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Practical PHP and MySQL Website Databases 1st
Edition Adrian W. West Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Adrian W. West
ISBN(s): 9781430260776, 1430260777
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 15.28 MB
Year: 2013
Language: english
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For your convenience Apress has placed some of the front
matter material after the index. Please use the Bookmarks
and Contents at a Glance links to access them.

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Contents at a Glance

About the Author��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� xix

About the Technical Reviewer������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� xxi
Acknowledgments����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� xxiii
Introduction���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� xxv

■■Chapter 1: Create and Test a MySQL Database and Table�������������������������������������������������1

■■Chapter 2: Create Web Pages That Interact with Users���������������������������������������������������25
■■Chapter 3: Login/Logout for Members and an Administrator������������������������������������������61
■■Chapter 4: Display Membership Tables for the Administrator�����������������������������������������93
■■Chapter 5: Register Addresses and Phone Numbers�����������������������������������������������������125
■■Chapter 6: The Finishing Touches����������������������������������������������������������������������������������157
■■Chapter 7: Migrating to a Host and Backing Up Your Web Site Database���������������������187
■■Chapter 8: Creating a Product Catalog��������������������������������������������������������������������������223
■■Chapter 9: Adding Multiple Tables and Other Enhancements����������������������������������������259
■■Chapter 10: Creating a Message Board�������������������������������������������������������������������������295
■■Chapter 11: E-Commerce: A Brief Introduction�������������������������������������������������������������335
■■Chapter 12: Troubleshooting Your Database-Driven Web Site���������������������������������������379
■■Appendix �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������387

Index���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������407

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Introduction

The Teaching Method

I am a web site designer rather than a programmer. My choice of a book is based on how much practical application
it contains, not on how much a book concentrates on the syntax of a language as an end in itself. This book follows
my preference; therefore, Practical PHP and MySQL Web Site Databases - A Simplified Approach uses a different way
of teaching web site database design than the majority of manuals. The usual layout starts with several lessons on
PHP followed by snippets of command-line code, and it may eventually conclude with a project or two. This book
abandons that approach. The primary focus is on fully worked, practical MySQL database projects built into
real-world web pages.
In this book, practical databases and interactive web pages are presented as early as possible; in fact, you will
create a database and a table in the first chapter. In the second chapter, you will embed a database into an interactive
(dynamic) web page and test it. Each subsequent chapter will introduce you to increasingly sophisticated and useful
database-driven web site pages.
To a busy web designer who is unfamiliar with PHP and databases, the requirements in order of importance are
as follows:
• How to embed PHP and interactive databases into real-world web pages. This is the primary
theme throughout the book.
• How to create a free environment for testing database-driven web pages.
• How to create a user-friendly interface so that an administrator with minimum computer skills
can monitor the database.
• To understand how PHP, HTML, and MySQL work together to create and maintain a database
and its data.
Instead of presenting PHP, SQL, and MYSQL as completely separate topics, these are explained in context as the
projects unfold. However, when you eventually become proficient in these languages, a quick PHP/MySQL reference
would be helpful; therefore, you will find this in the Appendix.
Because databases can only be viewed and tested on a server, the first part of Chapter 1 has instructions for using
a free server that can be downloaded and installed on the reader’s computer. This ensures that readers will have a safe
development platform for learning and testing as they explore the book’s practical projects.
A study of the theory and syntax can deter learners and prolong the time until they get their hands on a practical
application. The history and development of the car and a study of the internal combustion engine will not help a
would-be driver. However, jumping into a car and driving it will produce quicker results, and learners are enthused
when they achieve something. This book jumps into the database driving seat right from the beginning. Essential PHP
and MySQL techniques are presented in context within each tutorial, where they are most relevant.
Some database text books advocate using a framework; they suggest that this facilitates the development of a
database-driven web site. I find frameworks utterly confusing, even though I have experience programming databases
using raw code. If you are a beginner, I suggest you steer clear of frameworks until you have gained some more
experience and understand the fundamentals of how a database-driven website works.

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■ Introduction

Who Is This Book For?

