The listener

Juxtaposed image between movement of traveler and his animal and the
silence of the listener between the world of death and life
His words fell on the shadowiness of the still house

 Romantic elements; interest in nature in which images of horse, bird,

moon
 2. there is nostalgia of time; the traveler came on horse like knights
 3. sense of melancholy; the traveler stayed alone from the beginning
to the end
 4. sense of loneliness and alienation
 5.remotnes of time; romantic poets always go away from cities

Modern elements;
 The poem has conversation element and can be regarded as a short
story in verse
 interest in symbols; moonlight, the door, the house, traveler(Christ),
horse and bird, outside world(religion) because there is light and
movement
 3.it has modern themes like aileness
 there is an interest in psychology; the listener were afraid of opening
the door because they are ashamed
How do we know the speaker is jesus
 He walks the earth from one place to other
 He is surrounded by animals
 The colour of his eyes which are blue and grey in the dark
 The knocking on the door; to send the message like in the bible
 The traveler has the ability to know the feelings or and supernatural
abilities
Strange Meeting
BY WILFRED OWEN

The title is a key to the theme of the poem. This first line seems strange by saying it seemed
means he does not know if he is alive or dead where is he? A nightmare? The poem is about a
soldier escaping somehow and finding himself in deep profound lifeless tunnel. The poem is
about two soldier the first British and the second German, the speaker is British and he is the poet
himself whom is British (the poets of this movement are biographic). This poem has surface
meaning where the speaker passes a house and they refuse to open it while the deep meaning is
the relation between God and men it is rhetorical. Even escaping from war has deep meaning
because people escape from war by dying as we see from the setting which is dark and lonely. So
this poem might be the meeting between two souls even the tunnel my symbolize a grave. So
from the atmosphere and darkness of the tunnel we get the impression that this place in after
death

It seemed that out of battle I escaped

Down some profound dull tunnel, long since scooped
Through granites which titanic wars had groined.
The poet choose granits because it is black stone in order to fit the place the titanic wars is an
allusion of the wars between titans and the greek gods which means the war is as old as creation
itself so the theme is about war

Yet also there encumbered sleepers groaned,

Too fast in thought or death to be bestirred.
Then, as I probed them, one sprang up, and stared
With piteous recognition in fixed eyes,
Lifting distressful hands, as if to bless.
And by his smile, I knew that sullen hall,—

By his dead smile I knew we stood in Hell.

Even though the tunnel is dark and deep he still found something inhabiting it; tired group of
soldier some of them are sleeping or deep in thoughts or dead so the speaker nudged one of them
to see if they are alive but the soldier jumped which show us something is wrong and that is the
person whom was nudged knew the speaker in the past and looked at him kindly; this is a
meeting between the killer whom is the speaker and his victim which forgives his killer from his
reaction. They were enemies in life but it was due to the pressure of socity they were not enemies
in death but now they can be friend. The man raised his hands as if to bless him or to pat his head
even though his hands are tired; this shows that he forigiven him.through the simle that the
soldier gave to him which is another sign he was forgiven; this smile was strained the speaker
knew he is dead and in Hell. Everything in this poem is a mystery because we do not know how
does the dead smile. This hell is capitalized in the poem so it might be a literal one, a literal
HELL for the sins they did

In the following lines the soldier relizes that he is in hell or that he died and its similar to Guido
In Profruck?
With a thousand fears that vision's face was grained;
Yet no blood reached there from the upper ground,
And no guns thumped, or down the flues made moan. Personification cannons cannot
moan
“Strange friend,” I said, “here is no cause to mourn.”;
there is paradox(strange and friend)
The speech of the murdered german soldier is more important because he give us a deeper
meaning of war; the victim speech gives us the meaning of war, it tells us that this is a war poem
that it show the destruction of war and the negative sides of war

“None,” said that other, “save the undone years,

this is the first line said by the victim from here the first negative aspect of the modern war starts,
he is sad because he did not enjoy the lost years or 1. The early and unnecessary death of the
young(ww1 had mostly young soldiers18-19 years)
The hopelessness. Whatever hope is yours,
a flashback starts of the victim in which he narrates how he started with hope for the future and
full of life and optimism; he says ‘like you’ meaning both soldiers had hopes and dreams and
both were deceived by the authority

Was my life also; I went hunting wild

he starts to give information about himself as a romantic poet; wild has a positive meaning in
romantic poetry because it is natural and primitive/ hunting is metaphorically used to say looking
for everthing wild

After the wildest beauty in the world,

as a romantic poet he starts to look for the beauty of everything
Which lies not calm in eyes, or braided hair, love, beauty, and describtion of braided hair;
those themes are similar to john keats whom died from an early age who looked for beauty and it
was something consisting in his life so in here there is an allusion to john keats and a similarity
between the victim and john Keats whom believed- BEAUTY=LIFE. So the victim started to
write poety and look for beauty and died young just like Keats.

