area without affecting
the scenic features of that place.
• Associated township of the industry must be created at a space having physiographic barrier between the industry and the
township.
• Each industry is required to maintain three ambient air quality-measuring stations within 120-degree angle between stations.
Environmental Guidelines

2. Guidelines for Rain Water Harvesting

• Rainwater harvesting is the technique of collection and storage of rainwater at surface or in sub-surface aquifers, before it is
lost as surface run-off.
• The augmented resource can be harvested in the time of need.
• Artificial recharge to ground water is a process by which the ground water reservoir is augmented at rate exceeding that under
natural conditions of replenishment.
• Ministry of Water Resources, Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) has issued the ‘Manual on Artificial Recharge of Ground
Water87’, which can be referred for development of such projects.
Environmental Guidelines

3. Guidelines for Buffer Zones.

Environmental Guidelines for Planning Eco-fragile zones

1. Coastal Area
• As per the CRZ notification, 2011, coastal land up to 500 m from the High Tide Line (HTL) landward side and a stage of 100 m
along banks of creeks, estuaries, backwater and rivers subject to tidal fluctuations is called the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ).
• For regulation of developmental activities, the coastal stretches within 500 m of HTL on the landward side are classified into
four categories and restrictions have been imposed on construction activities in these zones.
• The following activities are prohibited within the CRZ: -
1. Setting up of new industries and expansion of existing industries, except those directly related to waterfront or directly
needing foreshore facilities.
2. Manufacture or handling or disposal of hazardous substances.
3. Setting up and expansion of fish processing units including warehousing (excluding hatchery and natural fish drying in
permitted areas).
4. Setting up and expansion of units/mechanism for disposal of waste and effluents into the watercourse.
5. Discharging of city untreated waters and effluents from industries, cities or towns and other human settlements.
6. Dumping of city or town waste for the purposes of land filling or otherwise, the existing practice, if any, shall be phased out
within a reasonable time not exceeding 3 years from the date of notification.
Environmental Guidelines for Planning Eco-fragile zones

2. Desert areas
• India is a party to the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) and MoEF is the National Coordinating Agency for
the implementation of the UNCCD in the country, under the ‘National Action Programme to Combat Desertification’ with
• objectives:
• Community based approach to development,
• Activities to improve the quality of life of the local communities,
• Awareness raising,
• Drought management preparedness and mitigation,
• R&D initiatives and interventions which are locally suited,
• Strengthening self-governance leading to empowerment of local communities.
• Desert ecosystem sensitive planning is crucial at Regional planning stage including mapping of land degradation, drought
monitoring and indicating components for the State and District Disaster Management Plan for drought preparedness and
warning system groups.
• At Development Plan and local area planning level the key actions suggested in NEP, 2006 as given below to be considered:
• Intensive water and moisture conservation through practices based on traditional and science-based knowledge, and
relying on traditional infrastructure.
• Enhancing and expanding green cover based on local species.
• Reviewing the agronomic practices in these areas, and promoting agricultural practices and varieties, which are well
adapted to the desert eco-system.
Environmental Guidelines for Planning Eco-fragile zones

3. Wetlands
• Wetlands, natural and manmade, freshwater or brackish, provide numerous ecological services.
• They provide habitat to aquatic flora and fauna, as well as numerous species of birds, including migratory species.
• Several wetlands have sufficiently unique ecological character as to merit international recognition as Ramsar Sites.
• Wetlands also provide freshwater for agriculture, animal husbandry, and domestic use, drainage services, and provide livelihoods to fisher
folk.
• Larger wetlands may also comprise an important resource for sustainable tourism and recreation.
• Wetlands are under threat from drainage and conversion for agriculture and human settlements, besides pollution.
• This happens because public authorities or individuals having jurisdiction over wetlands derive little revenues from them, while the alternative
use may result into financial gains to them.
• A holistic view of wetlands is necessary, which looks at each identified wetland in terms of its causal linkages with other natural entities,
human needs, and its own attributes.
• Key actions suggested in NEP 2006 at state or local level are as follows:
• Integrate wetland conservation, including conservation of village ponds and tanks, into sectoral development plans for poverty alleviation
and livelihood improvement, and link efforts for conservation and sustainable use of wetlands with the ongoing rural infrastructure
development and employment generation programmes.
• Formulate conservation and prudent use strategies for each significant catalogued wetland, with participation of local communities, and
other relevant stakeholders.
• Formulate and implement eco-tourism strategies for identified wetlands through multi stakeholder partnerships involving public agencies,
local communities, and investors.
• Take explicit account of impacts on wetlands of significant development projects during the environmental appraisal of such projects; in
particular, the reduction in economic value of wetland environmental services should be explicitly factored into cost-benefit analyses.
• Consider particular unique wetlands as entities with “Incomparable Values”, in developing strategies for their protection.
• Promote traditional techniques and practices for conserving village ponds.