The book assumes that the reader is thoroughly familiar with HTML and CSS. However, concerning MySQL, PHP,
and phpMyAdmin, the book starts from an absolute beginner’s point of view. As the chapters unfold, they progress
towards intermediate level. Because command-line programming would not be welcomed by the modern generation
of readers, the book concentrates on mouse-operated Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) and PHP files for creating and
managing databases.
You do not need to acquire an extensive knowledge of PHP to create interactive databases. I introduce all the PHP
you will need in the appropriate place within each project. Each piece of PHP code is explained fully in plain English.
The step-by-step, fully-worked examples will show you what MySQL and PHP can do and how to do it. Practical PHP
and MySQL Web Site Databases - A Simplified Approach is for web designers who wish to begin developing
database-driven web sites. Like the author, they may have struggled with the current manuals and despaired. They
may also have been frustrated by the limitations of paint-by-numbers content management systems such as Joomla
and Wordpress.
With this in mind, Practical PHP and MySQL Web Site Databases - A Simplified Approach uses a highly
motivational, step-by-step approach. The author recognizes fully that a sense of achievement encourages the reader to
look forward eagerly to the next step. For readers who have little or no knowledge of PHP, the book will teach enough
PHP to complete all the projects in the book. Web developers who are ready to move beyond the MySQL basics, or
who have not kept up to date with their MySQL and PHP, will also benefit from Practical PHP and MySQL Web Site
Databases - A Simplified Approach.
College and university IT teachers will find that the book provides an excellent set text; the projects can form a
basis for students to adapt for their course work.

The “Quick and Easy-to-Learn” Myth

Manuals frequently state that PHP and MySQL databases are easily and quickly learned. This discourages beginners,
because when they are confronted with the inevitable difficulties (and error messages), they begin to think that they
will never grasp even the basic principles.
Beginners should not be discouraged if they remember the following fact: authors claiming that PHP and MySQL
are easily and quickly learned are not being deceptive; they have probably been using PHP and MySQL for more than
a decade and have forgotten the difficulties they encountered when they first began.
If you accept that some time and effort is required to learn PHP and MySQL, then as time passes, it will become
increasingly apparent that you are learning something very worthwhile. The task will become progressively easier,
so have patience and persevere. You will then begin to enjoy mastering this valuable new discipline.

The Origin of This Book

I was asked to enhance one of my client’s web sites by adding a membership database and a members’ registration
form. Although I have designed, developed, and maintained web sites for many years, I had no knowledge of MySQL
databases. I bought and borrowed a boatload of books and searched the Internet for tutorials. I was very disappointed
with the majority of the books.
Most of the MySQL manuals tended to demonstrate the author’s deep and extensive knowledge of PHP and
MySQL instead of teaching how to embed MySQL databases into web pages. In contrast , this book uses fully worked
examples to demonstrate how to integrate databases into a web site.
PHP/MySQL manuals can have up to 800 pages, which would deter any beginner. I once bought such a manual.
It contained hardly any practical worked examples. This meant that I could only use the book to stand on when
changing a light bulb. (The manual was almost 2 inches thick.)

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 ■ Introduction

The many MySQL database manuals that I own (or borrowed) were unnecessarily complicated. The authors had
become used to using neat tricks and shortcuts that were second nature to them. These cluttered the code, making
it difficult for beginners to discern the basic structure.
Practical PHP and MySQL Web Site Databases - A Simplified Approach avoids this mistake. A few useful tricks
are introduced gradually and are fully explained in plain English. I based the book on a quote from the composer
Brahms, who said:

It is easy to compose but wonderfully hard to let the superfluous notes fall under the table.

MySQL manuals are nearly always written assuming that the web designer will administer the databases. Smaller
e-commerce web sites, clubs, and societies cannot afford to do this and would prefer that their membership secretary
was able to administer the database using a user-friendly interface. Of course, the web designer should always be
available for major administrative jobs, such as adding a new column or a table. The majority of the databases created
in this book can be administered by both an unskilled membership secretary and the web designer.
Some manuals provide instructions using only MS-DOS style command-lines. Having used a GUI
(mouse-operated system) from the start of their computing experience, anyone under the age of 40 would not know
what an MS-DOS command line was. Some manuals published in 2012 still use command-line listings. What would a
beginner make of the sort of code shown in Figure 1?

