TEACHERS’RESOURCES

RECOMMENDED FOR
Readers aged 10 to 14

CONTENTS
1. Introduction: defining fantasy 2
2. Plot summary of book 1 2
3. Creation of a secondary
fantasy world 2
4. Fantasy tropes, conventions
and archetypes 3
5. Character motifs 3
6. Characters 4
7. Narrative genre, language,
style & structure 4
8. About the series 5
9. Covers and maps 5
10. About the author of
these resources 5
11. About the series 6
12. Themes and curriculum topics 7

KEY CURRICULUM AREAS

 English

REASONS FOR STUDYING THIS BOOK

 Studying the genre of fantasy: archetypes,
tropes and worldbuilding
 What is a hero?
 Life in medieval times Ranger’s Apprentice
THEMES John Flanagan
 Learning and practising skills
 Becoming an apprentice
 Strength, courage, bravery, honour, trust and Ranger’s Apprentice is a fantasy series set in a version
loyalty of medieval Europe. It can be read by ages 10 and up,
 Friendship and is particularly suited to ages 10 to 14.
 Overcoming bullying
John Flanagan says he based his Ranger’s Apprentice
PREPARED BY series on ‘a collection of short stories originally written
Robyn Sheahan-Bright to encourage the author’s son to enjoy reading. The
series is alive with action–battles, boar hunts, inhuman
PUBLICATION DETAILS enemies and loyal friends. It’s exciting and fast moving.
ISBN: various Humorous at times, spine chilling at others. Involving,
always. Best of all, the characters ring true and quickly
These notes may be reproduced free of charge for establish themselves in the reader’s imagination.’
use and study within schools but they may not be
reproduced (either in whole or in part) and offered The series website at www.rangersapprentice.com.au
for commercial sale. provides information including the biography of the
author, interactive map, extra material on the Ranger
Visit penguin.com.au/teachers to find out how our Corps and the characters, quizzes, games, book trailers,
fantastic Penguin Random House Australia books can
and lots more.
be used in the classroom, sign up to the teachers’
newsletter and follow us on @penguinteachers. There are eleven books published in the series so far,
with Book 12: The Royal Ranger being released in
Copyright © Penguin Random House Australia 2013 October 2013. Book 1: The Ruins of Gorlan is considered
in these notes.
 Ranger’s Apprentice John Flanagan

