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F A3 CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY
 Cornell University Library F 232A3 W89 Albemarle County in
Virginia: giving som olin 3 1924 028 785 703
 Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the
Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions
in the United States on the use of the text.
http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924028785703
The text on this page is estimated to be only 20.20%
accurate

ALBEMARLE COUNTY IN VIRGIMIJ} Giving some account of

"wKat it was by nature, of wKat it "was made by man, and of some
of the men who made it. By Rev. Edgar >Voods ';HARLC>ri--~3VlL "
It is a solemn and toucHin^ reflection, perpetiaall^ recurring, of tHe
-weaKness and insignificance of man, tKat "wHile his ^fenerations
pass a-way into obli'vion, -witK all tHeir toils and ambitions, nat\ire
Holds on. Her un:v!aryin^ course, and poxirs out Her streams and
renevrs Her forests -witH undecayin^ activity, regardless of tHe fate
of Her proud and perisHable Sovereign. ' '^Jeffrey,
The text on this page is estimated to be only 15.65%
accurate

Copyrig-ht 1901 by Edgrar Woods. The Michie Company,

Printers, Chariottesville, Va. 1901. \\"^ rvibv^ / r K^\
 PREFACE. An examination of the records of the county for
some information, awakened curiosity in regard to its early
settlement, and gradually led to a more extensive search. The iruits
of this labor, it was thought, might be worthy of notice, and
productive of pleasure, on a wider scale. There is a strong desire in
most men to know who were their forefathers, whence they came,
where they lived, and how they were occupied during their earthly
sojourn. This desire is natural, apart from the requirements of
business, or the promptings of vanity. The same inquisitiveness is
felt in regard to places. Who first entered the farms that checker the
surrounding landscape, cut down the forests that once covered it,
and built the habitations scattered over its bosom? With the young,
who are absorbed in the engagements of the present and the hopes
of the future, this feeling may not act with much energy ; but as
they advance in life, their thoughts turn back with growing
persistency to the past, and they begin to start questions which
perhaps there is no means of answering. How many there are who
long to ascertain the name of some ancestor, or some family
connection, but the only person in whose breast the coveted
knowledge was lodged, has gone beyond the reach of all inquiry.
How many interesting facts of personal or domestic concern could
have been communicated by a parent or grandparent, but their story
not being told at the opportune season, they have gone down
irrecoverably in the gulf of oblivion. Public affairs are abundantly
recorded. Not only are they set forth in the countless journals of the
day, but scores of ready pens are waiting to embody them in, more
permanent form in histories of our own times. Private events —
those connected with individuals and families — are less frequently
committed to writing. They may descend by tradition through one or
two generations, and then perish forever
 IV PREFACE from the memory of mankind. Some general
facts may be found in local records ; but memorials of this kind are
dry and monotonous in their nature, and never resorted to by
ordinary readers. Their contents are soon lost sight of except by the
antiquarian, or by those who are compelled by professional duty to
unearth them from the forgotten past. Such considerations induced
the collection of the facts compiled in this volume. They were taken
mainly from the county archives ; in cases where they were derived
from tradition, or where suggestions were made from conjecture, it
is generally so stated. Except in a few particulars, the narrative was
not designed to extend to the present generation. Some matters
that may be of interest to many, may be found in the appendix. To
some now living in the county, and to others descended from those
who once lived in it, the long list of names therein inscribed may
show in some measure how their ancestors were employed, whither
their wanderings led, or at what time they passed away from the
present scene of action. July 1st, 1900.
 CHAPTER I. The settlement of Virginia was a slow and
gradual process. Plantations were for the most part opened on the
water courses, extending along the banks of the James, and on the
shores of the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries. It was more than a
century after the landing at Jamestown before white men made the
passage of the Blue Ridge. As soon as that event was noised abroad,
it was speedily followed up, and in the space of the next twenty
years the tide of population had touched the interior portions of the
colony, one stream pushing westward from the sea coast, and
another rolling up the Shenandoah Valley from the wilds of
Pennsylvania. Besides the restless spirit animating the first settlers,
the occupation of the country was hastened by the rage for
speculation. The laws of the colony allotted fifty acres for every
person transported into its territory ; and men of wealth, in addition
to availing themselves of this provision, largely invested their means
in the purchase of land. While the wilderness was thus peopled, the
institutions of civil government did not linger far behind. As growing
numbers reached the frontiers, and were removed a great distance
from the seats of justice and trade, these necessities of civilized life
were soon established. One by one, the older counties were cut in
two, the limits of the new ones stretching westward as far as the
limits of the colony itself. Those recently formed were at first
represented by public buildings made of logs, and by the scattered
clearings and cabins of the pioneers ; but men of knowledge and
experience were always at hand to hold the reins of government and
administer the laws. At once the courthouse was erected, and the
power of the magistrate exerted to preserve peace and order in the
community. The county of Goochland was formed in 1727, a little
more than ten years after Gov. Spotswood's expedition to the Blue
Ridge. The first settlements within the present
 2 HISTORY OF AI,BEMARI,E bounds of Albemarle were
made while they were still parts of that county and Hanover. They
ascended the courses of the South Anna, the James, the Rivanna
and the Hardware, and were met by others proceeding from the foot
of the Blue Ridge, and planted by immigrants who had come up the
Valley, and crossed that mountain at Woods' Gap. The first patents
were taken out on June 16, 1727. On that day George Hoomes
obtained a grant of thirty-one hundred acres "on the far side of the
mountains called Chesnut, and said to be on the line between
Hanover and Spotsylvania," and Nicholas Meriwether a grant of
thirteen thousand seven hundred and sixty-two acres "at the first
ledge of mountains called Chesnut," and said to be on the same line.