Figure 1. An example of the command-line code that would frighten most beginners

Sometimes I had as many as seven MySQL/PHP manuals open at the same time to piece together enough
information to complete a simple task. In parallel, I ran Internet searches to supplement the most obscure manuals;
sadly, some forums tended to deal more with paint-by-numbers (CMS) web sites rather than HTML web sites. Only
two of the seven manuals took the trouble to embed its databases into real-world web pages.
Eventually, I concluded that I must write my own manual based on what I could learn by concatenating snippets
of information from multiple resources. I also based the manual on my own trial-and-error approach as a raw
beginner. This automatically ensured that the manual’s content was presented in simple, logical, and progressive steps
without suddenly introducing unexplained items.
My home-grown manual was so useful that I decided that it should be shared with other web site designers. This
book is the result of that decision.
Computer software and database techniques are constantly improving and being updated. Because of this, most
of the available manuals and Internet tutorials were obsolescent, so I had to research the latest versions of the scripts,
tools, and the available software. This ensured that my content and illustrations would remain relevant for as long as
possible.
To follow the tutorials in this book requires an absolute minimum of software. Some manuals ask readers to
download and learn a new piece of software before they can proceed to each new chapter. I came across one book that
required readers to download MySQL, Apache, PHP, phpMyAdmin, Prototype 1.5, Scriptaculous, Zend Framework,
Smarty Template Engine, FCK editor, Jquery, and Ajax. In this book, in addition to a code editor, I have limited the
software to one item as described next.

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■ Introduction

What Equipment Is Required

The book assumes that, as a web designer, you will already have an HTML editor such as Dreamweaver, MS
Expression Web (now free), Kompozer (free), or NotePad++ (free). I used MS Expression Web because it was about
one third of the price of Dreamweaver and it used an interface similar to MS Word. I was considering an update to my
Expression Web, but it would cost about £199, which deterred me. Then, suddenly, Microsoft decided to discontinue
the development and maintenance of Expression Web and offered it free of charge. Naturally, I was delighted and
promptly downloaded the latest version of Expression Web Version 4; I can thoroughly recommend it.
In addition you will need:
• A notebook for recording the passwords and file names for your databases and table entries.
DON’T RELY ON MEMORY; WRITE EVERYTHING DOWN
You will need to download:
• The sample code from the book’s page, available at www.apress.com.
• XAMPP, a free, all-in-one package for testing your work.
• The latest browsers (all free): Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Safari, Chrome, and Opera.

The Conventions Used in This Book

Care has been taken to relate every listing to its screenshot. For instance, Figure 3-6 will be described by Listing 3-6.
If two listings are needed, such as the HTML code and the CSS, both will relate to the screenshot by using Listing 3-6a
and Listing 3-6b. If a screenshot such as Figure 4-6 does not need a listing, the next screenshot and listing will use
Figure 4-7 and Listing 4-7.
Special tips, notes, and warnings are shown in the following format:

■■Note Security is very important when dealing with databases, especially if they contain personal data. The technique
for making your work secure is woven into each step of the instructions.

All code listings use HTML5 and PHP. The meta description and meta keywords have been omitted from each
<head></head> section to save space.
Code listings are shown as follows:

<div id='container'>
<?php include('header.php'); ?><!--include the new header file-->

Code shown in bold type indicates either a new feature or a change from a previous version of the code.
Code lines are sometimes numbered to help with the explanations as follows:

if (empty($errors)) { // If no problems occured, register the user in the database #1

The line numbers are for explanation only and must not be included in your own code.

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 ■ Introduction

Interactive vs. Dynamic

Most manuals use the term “dynamic” web pages when referring to interactive pages. The words dynamic and
interactive both describe pages that provide a live link between a user and a database. For instance, a user can register
for membership and view his/her account details. A membership secretary can view a table of members, but the table
is hidden from ordinary members. Because the word dynamic can have so many connotations and meanings, I have
chosen to use the more precise term interactive in this book.