But mocks the steady running of the hour

so the desire to look for beauty was something continuous through time and did not stop at all

And if it grieves, grieves richlier than here

One of the themes of romantic poetry is melancholy, romantic poets had dreams that are
beautiful but were unable to come truth so the are melancholic or in other words due to the
contrast between the real world and their dreams so now he is sad but before he was sader

For by my glee might many men have laughed

people did not understand him and laughed at his idead and so this was the reason behind his
sadness when he was alive

‫مهم جدا‬
And of my weeping something had been left,
he says that when he was romantic he wept and that he must have done something about it but
now he does not want to be emotional but rational

Which must die now. I mean the truth untold, the truth that was untold was the wars in the
past did not give us the truth of wars and of how pitful they are
he used to be romantic so he looked for beauty but now he must stop being emotional and
depends on his mind because he wants to speak about the meaning of war and it would
not be suitable to speak emotionally and you have to be rational so the poet says that he
will speak in a new way; the importance of these two lines is to tell us the intention of the war
poets who says that if you want to talk about something as serious as war you must stop weeping
and start talking objectively and realistically

The pity of war, the pity war distilled.

Distilled is metaphorical; he says that the speech he says is something from his heart something
squeezed of his heart and how pitful it really is
 Now men will go content with what we spoiled.

Or, discontent, boil bloody, and be spilled.

WW1 was mistakenly thought to be a normal war to defend homeland by the soldiers that fought
in it; they were like pawns in the gigantic mechanic of war, so some people are content and happy
to the destruction they did like world leaders or soldiers themselves or are unhappy there is not
enough destruction and so they seek more as if they got a taste for blood and those people are
leaders or even soldiers for they lost their humanity.

They will be swift with swiftness of the tigress.

An animal imagery in this line and it is negative, the soldier will become as wild and savage as
the tigress so war dehumanizes people

None will break ranks, though nations trek from progress.

all people will look at war the same. Nations wil regress due to war. Nations become uncivilized
and savage(this is the definition of war to the modern poets )

Courage was mine, and I had mystery;

the poet talks about himself befor the start of the war, the qualities that the poet had were
courage; poets as a famous characters can be courageous and refuse war if they wanted and there
world was a mysterious one full of colours

Wisdom was mine, and I had mastery:

he also had wisdom, he is wiser and well educated.
As a poet he was different from others, he had better qualities that should have prevented him
from participating in war. He also had mastery; he was a master of his craft and regarded as an
important person and should not be enslaved. It can also means that he had a mastery over
language and should have warned others because he can use language masterfully. So he should
not join the ugly world.
To miss the march of this retreating world
so if he had all these great qualities he should have not joined the war which is metaphorical in
the words of retreating world
Into vain citadels that are not walled.
so if he should not join the world he should go into cities which are metaphorical that do not have
walls

Then, when much blood had clogged their chariot-wheels,

and when war begins and the blood clogging(here is a hyperpole) so when war burns everything.
I would go up and wash them from sweet wells,
the poem had a moral responsibility to replace the values of war with beautiful values like wasing
it from sweet wells.

Even with truths that lie too deep for taint.

He will change war values with values that are untainted

I would have poured my spirit without stint

he says if this war was moral he would have sacrificed himself without limits

But not through wounds; not on the cess of war.

But he would not sacrifice himself by battle but by working hard and guiding people and if he
was killed in this way; his death would be moral and as a martyr

Foreheads of men have bled where no wounds were.