That was the first appropriation of the virgin soil of Albemarle, as it
is at present. These locations occurred in the line of the South Anna
River, up which the increasing population had been slowly creeping
for a number of years. The patent to Nicholas Meriwether included
the present seat of Castle Hill, and the boundaries of the Grant, as it
was termed by way of eminence, were marks of great notoriety to
surveyors, and others interested in the description of adjacent lands,
for a long period afterwards. The next patent for twenty -six
hundred acres was obtained nearly two years later by Dr. George
Nicholas. This land was situated on James River, and included the
present village of Warren. In the year following, 1730, five additional
patents were issued : one to Allen Howard for four hundred acres on
James River, on both sides of the Rockfish at its mouth ; one to
Thomas Carr for twenty-eight hundred acres on the Rivanna at the
junction of its forks, and up along the north fork ; one to Charles
Hudson for two thousand acres on both sides of the Hardware, the
beginning evidently of the Hudson plantations below Carter's Bridge;
one to Secretary John Carter for nine thousand three hundred and
fifty acres "on the Great Mountain on Hardware in the fork of the
James," and to this day called Carter's Mountain; and one to Francis
Eppes, the grandfather of Mr. Jefferson's son-in-law of the same
name, for six thousand four hundred
 HISTORY OF AI,BEMARLE 3 acres "on the branches of the
Hardware, Rockfish, and other branches of the James" — one of the
branches of Hardware being still known as Eppes Creek. The same
year Nicholas Meriwether located four thousand one hundred and
ninety acres more, adjoining his former tract, and running over the
South West Mountain on Turkey Run, taking out an inclusive patent
for seventeen thousand nine hundred and fifty-two acres in one
body. From the recital of this patent, it appears that Christopher
Clark was associated in the first grant, although it was made out to
Nicholas Meriwether alone. In 1731 only three patents were
obtained within the present county : one by Charles lyewis for
twelve hundred acres on both sides of the Rivanna, at the mouth of
Buck Island Creek ; one by Charles Hudson for five hundred and
forty acres on the west side of Carter's Mountain; and one by Major
Thomas Carr for two thousand acres "on the back side of the
Chesnut Mountains." Several other patents were taken out the same
year along the Rivanna within the present limits of Fluvanna County,
one of which was by Martin King, whose name is still kept in
remembrance in connection with the road which runs from
Woodridge to the Union Mills, where was a ford also called by his
name. In 1732 were made eight grants, still confined to the James
River, and the western base of the South West Mountain. One of
these was made to Thomas Goolsby for twelve hundred acres "on
the north side of the Fluvanna," that is, the James ; another in the
same region to Fdward Scott for five hundred and fifty acres "at a
place called Totier;" another for four hundred acres to John Key, the
head of a family which subsequently owned all the land between the
South West Mountain and the river from EJdgemont to the bend
below the Free Bridge ; and another to Dr. Arthur Hopkins for four
hundred acres "on the south side of the Rivanna, running to the
mouth of a creek below Red Bank Falls, called I^ewis' Creek." This
last entry included the site of the future town of Milton. Only four
patents were taken out in 1733. None of them
 4 HISTORY OF ALBEMARLE reached further west than the
west bank of the Rivanna under the shadow of the South West
Mountain. One was obtained by Charles I^ynchfor eight hundred
acres, which extended up the Rivanna from the mouth of Moore's
Creek, and included the plantation of Pen Park. In 1734 thirteen
grants were made. These were mainly located near the bases of the
South West Mountain on the Rivanna and Mechunk. One was
obtained by Henry Wood, the first clerk of Goochland, and great
grandfather of V. W. Southall, for two hundred acres on the south
side of the Rivanna at the mouth of Buck Island Creek, increased
subsequently to nearly three thousand in different tracts ; and
another by Edwin Hickman, Joseph Smith, Thomas Graves and
Jonathan Clark for three thousand two hundred and seventy-seven
acres on the north side of the Rivanna, running down from Captain
MacMurdo's place and embracing the estates of Pantops and Lego.