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Chapter 1

Create and Test a MySQL Database

and Table

This chapter introduces the concept of a database and a practical way of testing it. Using the projects, you will create
a MySQL database and a table. As you work through the projects, you will become familiar with the phpMyAdmin
interface.
This chapter has the following main sections:
• Definitions
• The free tool for developing and maintaining interactive databases
• Using phpMyAdmin to create a database and a table
• Exploring SQL
• Deleting databases, tables, and rows.

Defining the Term Database

Databases can be used to store products, details of customers, records of members of a society or a club, and much
more. They can store names, passwords, addresses, e-mail addresses, registration dates, blog entries, and telephone
numbers. Databases can be regarded as folders containing tables of data. The table of data, like all tables, has columns
and rows; however, the rows in database tables are called records. A typical database table is shown in Table 1-1.

Table 1-1. A typical database

user_id fname lname email psword phone

1 Kevin Kettle kev@kettle.co.uk kettlefur 01111 111 1111
2 Susan Saucepan sue@kitchen.org.uk nasus5 01111 222 1111
3 Oliver Oven oliver@cooker.co.uk hotstove 03333 111 4444

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Chapter 1 ■ Create and Test a MySQL Database and Table

Defining Developer, Administrator, and User

In this book, the term “developer” (a.k.a. “webmaster”) means the person who designs and produces the database;
he or she will integrate the database into a web site. Sometimes I will use the term “webmaster” or “web designer.”
When I do, it usually means the same thing as “developer.” The words “administrator” and “membership secretary”
have the same meaning in some of the book’s tutorials, which are based on building a database for a club. The word
“administrator” means the person responsible for monitoring and maintaining the content of the database tables.
Clearly, one person can be both a developer and an administrator. However, most developers will maintain the
structure of a database but will not want the hassle of amending and deleting records; that should be the role of an
administrator (a club or society’s membership secretary, say).
The “user” is any member of the general public viewing and possibly interacting with a web site database. For
security reasons, users have extremely limited access to the database; however, they will be allowed to register for
membership, log in to a special section, or change their password.

■■Caution The organization commissioning a database must conform to the Data Protection Act for the territory in
which the database is developed. This is especially important if that data is going to be used for profit. Conformance
usually means obtaining a license. In addition the developer and administrator must normally sign a document confirming
that they will never disclose the details of persons recorded in the database. In the UK, the Information Commissioner’s
Office (ICO) requires an annual license fee based on the revenues of the organization that owns the database. Currently,
there is no equivalent in the USA, but privacy laws differ between states. It is essential that you understand and obey the
data-protection laws for your client’s territory.However, you do not have to apply for a license if you use fictitious data in a
database for the purpose of learning and experimenting with databases.

Defining Interactive Web Sites

Interactive web sites are often called dynamic web sites; however, I prefer to use the word interactive because
dynamic can signify so many things. For instance, it can mean moving, powerful, eye catching, flashy, exciting. To a
beginner, none of those meanings define a web page that interacts with a user.
Dynamic is so often used to mean exciting, but there is little excitement to be seen in an interactive registration
form. Dynamic is also a musical term meaning changes or variations in loudness or speed. If dynamic can refer to
change, why were dynamic templates designed to provide consistency from one web page to another? The term
interactive has one clear meaning and will be used from now on in this book.
MySQL (with PHP) allows users and administrators to interact with a database using web site pages. For instance,
users can register as members of an organization via a registration page on a web site. Users will be able to supply
their personal data for the membership tables. MySQL then enters the users’ input into the administrator’s tables
automatically; this lightens the workload of the administrator. The web site’s registration page can be programmed to
filter users’ data input and verify it. From an interactive page, users may even be allowed to update their own records
in a database.
Interactivity means that the administrator’s workload is greatly reduced, but not completely. For instance,
if the database is for a bookshop, the administrator will still have to enter any new titles and prices. On the other
hand, an interactive database can be programmed to alert the administrator when the stock of a certain book needs
replenishing.
In Chapter 2, you will learn to develop a simple interactive web site.