So he should think of way to die for morals and not the dirtiness of war
So these lines shows the moral responsibility of the poets at the times of war

“I am the enemy you killed, my friend. Juxtaposed image; friend and enemy
I knew you in this dark: for so you frowned the victims does not forget the face of its killer
Yesterday through me as you jabbed and killed.
I parried; but my hands were loath and cold.
Let us sleep now. . . .” sleep not means to die now
The message is the meaning of war in modern age and so they should stop talking now
War Is Not Described As Something Glorious And Hence It Is Not Connected With
Happiness But Death
The War Connected With Materialism And Greed
War Is Connected With Destruction And Corruption
It Is Connected With Savagery And Brutality
Because It Is Immoral; It Is Against Religion, We Know That Because Both Soldiers Are In
Hell
There Are 3 Deep Meanings: Literary; The Poem Can Be Imagined As A Dialogue Between
Two Faces Of The Same Person
Psycological Meaning; They Are The Two Psycological Aspects Of The Person; The
Conscious And Sub-Conscious. These Aspects Are Represented By The Poet As The
Conscious And The Victim Is The Sub. Meaning The Poem Blames Himself For Taking
Part In The War And By Participating He Killed His Subconscious
The Third Is Religious; The Victim Is Jesus. Meaning If You Take A Part In A War Like
This You Will Kill A Part In Your Heart And Kill Your Belief
:

The Socialist School

How do we know these poems are socialist?
 The poet is not concerned with religion
 The main theme in this poetry is the relationship between man and the capitalist
system
 There is a criticism for the class-system
 There is a critisizm for unjustice and harsh criticism for capitalist
 There is a call for humanity, love, and cooperation
 There is a criticism for war
 They use irony as a weapon against capitalism not to make people laugh
 STYLE IS JUTNALISTIC
 Their style is direct and urban
THE UNKNOWN CITIZEN is considered a tragic figure because we know nothing about his
personal life; only the public one

THE UNKNOWN CITIZEN

BY W. H. AUDEN
(To JS/07 M 378
This Marble Monument
Is Erected by the State)
1
He was found by the Bureau of Statistics to be
One against whom there was no official complaint,
we know he is a good citizen because there is no official complaint against him

And all the reports on his conduct agree ‘

reports’ are important in this poem because it shows the relation between government and men

That, in the modern sense of an old-fashioned word, he was a saint

, two meanings; religious which means doer of miracles and the common meaning which is a
good man. We know it not the religious one because the poem is socialist that does not care about
religion. And he is a saint because there is no complaint againist him

For in everything he did he served the Greater Community.

People who are considere saints are the one whom service the greater community or the
government

Except for the War till the day he retired

he was obedient working hard
He worked in a factory and never got fired, these qualities are the perfect worker
But satisfied his employers, Fudge Motors Inc.
Yet he wasn't a scab or odd in his views, he was not a trouble maker, an ideal worker

For his Union reports that he paid his dues,

(Our report on his Union shows it was sound)
from the report they got from the union is correct. The irony is as if the poet is starting to use the
same language of reports as if influenced by it

And our Social Psychology workers found

That he was popular with his mates and liked a drink.
The drinking did not affect his work

The Press are convinced that he bought a paper every day

And that his reactions to advertisements were normal in every way.
Because he buy paper he is a good citzen and support the economy. And his reaction to
advertisement is normal

Policies taken out in his name prove that he was fully insured,
And his Health-card shows he was once in a hospital but left it cured.
Both Producers Research and High-Grade Living declare
He was fully sensible to the advantages of the Installment Plan
And had everything necessary to the Modern Man,
A phonograph, a radio, a car and a frigidaire.
Our researchers into Public Opinion are content
That he held the proper opinions for the time of year;
When there was peace, he was for peace: when there was war, he went.
He was married and added five children to the population,
this matters to the government because adding children will bring more workers; there is irony
(7)

Which our Eugenist says was the right number for a parent of his
generation.
And our teachers report that he never interfered with their education.
He did not argue with his teachers

Was he free? Was he happy? The question is absurd:

it is absurd because they do not care about his personal life

Had anything been wrong, we should certainly have heard.

They do not care. Also ironical

There are 5 ironies:

 He is good “because everything he did to serve the greater community”hsacrifice
individuality for the sake of community
 “he is good as long he satisfy his masters”
 Our report on his Union shows it was sound
 The Press are convinced that he bought a paper every dayAnd that his reactions to
advertisements were normal in every way
 Policies taken out in his name prove that he was fully insured,
 And had everything necessary to the Modern Man,

Neo-Romantic ( Apocalyptic ) School

This modern Romantic School appeared during the Forties .The best
representative of this school is the Welsh poet Dylan Thomas .Unlike
traditional Romantic poetry , the poetry of this group is not written for the
common reader .The Neo-Romantic poet is not a ‘ man speaking to
men’.The Neo means new which means that the poetry of this group is
R.omantic in spirit but the treatment is new .In form (style) it is new but the
themes are Romantic.Unlike Georgian poetry which is Romantic in form but
Modern in content As Imagism is similar to Cubism in painting ,Neo-
Romantic School is similar to Surrealism. The New-Romantic poems
partakes some common characteristics :