Another formed a notable exception to what had hitherto been the
rule. It was the first to leave the streams, and strike out towards the
middle of the county. It was obtained by Joel Terrell and David
I/ewis for twenty-three hundred acres, and shortly after for seven
hundred more, lying on both sides of the Three Notched Road and
extending from I,ewis's Mountain, which it included, to a point near
the D. S. The Birdwood plantation was comprehended in this tract.
From this time the county was settled with greater rapidity. Most of
the entries thus far noted were made in large quantities, and by
wealthy men for the purpose of speculation. Few of those who have
been mentioned occupied their lands, at least in the first instance.
They made the clearings and entered upon the cultivation which the
law required in order to perfect their titles, but it was done either by
tenants, or by their own servants, whom they established in
"quarters." Now, however, a new order of things began. Grants were
more frequently obtained in smaller amounts by persons who left
the older districts with the design of permanently residing in the new
country. Accordingly in 1735 the number of patents rose to twenty-
nine. Not that this number
 HISTORY OF ALBEMARLE 5 was constantly maintained ; in
some years, on the contrary, it greatly diminished. The population of
the colony was yet comparatively sparse. The whole Piedmont
region, and the fertile plains of the Valley were simultaneously
opened, and held out strong inducements to settlers; and at the
same time, inviting sections in the western portions of North and
South Carolina were presented in glowing colors before the public
eye, and soon drew largely on the multitudes given to change. Still
the county steadily filled up. Patents were taken out this year on
Green Creek in its southern part, on the south fork of Hardware near
the Cove, on the south fork of the Rivanna, on Meadow Creek, on
Ivy Creek, and on Priddy's and Buck Mountain Creeks in the north.
Among the patentees were John Henry, father of the famous orator,
to whom were granted twelve hundred and fifty acres situated on
tributaries of the south fork of the Rivanna called Henry, Naked and
Fishing Creeks, the same land afterwards owned by the Michies
southwest of Earlysville ; William Randolph, who was granted
twenty-four hundred acres on the north side of the Rivanna and
Mountain Palls Creek, including the present Shadwell and pdge Hill ;
Nicholas Meriwether, who Was granted a thousand and twenty acres
west of the Rivanna, embracing the plantation known as the Farm;
Peter Jefferson, who was granted a thousand acres on the south
side of the Rivanna, including Tufton; Abraham I
 6 HISTORY OF AI,BEMARI.B Nineteen patents were taken
out in 1737. Michael Woods, his son Archibald, and his son-in-law,
William Wallace, secured grants for more than thirteen hundred
acres on Ivickinghole, Mechum's River and Beaver Creek, embracing
the present Mechum's Depot and Blair Park. The same day Michael
Woods purchased the two thousand acre patent of Charles Hudson
on Ivy Creek. These transactions took place at Goochland C. H., or
more likely at Williamsburg; and this fact lends probability to the
tradition that the Woods settlement occurred at the mouth of
Woods's Gap in 1734. Crossing from the Valley into an unbroken
forest, as Michael Woods did, it is almost certain that he made a
clearing and built a cabin, and thus established his right to the
estate the law gave, before he set himself to acquire a knowledge of
the surrounding country and its owners, and to make large
purchases. The axe had commenced to resound amidst the deep
solitudes at the foot of the Blue Ridge, while yet no white settler had
gone beyond the Rivanna at the South West Mountain. The same
year, 1737, Henry Terrell, of Caroline, obtained a grant of seventeen
hundred and fifty acres on the head waters of Mechums, including
the present village of Batesville. As a suggestion of special interest,
it may be mentioned that in October of that year a William Taylor
patented twelve hundred acres lying on both sides of Moore's Creek.
It can scarcely be questioned, that this was the tract of land which in
process of time passed into the hands of Colonel Richard Randolph,
which was sold by him to the county, and on which was laid out in
1762 the new county seat of Charlottesville. It was not until 1739
that the first patent was located on Moorman's River. David Mills was
by that instrument of writing granted twenty eight-hundred and fifty
acres on its north fork. Two years later Dennis Doyle obtained the
grant of eight hundred acres on the same stream, and from him was
derived the name it has borne ever since. The same year, 1741,
Thomas Moorman patented seven hundred and fifty acres lower
down the main river, and as often as men now speak of it, they
perpetuate the memory of his name.