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 Chapter 1 ■ Create and Test a MySQL Database and Table

Only Use MySQL for Interactive Database Tables

A non-interactive database table means that only the administrator can enter or amend the table’s data.
A non-interactive database would be more easily created and administered using a spreadsheet or database program,
such as Microsoft Excel or Microsoft Access. Web site users cannot interact with such a database. Employing MySQL
to create a non-interactive (static) version of the database would be like using a sledgehammer to crack a nut. A static
database such as Excel or Access has one advantage, it cannot be easily accessed online by hackers; however, it has to
be maintained by an administrator and is very labor intensive. Website users have no input, and they cannot search or
update their data.
Using MySQL for a non-interactive version would not reduce the workload of an administrator, he would have to
enter all the members’ data and verify that the data is genuine.

■■Note A few interactive web pages do not need a database in order to function. For instance, a Contact Us form
can be regarded as interactive because it takes a user’s input and transmits it to the web site’s owner in the form of an
e-mail; this can be achieved easily without a database. In this book, the term “interactive” always means the user can
interact with a database.

Methods for Developing and Maintaining Databases

The four methods for managing databases are as follows (with the easiest method on the left and hardest on the right):
PhpMyAdmin — PHP —SQL command line — MS-DOS style command line.
In this book, we will be mainly using the first two methods, but not the MS-DOS-style command line. For
interactive databases, you will need some PHP files. You do not need an extensive knowledge of PHP before you can
create interactive databases. I introduce the PHP you require in the appropriate place in each project—that is, in
context. The step-by-step, fully-worked examples will show you what MySQL and PHP can do and how to do it.
Because of its popularity, GUIs (mouse operated Graphical User Interfaces) have been developed to facilitate
the task of developing databases. These are known as development platforms, and the platform used throughout this
book is XAMPP.

A Brief Look Inside the Machinery

Databases need a server, a database program, and a PHP processor as shown in Figure 1-1. These can be downloaded
as an all-in-one, ready-configured package. The testing and development of the projects in this book are based on the
free XAMPP package that is available for all operating systems.

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Chapter 1 ■ Create and Test a MySQL Database and Table

Figure 1-1. A diagram of the machinery for passing database information to and from users

Figure 1-1 shows the main components built into the XAMPP development platform. They are as follows:
• Apache is the web page server used by the great majority of hosts and on local computers for
developing databases. PHP files and databases need a server in order to work.
• MySQL is the database, and it provides management tools.
• The PHP processor checks for errors and processes the PHP files that are needed to make
databases interact with users.
• phpMyAdmin is a mouse-operated program for creating and maintaining databases and their
tables.
A single all-in-one package such as XAMPP contains the four programs and is called a WAMP (Windows, Apache,
MySQL, and PHP). In WAMPs such as XAMPP, the main components are preconfigured so that they can talk to each
other. The equivalent on a Mac computer is MAMP, and on a Linux computer it is LAMP.
The folder htdocs is part of XAMPP and is the storage area for your web pages. Apache and MySQL, by default,
look in htdocs for your web pages. These pages may be designed to allow users to interact with the database. Other
pages will operate unseen as they transmit information back and forth between user and database. The pages are
usually HTML and PHP files or a combination of both.

■■Caution Everything inside the envelope in the diagram shown in Figure 1-1 will be already installed on a remote host,
but you should never use a remote host to create a database while you are learning. For security reasons, do not use
a remote host until you have become proficient. Always learn and develop a database using a WAMP on your own
computer. Note that a WAMP installed on your own computer is purely a development tool. The database, when
developed and thoroughly tested, can eventually be uploaded to a host to make it available to users. Uploading
a data base is covered in Chapter 7.

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 Chapter 1 ■ Create and Test a MySQL Database and Table

A Free Development Platform for Testing

You will not be able to test your work in the normal way—that is, by using a browser to view a database and PHP files
located on your hard drive. However, you can develop, test, and view your database and PHP files by using a WAMP
on your computer. This book assumes that you will use XAMPP on your own computer while you are learning, and for
developing future database-driven websites.
I have omitted instruction on the EASYPHP and WAMPServer programs to save space; they are very similar and
are as effective as XAMPP. I use XAMPP because I am used to it, and I think the interface is slightly better than the
others (my opinion only).