INTRODUCTION: DEFINING possibilities of freedom and power; all about human

nature’s struggle with loss and renewal.
FANTASY
Fantasy is a form of speculative fiction which is often Question: Can Ranger’s Apprentice still be considered
said to ‘define the indefinable’. As a genre it has very fantasy when it doesn’t include magic? Why/why not?
strong links with, and is informed by, traditional What else makes it fantasy? Does it have magical
literature forms such as folk and fairy tale, myths and aspects?
legends. Fantasy’s many varieties and sub-genres
enrich its appeal. These include science fiction, epic PLOT SUMMARY OF BOOK 1: THE
fantasy, magical realism and alternative fantasy. RUINS OF GORLAN
‘Fantasy is a genre that uses magic and other ‘His mother died in childbirth. His father died a hero.
supernatural forms as a primary element of plot, Please care for him. His name is Will.’ (p. 10)
theme, and/or setting. The genre is usually associated
with the overall look, feel and themes of the European When the orphaned Will is not selected on Choosing
Middle Ages (including architecture, dress and Day as a Craft Apprentice by the Craftmasters, as his
technology), while the actual setting is often a fictional four wardmates are, he is totally crushed. He has always
plane or planet where magic and magical beings are dreamed of becoming a knight like the father he has
commonplace.’ (Wikipedia) never seen, and is devastated when Castle Redmont’s
Battleschool rejects him. Instead he finds himself
Writers of reality often dismiss fantasy as ‘escapist apprenticed to Halt, the mysterious Ranger whose
fiction’, but those who write and read fantasy counter uncanny ability to move unseen is thought to be the
such criticisms. They consider fantasy necessary to our result of black magic. Reluctantly Will begins his
being able to engage with life’s challenges – and see it training, which proves to be more interesting than he
as a way of ‘heightening’ reality. Susan Cooper, the had envisaged. Together he and Halt set out on a
creator of The Dark is Rising sequence, says that, ‘The desperate mission to prevent the assassination of the
material of fantasy is myth, legend, folktale; the King. And Will finds that the Ranger’s weapons – a bow
mystery of dream, and the greater mystery of Time. and arrow, a mottled cloak and a stubborn little pony –
With all that haunting our minds, it isn’t surprising that are not so useless after all. Will fights several battles
we write stories about an ordinary world in which extra- and eventually realises that his life’s dream isn’t what
ordinary things happen.’ (Cooper, S., 1987, p. 44) he’d thought it was.
Margaret Mahy agrees that she writes about ‘the
extraordinary in the ordinary.’ Susan Cooper adds:
‘Once upon a time, humankind wasn’t ashamed of the
CREATION OF A SECONDARY
fact that it also needed fantasy. The stories were a FANTASY WORLD
normal part of everybody’s life,’ (Cooper, S., 1987, p. This series is set in a Medieval/fantasy locale called the
44) Without imagination, Ursula Le Guin once said, Kingdom of Araluen, ruled by King Duncan, loosely
adults ‘would grow up to be eggplants’ (quoted in based on the United Kingdom and Europe, which is
Cooper, S., p. 45). divided into fifty fiefdoms, governed by barons, and
Fantasy writing is about approaching universal truths protected by Rangers. The Baron Arald resides over one
via abstraction and metaphor. It’s an attempt to express of them from Castle Redmont, near the Tarbus River
the inexpressible. Philip Pullman, creator of the His and Wensley Village (pp. 52–3). Will is a ward of this
Dark Materials trilogy, says: ‘Fantasy for me is just one state and his fellow wards are each apprenticed to
of many ways to say something truthful about what it’s people in the area.
like to be alive. That’s the subject of all fiction, really.’ Meanwhile, in the Mountains of Rain and Night, the
(Weich, Dave 2003) former baron of Gorlan, Lord Morgarath, returns to the
Critics have argued and theorised about the ‘essential’ Ruins of Gorlan, his former fiefdom, to plot his revenge.
features of fantasy. Jane Mobley asserts that Magic is The year is 643, which is earlier than medieval times, for
an essential ingredient, featuring (a) a power either this is an ‘alternate’ history.
benevolent or dangerous, or (b) which describes ‘a This fantasy series contains no magic but uses the
certain human wilfulness in the face of the unknown’ medieval setting to explore themes.
(Mobley, 1987, p. 253). However, John Flanagan’s
Ranger’s Apprentice series does not actually feature  This setting is physically imagined for the reader in
magic at all. maps contained in the books and on the series
website.
Fantasy narratives transport the reader from the real
world by showing that there is potential for good and ill  The world is protected by the Rangers, who were
at every turn. They are all about journeys; all about the founded over one hundred years ago in King

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 Ranger’s Apprentice John Flanagan