 HISTORY OF ALBBMARLE 7 All sections of the county had
at that time been occupied in some degree, and the work of laying
claim to its unappropriated lands constantly progressed from year to
year. As late however as 1796, Matthew Gambell procured the grant
of twenty five thousand seven hundred and ninety-eight acres lying
in Albemarle, Orange and Rockingham Counties near Seamond's
Gap; and still later in 1798, John Davidson, who subsequently
removed to Hardin County, Ky., took out a patent for eighteen
hundred and seventy-seven acres on Buck's Elbow. Reference has
been made to the entry of bodies of land extending over a wide
area. It may be further stated, that Major Thomas Carr patented
altogether upwards of five thousand acres; George Webb, of Charles
City, in 1737 upwards of seven thousand, near a mountain north of
Earlysville still called by his name ; Secretary John Carter in 1738,
ten thousand within the present limits of Amherst; John Chiswell in
1739, nearly thirty thousand on Rockfish River, mainly within the
present bounds of Nelson; William Robertson in 1739, more than six
thousand on Naked and Buck Mountain Creeks; Robert I^ewis in
1740, more than six thousand on Ivy Creek; Ambrose Joshua Smith
in 1741, more than four thousand on Priddy's Creek ; Samuel
Garlick, of Caroline, in 1741 and 1746, thirty -six hundred on Buck
Mountain Creek ; Rev. Robert Rose in 1744, more than thirtythree
thousand within the present counties of Amherst and Nelson; Rev.
William Stith, President of William and Mary, from 1740 to 1755,
nearly three thousand, and Dr. Arthur Hopkins in 1748 and 1765,
nearly four thousand, on Totier and Ballenger's Creeks; and Allen
Howard in 1742, more than two thousand on the lower waters of
Rockfish. Mr. Jefferson, in a brief sketch of his family, wrote of his
father, "He was the third or fourth settler, about the year 1737, of
the part of the county in which I live." The act establishing the
county of Albemarle was passed by the I^egislature in September.
1744. It ordained its existence to begin from the first of January,
1745 ; and the
 8 HISTORY OF ALBEMARI.E reason alleged for its formation
was the "divers inconveniences attending the upper inhabitants of
Goochland by reason of their great distance from the courthouse,
and other places usually appointed for public meetings. ' ' The
dividing lines were directed to run from the point of fork of James
River — that is, from the mouth of the Rivanna, where Columbia
now stands — north thirty degrees east to the I^ouisa line, and
from the same point a direct course to Brook's Mill, and thence the
same course continued to the Appomattox River. These boundaries
embraced the county of Buckingham, parts of Appomattox and
Campbell, and the counties of Amherst, Nelson and Fluvanna, the
Blue Ridge being the western line. That portion of the present
county north of a line running past the mouth of Ivy Creek with the
course of north sixty -five degrees west, remained in I
 HISTORY OF ALBEMARLE 9 by commissions from William
Gooch, the Governor ; and all were sworn in. Patrick Napier and
Castleton Harper were made Deputy Sheriffs, and Benjamin Harris,
Deputy Clerk, the following May. As appears from the Deed Books,
John Fleming was also Deputy Clerk. Thomas Turpin was appointed
Assistant Surveyor, and John Hunter, Adrian Angle, John Hilton, John
Harris, Robert White and Abraham Childress, Constables. The civil
offices being filled, the military side of the organization was duly
constituted. Joshua Fry received the appointment of I^ieutenant of
the county, Peter Jefferson of Lieutenant Colonel, and Allen Howard
of Major. William Cabell, Joseph Thompson, Charles Lynch, Thomas
Ballou, David Lewis, James Daniel, James Nevel, and James Martin
were sworn as Captains. Charles Lynch, Edwin Hickman and James
Daniel having been named magistrates, were subsequently inducted
into office by taking the oaths. Of these officers, Jefferson, Howard,
Cabell and Lynch had already been magistrates, and Jefferson had
also acted as Sheriff, in Goochland. The William Randolph, who was
the first Clerk, was unquestionably Colonel William Randolph, of
Tuckahoe, who had some years before entered the tract of land
known as Edge Hill. The original attorneys who practiced in the
courts of the county, were Edmund Gray, Gideon Marr, William
Battersby — whose daughter Jane, the wife of Giles Allegre, was the
mother-in-law of the eminent statesman and financier, Albert Gallatin
— James Meredith, Clement Read and John Harvie. All except
Harvie, and probably Meredith, resided on the south side of James
River. The routine of public business was at once begun and
prosecuted with stated regularity. The location of the courthouse