■■Caution The earlier projects in this book are necessarily simple and are not secure enough to be uploaded to a host.
When you have gained experience and confidence, and you are sure that you understand the security issues, you could
adapt the book’s later projects for use in your own websites and then upload them to a remote host.

Using XAMPP on Your Own Computer

The XAMPP package is free and is preconfigured so that the components will talk to each other. This eliminates
the hassle of the usual practice of downloading several individual components and then configuring them to work
together.
At the time of writing, the most recent version of XAMPP is version 1.8.1. This version is used throughout the
book. It has component versions as follows: Apache 2.4.3, MySQL 5.5.27, PHP 5.4.7, and phpMyAdmin 3.5.2.2.
The package and its components are improved with each release, but the processes described in this book are
rarely affected because the updates are usually backward compatible.

■■Caution Make sure that the package you intend to use contains version 3.5.2.2 of phpMyAdmin or later. All the
instructions that follow do not relate to earlier versions; they had a few minor flaws, such as the interface column
headings not lining up properly with the content, and also there was some occasional odd behavior. The new version
seems slick and flawless.

Before I give you the instructions for downloading XAMPP, I need to settle a question that bothers every beginner
concerning the transferring of a developed database from XAMPP to the remote host. If you use XAMPP on your own
computer, a question will arise, as stated in the title of the next section.

Will I Be Able to Transfer the Database from XAMPP to a Remote Host?

The main thought that haunts a beginner is “If I develop a database on a local WAMP, will I be able to move it easily to
a remote host?” Beginners have every reason to be worried because most manuals rarely give even a hint on this topic.
However, the answer is “Yes, you will be able to move the database.” You will find full instructions in Chapter 7.
Now I will provide the information for downloading and installing XAMPP.

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Chapter 1 ■ Create and Test a MySQL Database and Table

■■Caution Should you wish to explore other free WAMPs, it is possible to install both EASYPHP and XAMPP on the
same computer. However, make sure one of them is shut down before opening the other; otherwise, they will fight for the
same ports and cause annoying problems.

Download and Install XAMPP

XAMP is free and needs no configuring. To download the package, go to:
http://www.apachefriends.org/en/xampp-windows.html
The home page varies from time to time, so you may have to explore the buttons on the tool bar a little to load the
screen shown in Figure 1-2.

Figure 1-2. Installing XAMPP

The download page will state that you must have C++ MS VC 2008 runtime libraries installed. These are normally
already installed in modern versions of Windows; however, the XAMPP installation page provides a URL where you
can download the libraries if necessary.
Scroll right down the download page until you see the section illustrated in Figure 1-2.
I chose the zip version for Windows, and this installed in 32-bit and 64-bit computers without any problems.
I also used the installer version on another computer and found no difference in operation or appearance.
Download the file into your Downloads folder and then double-click it to unzip it into a new folder named xampp on
the root of the hard drive; to avoid security issues, don’t install it in the Program Files folder. If your main hard drive is C:,
the default folder for the installation will then be C:\xampp. During the installation, you may see some black screens with
white text—just keep going until the installation is completely finished. You may see a window named XAMPP Options.
The installation may demand a restart; my installations did not. You will be asked if you want to load the XAMPP control
panel; click Yes. If XAMPP is running, you will see an icon in the Notification area like the one shown in Figure 1-3.

Figure 1-3. The XAMPP icon

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 Chapter 1 ■ Create and Test a MySQL Database and Table

The items on the XAMPP control panel labeled Running usually appear automatically, and you will then be able
to stop the various modules. If they do not start automatically, click the start buttons on the XAMPP control panel for
Apache and MySQL. If a button says Stop, that module is already running. What next? When the interface appears,
change the language to your version of English. If you are asked about running the modules as services, choose to run
Apache and MySQL as services, and then those modules will automatically start when you double-click the XAMPP
desktop icon.