Herbert’s reign (p. 62). Herbert is known as the FANTASY TROPES, CONVENTIONS
‘Father of Modern Araluen’ for banding ‘the fifty
fiefs together into a powerful union to defeat the
AND ARCHETYPES
northern clans’ (p. 64). The fifty Rangers are the The Ranger’s Apprentice series include some fantasy
lawkeepers, who provide intelligence re potential Tropes, Conventions or Archetypes such as:
threats (p. 66).
 The Quest – in Book 1: The Ruins of Gorlan, Will and
 Since there is no magic in this fantasy world, the his master Halt are sent on a mission to stop the
author must create fantasy elements which are Kalkara.
out of the ordinary, and which therefore may be
 The Journey – Will’s physical journey is his mission
real, or may not be, such as the Rangers’ ability to
to stop the Kalkara, but his emotional journey is
become invisible. Halt recognises that Will has the
equally important: his initial desire to become a
skill to move unseen, and takes him on to train him
knight; his disappointment at becoming a Ranger’s
further.
apprentice instead; his gruelling training; and his
 The medieval times are evoked by lots of eventual realisation that he is best suited to, and
adventure and real fighting, but with a fantasy enjoys, the life of a Ranger.
edge. So that while real detail is offered in the
 The Hero Tale is a source constantly providing
coverage of Archery and Swordsmanship, it’s
material to be explored or subverted in modern
enhanced by the addition of the imagined troops
fantasies. The Hero (or Heroine) is pitted against the
and weapons used in the battles. Creatures of
Villain in many tales, and is often an unlikely hero
fantasy include the Wargals, Morgarath’s platoon
whose powers are only gradually revealed.
troops of misshapen creatures, ‘with features that
were halfway human, but with a long brutish muzzle  Trial or Imprisonment is integral to fantasy. In The
and fangs like a bear or a large dog’ (p. 2) and the Ruins of Gorlan, Will is undergoing a trial in learning
Kalkara (p. 4) which are ‘somewhere between an the skills of a Ranger, and he is expected to pass a
ape and a bear, that walks upright’ (p. 205); they test at the end of the year. In later books in the
have eyes which can paralyse people with fear: series imprisonment features heavily, when Will is
‘Some people call it magic … it’s more likely a form taken captive by the Skandians and becomes a
of hypnotism’ (p. 207). slave.
Activity: John Flanagan says on his website that: ‘I’m  Task/Test: Will is sent back to Castle Redmont to
occasionally asked if I borrowed the term Ranger from summon back-up forces (p. 233). (The idea of a test
Tolkien’s Lord of the Rings. In fact, I was influenced by is also subverted since Will finds that his first duties
the US Army’s World War II Rangers – the equivalent of are housework and cooking in order to prove his
the British Army’s commandos – and by the legendary worth as a Ranger.) He also must face off against a
Texas Rangers, a group of lawmen who originated the rampaging boar. His first meeting with his horse,
formula “One riot, one Ranger.” It’s a concept that Tug, is also a test, as Will learns to listen to the
seems to sum up the qualities and abilities of the warnings Halt gives him.
Araluan Rangers.’
 Trickery: Piece of paper given by Halt to the Baron
Who do these troops remind you of most? containing information about Will (pp. 33–4) is
another device, which proves to be a test of whether
he’ll rise to the bait and try to steal it. Much of the
perceived mystery of the Rangers is also achieved
by what could be called trickery.
 Forest: Will slips away to the forest for comfort
from his disappointment (pp. 36–7). Much of his
training takes place in the forest.
 Special Powers Invested in Tools or Weapons: Halt
gives Will the bow, the knives and the pony named
Tug with which to protect himself (see Ch 10).
Question: Discuss the novel’s plot as an example of the
Quest.

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 Ranger’s Apprentice John Flanagan