 1-The setting and atmosphere of the poem

 2-The themes are Romantic such as the beauty of nature,memories of
 childhood and interest in the supernatural
 3-The Neo-Romantic poetry is psychological in spirit .It deals with the
 subconscious and the inner workings of the mind
 4-The poetry of this school is highly imaginative and intellectual in addition
 to being lyrical
 5-The style is highly poetical(using images,symbols and figures of speech)
 6-The poets employ allusive style ( using allusions)
 7-They use words to give strange metaphorical meaning

Fern Hill
(can be translated to grass hill, it is the place that the poet spent his happy childhood)
The poem is allegorical because it makes a connection with paradise with using the word apple
and connects with religion and lost paradise
The them is lost paradise
Remember words of gold green and others, using common words to give special meaning
The word through diction express joy and hapiness

Now as I was young and easy under the apple boughs

now is used to tell a story, easy meaning simple minded, free, carefree(those poets use common
words to give uncommon meanings, apple reminds us of adam and eve. So it has surface and
deep meaning about childhood but the deep about the humans leaving paradise.

About the lilting house and happy as the grass was green,
lilting meaning church singing, how do we know the poem is allegorical? Using apple, relgioucal
words, because he was happy he sees the house happy meaning projects his psychological state
on surroundings. The grass was fresh so he was as happy as its freshness and in its youth, green is
metaphor.

The night above the dingle starry,

dingle is a small valley full of shining stars

Time let me hail and climb

time here is personified as his friend, language is metaphorical moving from happiness to
happiness

Golden in the heydays of his eyes,

(golden in common words) he was worth something and time put him in his eyes or loved him

And honoured among wagons I was prince of the apple towns

as a child he was respected and loved, the apples were sold via wagons and he went with them to
sell so he felt proud as if prince

And once below a time I lordly had the trees and leaves
 before he started to care about time Trail with daisies and barley/ hung and filled with daisies
and barley and thought as if he owned everything
Down the rivers of the windfall light./ the rivers reflected the light of the moon
And as I was green and carefree, famous among the barns/ the poet himself is green meaning
young or a child, he was loved by animals
About the happy yard and singing as the farm was home,/ he is happy in childhood because he
was in the farm
In the sun that is young once only,/ personification, the sun was young because he used to see
it in the morning and enjoy its light in the early morning
Time let me play and be/ time let him play
Golden in the mercy of his means,/ as if time was under his control
And green and golden I was huntsman and herdsman, the calves
Sang to my horn, the foxes on the hills barked clear and cold,/personification, he was in harmony
with nature even the foxes were effected by his music
And the sabbath rang slowly/ Sabbath(religious word) he mostly spent his time in there
In the pebbles of the holy streams./ the stream run slowly(holy, religious word)
All the sun long it was running, it was lovely, the hay/ Uncommon words; all sun LONG/
Fields high as the house, the tunes from the chimneys, it was air/ as if the theouse was emrbraced
by nature and sounds of chimneies is like music even though it is unpleasant
And playing, lovely and watery/ watery meaning soft; pathetic phylisy is when you reflect
your condition to the surronunding
And fire green as grass.
And nightly under the simple stars
As I rode to sleep the owls were bearing the farm away,/ his condition in sleeping;there is
personification, the owls come at night as if taking the farm away and end th joy
All the moon long I heard, blessed among stables, the nightjars/all the moon; all the night.
Nightjars is a night bird
Flying with the ricks, and the horses
Flashing into the dark./ playing with joy at night
End of flashback
He is no more a child and no more in the farm but in the city
And then to awake, and the farm, like a wanderer white/ as if he was dreaming about his
childhood
With the dew, come back, the cock on his shoulder: it was all/ personification; the farm as if the
owls gave it back and rooster announce its coming
Shining, it was Adam and maiden,/child was a world of lightness; shininng/ this an illusion of
adam and eve instead of saying childhood was like paradise he says adam and maiden. Apple is
used a lot to reminds us of the original sin, this makes it illusion
The sky gathered again/
And the sun grew round that very day./ the sun appears again; start of day is similar to
beginning of creation; another reason of making poem allegoriacl
So it must have been after the birth of the simple light/
In the first, spinning place, the spellbound horses walking warm/ dynamic picture of movement
and work and activities
Out of the whinnying green stable
whinnying is sound of horses/ green for activity
On to the fields of praise./ consider farm as paradise