was a matter of deep interest. It was a conceded point that it should
be fixed on James River. Jefferson, Howard , Lynch and Ballou were
appointed to view the river and make a report; and as the result,
Samuel Scott, son of Edward, agreed with proper security to erect at
his own cost a courthouse, prison, stocks and pillory, as good as
those
 10 HISTORY OF ALBEMARLE of Goochland, the site to be
selected by the Court, provided it was placed on his land. The site
actually chosen was on the plantation of his brother Daniel, and is
still pointed out about a mile west of Scottsville and a quarter of a
mile north of the river bank. During the next three years a number
of ordinaries were licensed — Giles Allegre, to keep one on Mechunk
; Daniel Scott and John Lewis each, one at the courthouse; William
Battersby, opposite the courthouse; John Anthony, in the Glendower
section; James Fenly, Isaac Bates and Gideon Marr, in Buckingham ;
William Morrison, in the Rockfish Valley ; Charles Bond, on Briery
Creek, a branch of the lower Hardware; Joseph Thompson, in the
vicinity of Palmyra; Hugh McGarrough, not far from Afton, and John
Hays, probably in the same neighborhood; and William Cabell, at his
ferry at Warminster. Daniel Scott was licensed to establish a ferry
from the courthouse landing to the opposite side of the river, and
William Battersby, one from his land to the mouth of Totier Creek on
Daniel Scott's land. The roads received much attention. At that time
they were not so much to be worked, as to be opened and cleared ;
and permission to this end was readily granted under the restriction,
that they should not be conducted through any fenced grounds.
John Henderson was summoned to show cause why a road should
not be cleared through his land from the Three Notched Road to the
Hardware River; that is, from near Milton to the vicinity of Mount Air.
John Defpe was made Surveyor of the road from Number Twelve to
Number Eighteen — numbers used to designate the distance,
probably from the courthouse to certain trees, as mention is
subsequently made of the road from the late Secretary's Ford to the
Twelve Mile Tree. David I,ewis was Surveyor of the road over Capt.
Charles I^ynch's Ford, or Ferry; this was a road which ran from
some point on the Three Notched Road near the University, over the
shallows of the Rivanna, a short distance southeast of the Pen Park
mansion, and down the west side of the South
 HISTORY OF ALBEMARLE 11 West Mountain. Andrew
Wallace was Surveyor of the road from the D. S. to Mechum's River
Ford — Archibald and Michael Woods, Jr. to assist in clearing it —
and William Woods from Mechum's River to Michael Woods's Gap on
the Blue Mountains. Benjamin Wheeler was Surveyor from his place
into the "Four Chopped Road" to Woods's Gap. William Harris
petitioned for a road from his plantation on Green Creek to the
South River — that is, the James — on the lower side of Ballenger's
Creek; and Robert Rose, Clerk, petitioned for one from his place on
Tye River to I,eake's, in the neighborhood of William Harris. The
hands of Col. Richard Randolph, Rev. Mr. Stith and William Harris,
were ordered to clear a road from the Green Mountain Road near
the head of Hog Creek, to the courthouse Road below Mr. Stith' s
Quarter. Thetithables of the late Secretary at ClearMount — which
must have been at Blenheim, or in that vicinity — were directed to
work on the road from James Taylor's Ford to Martin King's Road,
that is, fiom below Carter's Bridge to Woodridge; and his servants
living above the mountains, together with the inhabitants on Biscuit
Run, were to keep the road from David lycwis's to the late
Secretary's Mill. This mill was on the north fork of Hardware, a short
distance above its junction with the south fork. Fry & I^ynch were
appointed to apply to the I^ouisa Court, to continue the road over
King's Ford on the Rivanna — at Union Mills — from the county line
to I^ouisa C. H. These are a few instances of the care and energy
devoted to this important object. Howard and Daniel were appointed
to list the tithables on the south side, and I^ynch, Cabell, Hickman
and Ballon, those on the north side, of the Fluvanna River. The
number of tithables in 1745 was thirteen hundred and ninety-four, in
1746 fourteen hundred and seventy-nine, and in 1747 seventeen
hundred and twenty -five. They were taxed twenty pounds of
tobacco per poll. Taking Mr. Jefferson's calculations in his Notes on
Virginia as a basis, this would make the whole population of the
county as it then was, white and black, in 1745 about four thousand
two hundred and fifty ;
 12 HISTORY OF ALBEMARLE in 1746 four thousand five
hundred ; and in 1747 five thousand two hundred and seventy-five.