CHARACTER MOTIFS CHARACTERS

Character, motif and plot are intimately connected in Will, the orphaned hero: Small and wiry, ‘Will’s wit was
fantasy, and the Stock Characters of fairy tale, eg wolf, as agile as the rest of him’ (p. 9). We are given a hint as
wicked stepmother, Cinderella, or the villain, appear in to his true nature, first in that he ‘had developed within
countless tales and series. him the skill of moving across seemingly open space
without being seen’ (p. 37) and then in the secret note
Ranger’s Apprentice features some of the ‘classic’
(p. 45). He is born to be a Ranger. But he wants to be a
fantasy character motifs:
warrior (pp. 48–9). He’s agile and inquisitive, but it’s his
 Unlikely Hero: Will is like King Arthur; he’s small honesty which Halt admires most (p. 69).
and unimpressive in stature, and he’s not selected
Halt, the Ranger and Mentor to Will: The first time
on the Choosing Day because others have more
Will sees him without his cloak he’s surprised by his
strength. The strengths he discovers in himself are
size, for the description equates him with Will in that
unexpected – he finds that his tree-climbing skills
he’s small and agile with ‘whipcord strength’ (p. 54).
are useful, and his ability to blend into the shadows,
for instance. Gilan, Halt’s previous apprentice: He’s a cheerful and
capable Ranger who is a loyal companion.
 Orphan’s Journey in Search of ‘Lost’ Parent: Will
is left on the steps of the ward building with a note Baron Arald, the Lord of Redmont Fief: Big man who
(p. 10). Will is an orphan who thinks his father was a brooks no nonsense (p. 16) from his servants and has a
brave knight in the war against Morgarath fifteen sense of humour.
years ago. His master, the Ranger Halt, becomes Horace, former wardmate or Will: He’s accepted by
like a parent to him over the course of the series. the Battleschool and proves to be a solider with very
 Guardian or Mentor: Halt fulfills this role in the special powers (p. 88) which are observed by Sir Rodney
series – usually appearing gruff and a hard task and by the drillmaster, Sir Karel. But he’s bullied there
master, Will learns that Halt also has a softer side. by Bryn, Alda and Jerome (p. 75). ‘But naturals were few
and far between ... It became not so much a skill as an
 Helper: Initially enemies after growing up together instinct to them.’ (p. 103); his aggressive nature is finally
in the Ward at Castle Redmond, Will and the warrior tamed when he finds his place as a soldier and best
apprentice Horace become friends in the course of friend to Will.
The Ruins of Gorlan, and Horace becomes an
essential part of the series. Morgarath, Lord of the Mountains of Rain and Night:
Evil and ruthless.
 Villain: In The Ruins of Gorlan Morgarath is quickly
established as the villain – hidden away in the Others: Will’s other former Wardmates: George
mountains, plotting an attack on the Kingdom that (Legal profession): Has a mind suited to legalities;
exiled him. It is Morgarath who sends the deadly Alyss (Diplomat): Calm and elegant, Will is discovering
Kalkara into Araluen to kill Morgarath’s enemies. an attraction for her; Jenny (Cook): cheerful and good-
natured; Martin, secretary to Baron Arald: A man who
Activity: Examine the Archetypes that are used in likes to wield his influence; King Duncan; Old Bob.
fiction and film and their historical underpinnings. For
example, Star Wars contains many classic features. Question: Who is your favourite character and why?
Luke Skywalker is a hero figure, ‘a protagonist on a See the character notes and illustrations on the
hero’s journey’ who must resist forces that try to make Ranger’s Apprentice website,
him aggressive, in order to discover his true self. Darth www.rangersapprentice.com.au.
Vader is an archetypal father figure in the same
tradition as the Greek Sky Father gods. His attempts to NARRATIVE GENRE, LANGUAGE,
destroy his son are related to age-old stories of
father/son conflicts. George Lucas was greatly
STYLE & STRUCTURE
influenced by Joseph Campbell’s The Hero with a  This fantasy also has elements of the Mystery/
Thousand Faces (Fontana Press, 1993) when he brought Crime novel. When the death of Lord Northolt, the
the story to the screen. See also Jean Shimoda Bolen’s old king’s supreme commander, is reported and
Gods in Everyman: A New Psychology of Men’s Lives and queried by Halt (pp. 59–60), this is one of the first
Loves (Harper and Row, 1989) or Christopher Vogler’s examples of the way in which Halt expects Will to
The Writer’s Journey: Mythic Structure for Storytellers discover clues as part of his intelligence work in
and Screenwriters (Michael Wiese Productions, 1992). order to deduce the nature of the Lord’s death.
Then attempt to isolate these archetypes in the  The novel is neatly structured by both a Prologue
Ranger’s Apprentice series. and an Epilogue. The Prologue sets the scene here
for Morgarath in the Kingdom of Rain and Night to