And honoured among foxes and pheasants by the gay house/ he remember his time as child where
he was respected and full of activity. Gay house; personification happy house
Under the new made clouds and happy as the heart was long,/ everything was new and happy;
happy is one of the words repeated a lot/ he was happy because his heart was big and full of
dreams and hope
In the sun born over and over,/metaphorical in sun being born
I ran my heedless ways,/ he run carless of anything without responsibility
My wishes raced through the house high hay/ wishes racing personification, they were as high
as the house; when he gets to the house he thinks of the future
And nothing I cared, at my sky blue trades, that time allows/he did not care about anything of his
wondering under the sky
In all his tuneful turning so few and such morning songs/when he was a child time had filled his
mind with music and was his friend
Before the children green and golden/ he discover that this happiness will not last long/
time will sing for children////this is an important illusion a second one, like the piper that steals
children from their parents; time deceived him, it filled his life with music and tones but it stole
its life and years
Follow him out of grace,/ now he discover time did not like him but was watching him
carefully to deceive///grace is religious word; paradise, heaven
Nothing I cared, in the lamb white days, that time would take me/days were white and lamb
meaning innocence and pure/ lamb uncommon use of words
Up to the swallow thronged loft by the shadow of my hand,/when he was child he thought as if
flying like birds, taken by time but was left by time there
In the moon that is always rising,
Nor that riding to sleep/now wr have third allusion; he considers time as a witch flying on a
broomstick////these two allusions of piper and witch is to show that time not as kind as he
expected but an enemy
I should hear him fly with the high fields
And wake to the farm forever fled from the childless land./ now he discover that fields had gone;
here metaphor. Children left countryside and went to work
Oh as I was young and easy in the mercy of his means,/he was young and simple minded at the
disposal of time

Time held me green and dying

Though I sang in my chains like the sea.
This is his new discovery. Time controlled him; now he discovers that he will not always be
green, he will not be always happy, that he his a mortal man and that his paradise was false.
Second line metaphorical and simile. There is no limit in the world of childhood, he sang and was
happy in his own world without knowing he was in chains in a world of religious and moral and
other things of chain as if a big prison of values of social and religious that chained him.

In this school it is romantic in spirit but in syle it is modern.

There is clear interest in nature and the poem is set in romantic environments like birds horses
nature grass
There is remoteness of time and place, when the poet gets back in time, there is a feeling of
nostalgia
Remoteness of place, poet in city now but remember his time as child in fern hill
A sense of melancholy, we feel the poet is depressed and lives in misery and so on

These are romantic but what make it neo romantic:

The style is allusive,There is allusions adam and eve, the piper, and the flying witch on broom
stick
The use of weird words like green golden and so on
The poem is psychological in spirit, the poet express his psychology in it or to the sub conscious
In this poem there are two themes , the memory and alienation
The poem is also poetical, he uses metaphorical language and there is simile and personification
all of which are chracyerstics of this svhool
Because of these the poem is neo romantic
The Movement

The poetry of this school is not difficult to understand, it is not difficult and hence the
style of this group is journalistic and as wordsworth says ‘a man speaking to men’, he is
at one with his people, therefore it is called journalistic
They speak about common situations, they donot speak something ambigious or unclear
The content of this group is common incidents and situations from common life
Colloquialism is the use of informal words or phrases in writing or speech. .
It is not highly poetical and the imagery is clear cut

At Grass
Philip larkin
Juxtaposition; 1. The time, present good and past bad. 2. Grass. 3. Air is fresh, past
polluted. 4. Privacy 5. Quite present, noise past. 6. Cold, heat. 7. Run; past unhappy
The major theme in here is animal abuse and another with connect it to fern hill is
‘memory’ which shows connection between past and present
The poem is consisting of five stanzas, each is made of eight lines
The first thing that draws us is that it speaks of common situation which makes it
movement poem
The eye can hardly pick them out / it is difficult for us to see these horses because they
are covered by the branches of the tree which shows that horses like to be in shade and
grass
From the cold shade they shelter in, / they are in the shadow of the tree which is
cold(cold is used positive), they are protected by the the tree or where they find rest and
freedom; meaning that animals are happy as long as they are away from humans and as
long as they are at grass they are free, people are bad omen to them
Till wind distresses tail and mane; / the wind annoys horses mane and tail of them
Then one crops grass, and moves about / we have two horses and one of them is eating
grass and moves about
- The other seeming to look on - / the other one is standing and not eating grass and
seems as if looking at him
And stands anonymous again / it stand unidentified as if not knowing him; the horse
that is eating is careless

