Sources of human right

International human right instrument: They are treaties and other international texts
that serve as legal sources for IHR law and the projection of human right in general

1- Human right council:The united nation human right council (HRC) is an

intergovernmental body that promotes and protet human right around the world .Its
mission is to adress human right violation, promote respect for human right and
coordinates huma right within the national system . it is made up of 47 members
state each elavated for a staggerred three years term its head quarter is at the
united nation officwe at Geneva in switwerland .the meet atleast three times per
year in Geneva
2- Racial discrimination converntion: Racial discrimination occurs when a person is
treated less favourably or not given the same opportunities as orthers in similar
situation because of their race. The country were they were born , ethnic origin or
skin colour.
3- African Charter on human right on peoples right: This instrument promotes and
protect human right in Africa
4- International covenant on civil and political right: It is part of the international bill
of right
5- International covernant on economic , social and cultural right: (ICESCR) Together
with ICCPR. They ICESCR is part of the international bill of right. This treaties protect
right such as education, healthcare, and the right to an adapted standard of living.
6- Universal declaration on human right(UDHR) : It was adopted in 1948 by the
united nation general assembly.It is a non-binding instrument that set a general
standard on human right it inspired the creation of more than 70 human right
treaties
National commision on human right and freedom in cameroon
It is an independent institution for consultation , monitaring , evaluation, dialoque,
conserted action, promotion and protection in the domain of human right. The
commision was first enhance by presidential decree.
NB. When undergoing any human right abuse or violation in cameroon you ca dial
the number 1523 for help.
Function of the NCHRF in cameroon
Among other duties they commision receives denonciations of human rightviolation,
conduct inquiries and inspect penitenciary establishment, popularises human righ
instrument. Liases with NGOs ang proposes major to the authority in areas of human
right

Civil society
It is a term that refers to the collection of individuals and organization that are
independent of the government and work to improve society. Civil society is made
up of non governmental organization(NGOs) charities, social clubs and other groupes
that are not connected to or managed by the state .
Its role is that it act as a medator between citizen and public authorities and worlk
to self the general interest. They can support women victim violence, help children in
need or train farmers.
 Its also promotes accountability that is it can hold government accountable for
protecting human right.
Some principles that can help civil society organization achieve success in human
right include trasparency, acountability, communication and inclusion.
CONAC and fight agaist corruption in cameroon
President Biya created CONAC in 2006 inorder to actively fight coruption
(mainly embezzlement) CONAC has done multible arrest of top government official
incases of the ebezzlement of astonomical amount of money . The notable one being
Marafa Hamidou Yaya, former miniister of teritorial administration and
descentralization arested and covicted for having embezzled 29milion US dollars in
the case named”presidential jet” by local media
More recently in march 2019 Adgar Elain Mebe mgo’o, former minister of defense
arrested on coruption charges with 3billion FCFA recorvered in cash at his residence
Cobatting corruption and promoting good governance
1- Sreghten regime to prevent corruption and bring corrupt actors to justice.
2- Enhance international cooperations and partnership.International treaties
establish clear roads maps for reform majors and bentchmark agaist which to hold
countries to account
3- Denyining safe haven: Denying corrupt individual access to the united nation and
global finacial system, sends a strong message about our values and consequential
for those who engage in corruption.
NB, Anti coruption are activities that opposes or inhibit corruption in such frame
work, Investigative authorities and their attempt unveil corrupt practices will be
cosidered reactive while education on the negative impact of corruption are
classified as formal.
Causes of corruption
1- Greed of money
2- Low political transparency
3- Inefgficient administrative struucture
4- Low press freedom
5- Low economic freedom
6- Salary of civil servant
How to prevent or stop corruption
1- Expose corrupt activities and risk
2- Keep the public set up honnest, transparent and accountable
3- Stop dishonost practices

Part 3
Citizenship education
Def, Citizenship is a legal status and relationship between individual an a state that
entails specific legal rights and duties .citizenship is generally used as a synonyms for
nationality
Types of citizenship
1- By Birth: Quthomaticaly granted to those born within thje countrys border. This is
based on the principle of Jus soli which means right of soil in latin.
2- Citizenship by descent: Also know as Jus sanguinis, which means right of blood in
latin. It is granted if at leats one parent is a national of a country or if a child is born
abroad to a national of that country
3- By Marriage: A legal concept that allows individual to acquire , citizenship in a
forieng country by marrying a citizen of that country
4- Citizenship by registration: Granted to a person who maries somoene in a
aparticular country.
5- Dual citizenship: Whwn someone holds citizenship in more than one country
silmultanously.