According to the Census Reports, the progress of the population of
the county within its present limits, has been as follows : 1790—
12,585. 1830—19,747. 1870—25,800. 1800—16,439. 1840—22,618.
1880—26,625. 1810—18,268. 1850—22,924. 1890-27,554. 1820—
32,618. 1860—32,379. 1900—28,473. The population of
Charlottesville was for the first time taken separately from that of
the county in 1870. Its numbers are as follows : 1870—2,838. 1880
—2,676. 1890—5,591. 1900—6,449. Eleanor Crawley was sentenced
to receive fifteen lashes on her bare back, well laid on, for stealing
linen of the value of eleven pence — a little over fifteen cents — and
Pearce Reynolds to receive twenty -one, for stealing a handkerchief
of the same value. James, a negro of William Cabell, for stealing
twelve pence, was burnt in the hand, and given thirty-nine lashes at
the whipping post. In a suit James Fenly gained against Samuel
Stephens, and Stephens choosing to be whipped rather than be
imprisoned, the Sheriff was ordered to administer twenty-one lashes.
The grand jury presented George McDaniel for profane swearing —
two oaths within two months — and Abraham Childress for failing to
clear the road of which he was surveyor. On motion of David Reese,
the testimony of John and Stephen Heard, and of Patrick Nowlin,
was recorded, certifying that a piece was bit out of Reese's left ear,
in a fray with Nowlin. The testimony of Thomas Nunn and his wife
Kate was recorded, showing that they had been imported about
fourteen years before, and had never received their dues; and
subsequently their two children, Mary and Lucretia, were directed to
be bound out by the Church wardens of St. Anne's parish. The Court
was mindful to protect its own dignity. For misbehavior in its
presence, Martin King was ordered into custody, and bound over for
a year, and Martin King, Jr. and James Fenly were placed in the
stocks.
 HISTORY OF ALBEMARIvE 13 The scalps of wolves were
reported in large numbers. One hundred and forty pounds of
tobacco were allowed for the scalp of an old wolf, and seventy -five
for that of a young one, that is, one under six months old. When
tobacco ceased to be a circulating medium, twelve and six dollars
were given as the premiums. These reports continued with more or
less regularity in subsequent years down to 1849, the last on record,
when Isaac W. Garth was awarded twelve dollars for killing an old
wolf. Jonathan Barksdale, Samuel Jameson, William Ramsey and
Ryland Rodes, are names which appear most frequently in this
connection. In 1835 Lewis Snow received a dollar and a half for the
scalp of a red fox. The Court agitated the removal of these
premiums once or twice after 1849, but there is no indication that
their offer was ever made. The foregoing particulars were compiled
from the first order book of the County Court, a venerable relic of
the past of great interest. Unhappily the records for many years
iollowing have been lost.
 14 HISTORY OF AI^BEMARLE CHAPTER II. Albemarle
County has somewhat the shape of a lozenge. Its northwestern
border follows the crest of the Blue Ridge. Its boundary on the
southwest leaves the Ridge a little north of Rockfish Gap, runs a
course of south thirty degrees east till it strikes the Rockfish River at
the mouth of Green Creek, and then coincides with that river to its
junction with the James. The angle at the south instead of coming to
a point is irregularly truncated by the James, that river forming its
border for about fifteen miles. The southeastern boundary starts
from the lower end of Scottsville, and has a course of north thirty
degrees east to the western side of the town of Gordonsville;
whence that on the northeast runs north seventy-one degrees west
till it intersects the top of the Blue Ridge. Its greatest length from
north to south is about forty miles, and its greatest breadth about
the same distance. It has an area of slightly over seven hundred and
fifty square miles. Its surface is greatly diversified. Parallel with the
Blue Ridge, the Southwest Mountain traverses its entire extent at an
interval of eighteen or twenty miles. This range is continuous, except
where it breaks to afford a passage for the Rivanna, Hardware and
Rockfish rivers. Its highest point, Peter's Mountain, occurs where it
enters the county on the northeast, having an altitude of perhaps
fifteen hundred feet. In its course southward it maintains an
elevation of ten or twelve hundred feet until it passes the Hardware,
when it gradually declines, and exhibits a prominence but little
different from the surface of the surrounding country. This mountain
is for the most part a single ridge, and- has none of the lateral
offshoots so characteristic of the Blue Ridge, unless for a short
distance on the west side of its northern portion. Here and there
occur low depressions in its crown, which supply a natural and
convenient way for roads. North of the Rivanna are three of these
depressions — the most north 
 HISTORY OF ALBEMARLB 15 erly, the Turkey Sag, so
named from Turkey Run, a branch of Priddy's Creek which rises at its
western base, the next, Stony Point Gap, opposite the village of that
name, and the third, Hammock's or Thurman's Gap. Between the
Rivanna and the Hardware there is but one, the Monticello Gap,