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 Ranger’s Apprentice John Flanagan

establish a quest or mission to become King, as

backdrop to Will’s personal quest. Morgarath seeks
to regain control of his old fief, Gorlan, and the
Kingdom of Araluen. The Epilogue ties together the
missing Will’s past, for Halt reveals his parentage
and his own link to Will’s parents. Question: How
many aspects of the plot are revealed in this
Prologue? Make a list of all the important points.
The Epilogue allows the author to tie things up
neatly. What things are left to be resolved in future
novels?
 To make this world ‘immediate’ in tone the author
allows himself anachronisms such as having his
characters addicted to coffee. Question: What
examples of contemporary language can you find in
the novel? (Note that coffee hadn’t been brought to
Europe in medieval times. What other examples can
you find where the author has introduced alternate
history elements to the story?)

COVERS AND MAPS

Activity: Maps of Araluen are included on the website
and in the books. Study them and then try to locate
trails for the journeys which Will undertakes in the
novels.
Activity: Draw the castle from clues in the novel.
Activity: The series has been sold into more than
twenty other countries, and has been packaged in a (Original cover design)
variety of ways. (You can find some of the different
covers at the US Ranger’s Apprentice website, ABOUT THE AUTHOR OF THESE
www.rangersapprentice.com.) Examine the covers for
Book 1. Then design your own.
RESOURCES
Dr Robyn Sheahan-Bright operates justified text
Question: The original covers of the Australian series writing and publishing consultancy services, and
were photographic, lending a contemporary and publishes regularly on children’s literature, Australian
immediate feel to the series despite its arcane subject fiction, and publishing history. She was inaugural
matter. Does this influence your reading? Ask students director of and is a Life Member of the Queensland
to compare the original covers with the new covers, Writers Centre, and was co-founder of Jam Roll Press.
which are illustrated. Which do they prefer? Which Her latest book publications include Paper Empires: A
character looks more like the Will in their imagination? History of the Book in Australia (1946–2005) (2006) co-
Why do you think the publisher chose to give the series edited with Craig Munro, and a chapter in Making Books
a new look? edited by David Carter and Anne Galligan (UQP, 2007).
Her PhD thesis traced the development of the
Australian children’s publishing industry, and she
teaches for Griffith University (Gold Coast) and USQ.

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 Ranger’s Apprentice John Flanagan

ABOUT THE SERIES

Books 1 to 4 cover the first two years of Will’s life as a Book 11 is a collection of stories (each with several
Ranger, from his initial recruitment as an Apprentice chapters) that continue the story as well as filling in
Ranger, through his pivotal roles in battles with the some gaps in the chronology and answering readers’
renegade Lord Morgarath, the Kalkara Assassins, the questions.
Skandian Sea wolves and the fierce Temujai riders from Book 12, the final book in the main Ranger’s Apprentice
the Eastern Steppes. series, will be set around twenty years after previous
Books 5 and 6 are set a few years later, and describe events, and see Will taking on his own apprentice.
Will’s first assignment as a fully fledged Ranger. Sent to
a Northern fief to investigate rumours of sorcery, he
uncovers a planned attack by the fierce Scotti warriors Watch the book trailer for the series at:
from Picta. Several old friends from previous books http://youtu.be/dG9T1nnstHI
assist him as he attempts to unmask a traitor and foil Visit the website at:
the Scotti plans. www.rangersapprentice.com.au
Book 7 is actually out of chronological order. It’s set Read the prequel novels, about how Halt joined the
after Book 4 and a few months before Book 5. It’s set in Ranger Corp in the Ranger’s Apprentice: the Early
the desert land of Arrida, where Erak, Oberjarl of the Years series at:
Skandians, is being held prisoner. Will, Halt, Horace,
Gilan and Evanlyn set out on a rescue mission. It’s full of https://www.penguin.com.au/books/rangers-
action and adventure: fights, pitched battles, a horse apprentice-the-early-years-1-the-tournament-at-
race, a sandstorm in the desert. Plus you’ll meet two gorlan-9781742759302
interesting new characters. And find out about John Flanagan’s Brotherband
Books 8 and 9 begin a new adventure when Will, Halt series, set in the same world, at:
and Horace go to investigate a false religious cult. https://www.penguin.com.au/books/brotherband-1-
the-outcasts-9781741664492
Book 10 is set in the land of Nihon-Ja (a fictional version
of Japan). The ruling emperor is deposed by force while
Horace is visiting, and Horace decides to help.