The central idea of this first stanza; the ideal life of horses when they are happy and free
and are having peace and rest and away from humans/// these horses are old and are
retired race horses

Yet fifteen years ago, perhaps / in this stanze there is flashback to the past when the
horses were active and young, when they were famous and popular but were unhappy
Two dozen distances sufficed / meaning many races were enough to make them famous
and made them legends
To fable them : faint afternoons / races in England were held in the afternoon but these
memories had become weak and these horses are forgetting them and they do not want to
remember or meant to them
Of Cups and Stakes and Handicaps, / the memories are with winnings and cups and,
handicaps with two meaning, the first the kind or races or the the memory of injuries
Whereby their names were artificed / there names were used or made
To inlay faded, classic Junes - / to engrave in the monthes of junes the month of the
races/ the language is metaphorical; ithout the names of the horses are nothing, the names
of these horses gave these races beauty and made them very famous

Horses are not happy in races but happy in retirement

Silks at the start : against the sky / silk refers to the shining colour of the horseman; the
jocky who is dressed in silk/ the race start with appearance of this man/ animals usually
do not like shiny colours this is one of the reasons that the animals are happy
Numbers and parasols : outside, / people began shout and raise umbrellas
Squadrons of empty cars, and heat, / outside the racing ring are noises and loudness of
cars. He used military word ‘squardons’ as metaphorical because in military there is no
freedom so the horse is like a soldier with no freedom, it shows the inhumanity of people
this is contrast to the first stanza where it was cold and now is hot
And littered grass : then the long cry / dirty grass in contrast to the clean grass of first
stanza. The cry of the boys and winnin horse is known the boys rush out and shout the
name of the winning horse
Hanging unhushed till it subside / where their cry keeps going without stopping until it
stops or vanishes
To stop-press columns on the street. / the number of the winning is kept being shouted
until it is put on column of advertisments and press
This is the environment that horses live in , an environment of noisness where silence is
positive unlike listners or pruefrock
Do memories plague their ears like flies? / what annoys horses most is the flies that
enter their ears so this question is rehoretical; are they sad because they lost these
memories.
They shake their heads. Dusk brims the shadows. / Here is situational irony as if the
horses are answering the question with no. this may be literal or metaphorical. Darkness
is more powerful tan shadows so when dusk comes it covers shadows this is the literal
one. Metaphorical is why is the horses not remembering the past is because their present
stronger and better than the past

Summer by summer all stole away, / this is sad or bad memory of the crowds and
noises days comes in and out
The starting-gates, the crowd and cries - / the memories of gates opening andcrowads
All but the unmolesting meadows. / they were free in these meadows
Almanacked, their names live; they / calanders makes their names live in the minds of
the peoples and pages of calanders. This metaphorical, but they do not care this is not
important to them

Have slipped their names, and stand at ease, / they cast away and shed their names
because their names remind them of the past as if they are freed from the past. Stand at
ease is symbol they are living happily
Or gallop for what must be joy, / and run but not for money or race but for joy and
happiness
And not a fieldglass sees them home, / no one is watching them, tere is privacy
Or curious stop-watch prophesies : / there is no one counting the time or the stop watch
that is following their movements and count their steps and time
Only the grooms, and the grooms boy, / from the beginning to this point the horses
seems happy only the moment the groom boy appears. When this stable man and his boy
With bridles in the evening come. / appear and the horses looses their freedom and put
belts or bridles on them which represenbt slavery and unfairness when the evening comes
where man reappears to lead them back to their prison to enslaves them

This poem represent the movement because common situation

Symbol language and style is simple with no allusion or other like journalistic as if telling
a story or argumantitve