which separates Monticello from the continuation of the range, called
Carter's Mountain. South of the Hardware, the range bears the name
of Green Mountain. In the northwest part of the county, and still
more in the southwest, irregular and massive formations raise their
heads on high, which from their disorderly appearance pass under
the name of the Ragged Mountains. Jutting from the Ridge near the
western corner is a huge spur, denominated Buck's Elbow. Across
Moorman's River to the north is another lofty spur, the Pasture Fence
Mountain, called so without doubt because it contained one of the
first enclosures for grazing. It is a peculiar feature of this spur, as it
is of the whole Blue Ridge, that in summer it is covered with a
luxuriant growth of blue grass ; and in former days, large planters
commonly owned farms on these mountains for the special purpose
of pasturage. Along the eastern foot of the Pasture Fence lies a rich
and beautiful valley, which from one of its first settlers is named
Brown's Cove, and which is watered by an affluent of Moorman's
River, called in early times its north fork, but now known as Doyle's
River. Bordering the Cove on the east is a succession of smaller
eminences. Pigeon Top, Fox's Mountain and High Top, while
scattered towards the northeast are numerous elevations, some
having the appearance of ridges, and some rising as solitary peaks,
and bearing the names of Currants, lyong, Green, Buck and Piney
Mountains. Just west of where the University now stands is a small
range with a higher summit at either end, which was originally called
Piney Mountain. The north end has the name of Lewis's Mountain,
and the south. Observatory Mountain, from its being the site of the
astronomical department of the University. At a short interval
southwest of this range, are heaped up for some miles great moun 
 16 HISTORY OF ALBEMARI^E tainous masses, rugged and
broken, that may well be termed by way of eminence the Ragged
Mountains. These heights are skirted on the east by a range which
runs with a good degree of continuity to the extreme southwest of
the county, called on the north side of the Hardware, Dudley's
Mountain, and on the south. Gay's, Fan's and Appleberry's. Running
off from the Ragged Mountains in a westerly direction is a range
bearing the names of Martin's and Israel's Mountains, indented by
Taylor's, Martin's and Israel's Gaps; while south and southeast of
Israel's Gap, tower aloft some of the loftiest summits in the county.
Castle Rock, High Top, Chalk and Heard's Mountains. Some views of
these immense piles are truly grand and magnificent. In the midst of
these gigantic heaps, are found reaches of comparatively level
country of prime fertility, one lying along the north fork of the
Hardware called the North Garden, another on the south fork called
the South Garden, and a third, the Rich Cove, separated by a slight
elevation from the South Garden on the south. The section north of
James River is varied by gently sloping hills, and that east of the
South West Mountain stretches away to the east as an extensive
plain, and being covered with forest, is known as the Flatwoods.
Besides the James, the county is cut throughout its entire breadth by
two streams, and is washed at its southwest corner by a third, all of
considerable size. In the summer the volume of water they
discharge is much reduced — so much at times, that during a
remarkable drought in 1806, James O. Carr, who was then attending
school at Milton was able to stop the entire current of the Rivanna
with his hand ; but being mountain streams, that is having their
sources near the foot of the Blue Ridge, or its outlying spurs, they
become speedily filled by heavy rains and the melting snows of
winter, frequently rush down with the fury of a torrent, and overflow
all the low grounds along their banks. The most northerly of these
water courses is the Rivanna, which has two forks uniting about four
miles north of Charlottesville, and forming the main stream. The
north fork is made
 HISTORY OF ALBEMARLE 17 up near the north line of the
county by the union of Swift Run and I^ynch's River, both of which
rise in Greene County near the Blue Ridge. It flows southeast and
south to its junction with the south fork, augmented by Marsh Run,
Herring's Run, Priddy's and Foster's Creeks, flowing into its north
side, and by Beaverdam, Jacob's Run, and Flat Branch, coming from
the south. The south fork is formed by the confluence of Moorman's
and Mechum's Rivers, and being fed on its north side by Buck
Mountain, Naked, Fishing and Powell's Creeks, and on its south by
Ivy Creek, runs eastwardly about five miles to its junction with the
north fork. Buck Mountain Creek has a large branch on its west side
called Piney Run. Moorman's River rises in the deep ravine between
the Blue Ridge and Pasture Fence Mountain, known as Sugar Hollow,
and runs a south and then an east course, receiving on its north side
Doyle's River, and Rocky and Ward's Creeks. Mechum's River has a
greater length, some of its head waters springing beyond the county
line in Nelson, and interlocking with branches of the north fork of
Rockfish. It has also a more tortuous channel, but its general trend