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 Ranger’s Apprentice John Flanagan

THEMES & CURRICULUM TOPICS

Theme Key Quotes Activities
Heroism: ‘His father, he knew, had died a hero’s death. So it made Question: What makes a hero? What is bravery?
sense to create a picture of him as a hero – a knight Who decides that a person is a hero? Why does
warrior in full armour ... As a warrior, his father would Halt refuse to take any credit for the battle
expect him to follow in his footsteps.’ (p. 11) which saved Araluen?
‘But you can’t be him. Why, the Ranger Halt is as tall as
Question: We often falsely equate bravery with
two men – and as broad. A giant of a man, he is!’
size and strength. What heroes do you know of
(p. 146)
who are the opposite of this stereotype? (Eg
Mother Teresa of Calcutta.)
Bravery: ‘He was one of the few people who had noticed Horace’s Question: Is bravery instinctive to only a few
original, instinctively courageous action.’ people or are we all capable of it, in defence of
(p. 164) those we love or respect?
Orphans and ‘at least you know who you are’ (p. 13) Activity: What does Will discover about himself
Self-Identity: ‘I wanted to be a warrior, sir,’ (pp. 49) once he becomes a Ranger?
‘It was a warm sense of belonging, as if somehow, he had
arrived home for the first time in his life.’ (p. 198)
Choosing a ‘You asked to if you could train as a warrior, It was your Question: What if Will had become a Knight?
Career: wish to become one of my knights and I refused you ...
Now I can rectify that mistake.’ (p. 269)
‘I am a Ranger, My Lord.’ (p. 271)
‘It is possible, of course,’ said Halt quietly, ‘to want two
different things at the same time.’ (p. 275)
Friendship: ‘Horace, we may have fought in the past. But I don’t hate Activity: Discuss the various friendships formed
you. I never hated you.’ (p. 161) by Will in the novel.
Apprentice ‘Halt is my master, sir, and he’s in danger. My place is Activity: Compare the mentor/pupil relationship
and Mentor: with him.’ (p. 242) between Halt and Will to that of Brom and
Eragon in Eragon or Roland and Pagan in the
Pagan Series by Catherine Jinks; or Lord Otori
and Takeo in the Otori Trilogy by Lian Hearne.
Bullying: ‘But he promised himself that, first chance he got, he was Question: Is Horace’s response to the bullies
going to make someone pay for the humiliation he was typical? How would you have responded? Do
undergoing.’ (p. 109) you consider that Horace is a bully towards Will
in the beginning of the book? How did you feel
about him then, and what changed your mind?
Mind Power: ‘So, not expecting to see anyone, he failed to do so.’ Question: Is this real magic? The sleight of hand
(p. 37) that plays on peoples’ propensity to see or not
see something?
Work Yields ‘This is no grand castle. If we want to eat food here, we Question: How much of becoming a great spy or
Results: have to cook food here.’ (p. 62) soldier is made up of routines and boring
‘Will tended to skip over less exciting tasks like map training?
reading and chart drawing’ but Halt reminds him that:
‘You’d find these skills would become a little more
important it you were planning a route for a company of
heavy cavalry and forgot to mention that there’s a
stream in the way.’ (p. 79)

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 Ranger’s Apprentice John Flanagan

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Ranger's Apprentice 1:
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The Ruins Of Gorlan
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John Flanagan 9781864719055 4–8 $17.99
The Burning Bridge
Ranger's Apprentice 3:
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The Icebound Land
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Oakleaf Bearers
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Sorcerer In The North
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The Siege Of Macindaw
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Erak's Ransom
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The Kings of Clonmel
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