■■Caution The XAMPP icon in the Notification area is the same color and shape as the Java update icon.

Create a shortcut on your Desktop for XAMPP’s htdocs folder, and place it alongside the XAMPP icon as shown in
Figure 1-4. Use this shortcut for loading your PHP files into the C:\xampp\htdocs folder.

Figure 1-4. Time-saving shortcuts

If a desktop icon was not created during the installation, I recommend that you go to the C:\xampp folder, and
then create a Desktop shortcut for the xampp-control.exe file.
For maximum convenience, put the two Desktop items side by side as shown in Figure 1-4. One icon starts and
stops XAMPP, and the other allows you to create and modify pages directly in the XAMPP htdocs folder.
One common problem is that Skype uses the same port as Apache. So if users have Skype running, Apache won’t
start. You can change the ports in Skype’s advanced options screen. If you have web deployment Agent Services
running, you will have to stop that to enable Apache to run.

Starting XAMPP
From here onward, to test your pages in XAMPP, double-click the desktop icon and check that Apache and MySQL
have started. If they have not started, click the start buttons for each and then minimize the control panel.
The XAMPP control panel is shown in Figure 1-5.

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Chapter 1 ■ Create and Test a MySQL Database and Table

Figure 1-5. The XAMPP control panel

Note that, under Service, I have shown that the first three modules are running as services, as indicated by the
selected boxes. This ensures that those modules will run as soon as you start XAMPP.
Always minimize the control panel so that you have a clear desktop for starting work on your databases.
After starting Apache and MySQL, you can test your installation and examine all of the XAMPP examples and
tools; to do this, enter the following address in your browser.

http://localhost/ or http://127.0.0.1/

Closing XAMPP
Close XAMPP when you have finished testing your database and PHP files. This will free up memory for tasks other
than database development. To close down, click the minimized XAMPP control panel on the task bar and then
click the Quit button on the control panel as shown in Figure 1-6. Alternatively, you can right-click the icon in the
Notification area and then click Quit.

Figure 1-6. Closing down the XAMPP program

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Other documents randomly have
different content
 Physics - Solution Manual
First 2025 - Institute

Prepared by: Lecturer Garcia

Date: July 28, 2025

Results 1: Study tips and learning strategies

Learning Objective 1: Research findings and conclusions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 1: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 2: Best practices and recommendations
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 3: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 3: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 4: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 5: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 5: Best practices and recommendations
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 7: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 7: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 8: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 9: Historical development and evolution
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Conclusion 2: Interdisciplinary approaches
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 13: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 14: Best practices and recommendations
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Best practices and recommendations
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 18: Ethical considerations and implications
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Background 3: Current trends and future directions
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 21: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 25: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 26: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 26: Best practices and recommendations
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 27: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Module 4: Assessment criteria and rubrics
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 34: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 35: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 36: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 39: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Introduction 5: Learning outcomes and objectives
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 41: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 43: Ethical considerations and implications
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 44: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 45: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 45: Research findings and conclusions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 46: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 47: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 49: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 50: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Results 6: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 51: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 58: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 59: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 60: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice 7: Theoretical framework and methodology
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 64: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 65: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Topic 8: Study tips and learning strategies
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 72: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 75: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 76: Practical applications and examples
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Summary 9: Best practices and recommendations
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 84: Experimental procedures and results
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 85: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 89: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 89: Best practices and recommendations
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 90: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Test 10: Learning outcomes and objectives
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 91: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 97: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 98: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Research findings and conclusions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Section 11: Interdisciplinary approaches
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 102: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 103: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 104: Case studies and real-world applications
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 106: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Section 12: Case studies and real-world applications
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 112: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 117: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 119: Experimental procedures and results
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Lesson 13: Interdisciplinary approaches
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 121: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 126: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 128: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 129: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Appendix 14: Fundamental concepts and principles
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 133: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 134: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 136: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 136: Current trends and future directions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 138: Historical development and evolution
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 140: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Conclusion 15: Statistical analysis and interpretation
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 142: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 144: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 147: Key terms and definitions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 148: Study tips and learning strategies
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
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