Philip Larkin – Church Going ‫ممكن تترجم ذهاب للكنيسه‬

‫او كنيسه ذاهبه بمعنى دور كنيسه خلص‬
Theme is like the listners or second coming, this theme of religious degression is
expressed different from school to scool, this is a simplist movement so he uses simple
In modern poetry there is unity within differcity but the unity in the theme. Lack of
communication between god and man
Once I am sure there's nothing going on / he goes to it when it is empty, so he goes to it
not to pray but another reason because there is nothing there
I step inside, letting the door thud shut. / he goes when it is empty closing the door behind
him noiselessly, he has crisis but keep going there as if he is looking for something but
still wants to resume his old belief, the faith of his childhood. Closing the door
noiselessly sign he still respect the place, 1 (how do we know he still has desire to
communicate with god?)
Another church: matting, seats, and stone, / 2. Another church means he does not visity
one church but many churches as if looking for something. Describing carpets, seats,
stones(statues)
And little books; sprawlings of flowers, cut / some books maybe holy books. In his
describtion as if he is describing normal building; materialistic without spiritual. And For
Sunday, brownish now; some brass and stuff / the flowers are dead and withiring and
brownish, represent lack of communication between god and man, he keeps going to
churches as if looking for his faith. They have wares made of brass for religious
purposes
Up at the holy end; the small neat organ; / holy end as if theatre platform
And a tense, musty, unignorable silence, / metaphorical line; tense mean extreme, musty
means rotten, these adjective are not used to describe silence, and it was from a long time
therefore it is rotten and the flowers rotten
Brewed God knows how long. Hatless, I take off / metaphorical too, brewed means
pharmented, 3. Only god know means he still believe in god so mentioning the name of
god means he still believe in god. 4. Hatless, he respect the place because he took off his
hat as a sign of respect to the place
My cycle-clips in awkward reverence. / cycle clips; bands put on pants end to brevent
going wiith cycling bycicle, awkward means unsuitable as if throwing them, these two
words reflect psychological conflict inside him as if believing and unbelieving like a
rebel
Move forward, run my hand around the font. / started walking forward towards holy end,
font is like big dish used to gather holy water so he came to this place as if to remember
his old innocent believe in god in childhood that he cannot find now, 5 can be one of the
reasons
From where I stand, the roof looks almost new - / does not fell spirituality of the place;
looking at the roof
Cleaned, or restored? Someone would know: I
don't. / a worldly view
Mounting the lectern, I peruse a few / lectern is on the holy end ‫منبر‬
Hectoring large-scale verses, and pronounce / he read some words that fearful meaning of
punishment that are written In large font
'Here endeth' much more loudly than I'd meant. / between commas because quoted from
the bible, he read these words louder than he meant which these words describe his desire
to end this conflict inside him, by chance came these words
The echoes snigger briefly. Back at the door / and the echo of his words as if laughing at
the ironical situation; situational irony, he find the situation funny of the strange
coincidence so it is a laugh but with sadness
I sign the book, donate an Irish sixpence, / he register his name of the book of visits and
donated so donation is point 6
Reflect the place was not worth stopping for. / reflect means thinks that the place not
worth staying longer
Yet stop I did: in fact I often do, / but even though he stopped , as he often do
And always end much at a loss like this, / he always ends like this in a state of lost not a
believer nor a disbeliever
Wondering what to look for; wondering, too, / wondering what he is looking for; looking
fo his old believe and hislost innocence and faith
When churches will fall completely out of use / and wandering if churches would fall into
disfunction
What we shall turn them into, if we shall keep / and if churches fall what would we use
them for?
A few cathedrals chronically on show, /
Their parchment, plate and pyx in locked cases, / parchments manuscript and containers
that can be kept for history, so cathedrals can be turned into museums for history not
religion/ pyx; is a holy container used at the time of religion, Eucharist ‫ عشاء رباني‬those
are kept in locked cases and locked for their historical importance
And let the rest rent-free to rain and sheep. / personification,left to be rented free for the
rest of cathadrel; becoming empty places for rain and sheeps
Shall we avoid them as unlucky places? / would we avoid small churches as jinxed or
haunted places/ this is a rhetorical question he know the answer
Like AT GRASS
The language is simplistic
Common situation
Journalistic style man speaking to men
Sometimes there is irony; at grass horses moving its heads here the words ‘endth’
Why called the extremist
There ideas are extreme and style
The are called extremist because there language is extreme and violent
Third, their feelings are strong, extreme, they speak about common situation but
strangely or violently
Four, their imagery is exrtreme

THERE ARE COMMON CHARACTERS

The speak about common situations like the movement but the style is different
Their style Is confessional; atuo biograpgical element, meaning they speak about
something they had experience or seen in their life
Their poetry is psychological in spirit; their poetry shows interest in psychological side of
man and about nature and animals but not in romantic way, nature to them has symbolic
significant and not romantic, they stand for ideas. And the animals has a positive meaning
and positive symbols; these meanings are vitality, energy power, honesty, so animals
represent positive side of humans to these poets; they are mirror to humans
Poetical language to them is not journalistic, it is not a man talking to man but he is
talking about himself and his language should be differentr
Violence in this movement is sometimes positive and others it is not; animal violence is
justified but human violence is not it is to kill and greed
So the poet call himself the shaman; this is because he think of himself as a doctor that
wants to destroy the wall between man and nature