is east of north. It receives on its north side Virgin Spring Branch,
Stockton's, Beaver and Spring Creeks, and on its south, Whitesides
Creek, Pounding Branch and Broadaxe Creek. The Rivanna proper
flows south, turns to the east in its passage through the South West
Mountain for about four miles, and then runs southeast to the
county line, when passing through Fluvanna County, it empties into
the James at Columbia. In its course through Albemarle, it receives
Red Bud, Mountain Falls, Carroll and I^imestone Creeks on the
north, and Meadow, Moore's, Henderson's and Buck Island Creeks
on the south. The Hardware divides into two forks, which join just
above its passage through the Southwest Mountain. The north fork
also divides not far from Red Hill Station, the south and middle
prongs heading near each other on either side of Tom's Mountain,
while the north prong rises in the vicinity of Taylor's Gap. Just before
reaching the junction —2
 18 HI&TORY OF ALBEMARLE it receives on its north side
Sowell's Branch. The south fork has its source south of Castle Rock,
and northwest of Covesville. It makes its way in different directions
among the mountains, but its general course is northeast. Its
northern tributaries are Jumping Branch and Black Walnut, and its
southern, Rapshin and Eppes Creeks. A well known branch of the
latter is Beaverdam, which has recently acquired celebrity from the
Soapstone Works successfully operated on its banks. After the union
of its forks, the Hardware pursues a southeast course, crosses the
county line about three miles north of Scottsville, and empties into
the James in Fluvanna County. It is enlarged on its northern side by
Murphy's and Turkey Runs, and on its southern by Harris's Creek,
formerly known as lyittle Eppes, and by Coles's Creek, formerly
called Hudson's. The southwestern line of the county is intersected
by the head waters of I^ynch's, Taylor's, Hickory and Cove Creeks,
all branches of Rockfish River. On the east side of Appleberry's
Mountain are Ivy, Green and Hog Creeks, debouching into the same
stream. Two creeks of moderate size water the southern part of the
county, and fall into the James, one at Warren called Ballenger's,
and the other about two miles above Scottsville called Totier. Both
are fed by a number of branches. Mechunk Creek takes its rise not
far from Gordonsville, flows southwest and southeast, and passing
out of the county joins the Rivanna opposite Union Mills. The
sources of the South Anna are also in Albemarle, located not far
from that of Mechunk. The character of the soil is various. The
degrees of its fertility are distinguished by different colors, the
richest exhibiting a deep red, and the less fertile a gray. The former
prevails at the base of the mountains, and along the banks of the
streams. Some parts of the county, especially in the mountainous
localities, are stony; the more level lands are free from this
incumbrance. The prevalent rocks are quartz and what is colloquially
known as mountain granite. A single vein of limestone runs through
the county, about four miles east of the Southwest Mountain. In a
 HISTORY OF ALBEMARLE 19 number of places slate and
soapstone occur, both of fine quality. Gold is found in the
southwestern corner. The soil and climate of Albemarle are well
adapted to all the staple productions of the temperate zone, and are
exceedingly favorable to the cultivation of fruit. The ravines and
hollows of the mountains which might seem unfitted for the growth
of any crop, are found to produce in perfection the Albemarle
Pippins, the most highly prized apples in the world. Most of the
names given to the features of Albemarle scenery, belonged to them
from the earliest times. In the patents first issued, the mountains
and streams were already indicated by names, and they were
generally those which they still bear. Who gave them, or why in
many cases they were given, must now be reckoned among the
things unknown. Sometimes they were suggested by natural
circumstances, and sometimes derived from persons who were
owners, or occupiers, of the neighboring lands. The latter have
undergone more change than others, because with the lapse of
years the names of former residents passed out of remembrance,
and those of their successors were applied in their stead. As
settlements were made in different parts of the county at the same
time, it has happened that names are frequently repeated. The
Southwest Mountain on which the first lands were entered, was
originally called the Chestnut Mountains. It was also spoken of as
the lyittle Mountain. Particular portions had local names, for the
most part taken from owners or first settlers, as Peter's, Carter's,
Lively's, Sugar Loaf, Monticello. Green Mountain no doubt derived its
name from the color of its luxuriant vegetation. The Blue Ridge bore
that name from the first planting of the country. The early
inhabitants called it also the Blue Ledge, and the Blue Moun tain.
Sometimes it was designated the Great Mountain, in opposition to
the Little Mountain, and occasionally the South Mountain, in
opposition to the North Mountain on the west side of the Valley.
Buck's Elbow and Pasture Fence — at first Smith's Pasture Fence —
Mountain have always been so called.