“The thought fox” by Ted Hughes

The fox is more of a symbol than an animal in here
In this poem we have two foxes; outside and inside the poet

I imagine this midnight moment‟s forest: / the poet is not alive; he does not think he is
alive but something else in the forest through instinct
Something else is alive
Beside the clock‟s loneliness / three things stand for death; 1. The poet himself that
cannot do anything without inspiration 2. The clock stop ticking and dead 3. The blanck
page in front of him; these three things are the way the poet recreate the atmosphere
withing the first stanza
And this blank page where my fingers move. / he moves his fingers on the blank page
because he does not have anything to write and feels that he is mentally and bodily dead
Through the window I see no star: / the moon and stars inspires people to write put they
are not there
Something more near / stars always inspires poets but the poets of this movement want a
nearer source that is the fox that he is yet to see but can feel its presense through his
instinct like there is one in the forest and one inside the writer and if they met it will fill
the author with energy and power, the poet uses violent language in order to wake us as if
hitting us and give us power
Though deeper within darkness / the fox is still in the darkness of forest and still can feel
it; there is darkness in forest and inside people and the inside darkness is not bad; this
show that this movement is a mirror to our inside, the inside darkness has metaphorical
meaning that every human has dark side and it is not bad but the instinctual side of the
human/ the poet knew animals very well, he lived in an area where there are animals,
they are still innocent without corruption, he looked at them from close and not distance
like others to him animals and human are inseparable
Is entering the loneliness: /
Cold, delicately as the dark snow, / there are two things that are cold
A fox‟s nose touches twig, leaf; / the nose is dark because it is black and as dark as the
darkness of the the snow of the forest and is touching a twig, it is trying to smell things to
find food even if situations are hard in contrast to humans that are greedy and want easy
things
Two eyes serve a movement, that now / we know that there is an animal moving from the
movement of the animal
And again now, and now, and now / this description show resistant and determination
Sets neat prints into the snow / putting organized prints in the snow, there is a
metaphorical meaning; he is leaving organize prints because his life is organized
Between trees, and warily a lame / moving with caution
Shadow lags by stump and in hollow / when it moves it leaves prints and shadows
Of a body that is bold to come / hollow of a body means empty stomach and hungry; the
fox challenge the weather even when hungry and is brave
Across clearings, an eye, / there is clearness between tress and the fox is walking through
it without stealth which mean it is brave / the eyes is the second most important symbol
after the fox, in darkness the eye show the movement in addition it is the way of
communication and hence it is the window to the soul and when the poet saw the fox he
also connected with his inner instinct so the meeting is positive
A widening deepening greenness, / the inside of the poet is blooming with greenery
as If his sould was dry and it is revitalized and it is also metaphorical
Brilliantly, concentratedly, / this greenery is starting to shine and concentrate and
intensify, so the fox revived him
Coming about its own business / this is very important; it has the main idea of the
poem; the energy inside the poet started to appear by itself if it found inspiration so
inspiration is in every person but needs a spark to lighten it and show this instinct
Till, with a sudden sharp hot stink of fox / animals smells bad due to its lifestyle ; this
description means that the fox is so close to the poet that he can smell it
It enters the dark hole of the head. / the smell penetrates his head to the brain where the
imagination and creativity and turn emotions to poem, so he needs this power in the
darkness of his head and the positive influence of the fox reached him
The window is starless still; the clock ticks, / the windows are still without stars and yet
his mind start working and the symobls of death are all represent life now in the end
because the fox had moved him from the inside because the fox changes death to life a
positive symbol/ and the clock start working and the poet start to think and full of energy
and the stopped clock start ticking as if the fox gave life to everything in the room
The page is printed. / and the page is full of words and wrote a poem , the poet achieved
his goal of writing a poem
Why do we thing this poem is good represntitive to extremist movement
1. Animals symbols
2. Interest in psychology inside the poem before the appearance of the fox
3. Language is poetical and not easy, using poetical devices
4. Nature outside reflect nature inside
5. Language was dramatic and violent
6. It is a common situation
7. It is auto-biographical or confessional