How to acquire cameroonian citizenship

1- By Birth
2- By Descent: A child born by a camerooninan mother and a stateless father is also a
cameroonian citizen
3- By marriage
4- By naturilization: A person can acquire cameroonian citizenship if they meet
certain requirement including
- being of good character
- having no criminal history
- Good physical and mental health
- having resided in cameroon for atleast 5 years
- making an express request to the minister of justice
NB, Cameroon doesn’t recognise dual citizenship with the exception of a child born
abroad to cameroonian parents who obtain citizenship in the country of birth.in case
the child must choose one citizen by age 29 or they will use cmaerronian citizenship

Child adoption law in cameroon

The procedure for child adoption in cameroon will ensure the the total transer of all
right and duties of natural parents to adopters. Gods desire for every legaly married
is to bless them with children of their own and in case of chidlessness peolple are
willing to go extraordinary length to get a child .
Who is eligible to adopt a child in cameroon
Persons eligible to adopt a child in cameroon (single, married, partner of the childs
parent)
- The Aplicant filing for adoption have to be atleast 40 yrs of age. He must be
financialy stable to ensure the good keeping of the child .He shuld be of good
character and moral standing, the applicant must show proves that the interrest of
the child is same as the main reason for the adoption process
- Have a suitable place of aboad for the development of the child is medically fit to
parent the child .
Possition of the childs burth parent in an adoption process in
cameroon.
- There a soppose to agree to the adoption and give their concern to the procedure
- they are to sign and errevocable concern document in favour of the adoption
process. This document must be filed before the competent court in cameroon after
the adoption is granted ,the birth parent of the child are to be given access to
communicate from time to time with the adopted child . This is to keeep the child in
touch with their origin
Required age of adoptive parents in cameroon
1- The age for single parent is 40 yrs and above
2- For couples married for over 10yrs one of the spouse must be older than 35 yrs . if
the kingdom for the cpuple is not met then the couple may sumbmit a medical
report from the physician than confirm their infertility to have children. This can
wave the age requirement.
The age difference between the adoptive parents and the adoptee has to be 15yrs
for single parent adoption and 10yrs if the adoptee is the child of the prospective
parent spouse. However the age difference requirement can be reduced by
exemption from the president of the republic of cameroon.
Who can be adopted in camerroon
- An orphan
- The child of a single parent who is not capable
- the child of two parent who both agreed to their child being adopted by writing and
irrevocable document
The adoption process from an orphanage
- Application made by orphanage of choice
- Seach for the suitable child
- Proof of a legibility to the scial service as an adoptive parent
- If elligible the applicant should obtain custody grant on the child iorder to bond
with the child
- The social welfare service will visit the children during the custodic period inorder
to be cerrtain of the positive development of the child under the parentage of the
prespective adoptive parent
- affter the custodic period they adoption process can be engage before the
competent court
The adoption process proper in cameroon
1- File an originating application
2- File support statement
3- File social welfare repport
4- Notify the state procecutor for submision
5- Move the court on the originatining motion
6- Obtain adoption deccision

Rights of a cameroonian
1- Freedom of expression or speeh
2- Freedom of movement
3- Right to privacy
4- Right to be free from violence(Cameroon human right commision ,CHRC)
5- Protection of refugee: The government usualy cooperate with the UN high
comisional for refugees (UNHCR) to protect refugee

Responsibilities of a cameroonian
1- Suppoert and defend the costitution
2- Participate in the local community.
3- Respect right,believes and oppinion of others.
4- Respect and obey federal state and local law
History of cameroon national anthem
It has a complex history . in 1928 students at the ecole normal of foulassi composed
the song which was originaly intended to honour french colonial adminiistrator.the
songs lyrics were writen by Rene Jam Afame, Samuel Minkio Bamba and Moie
Nyattw Nko’o

Unofficial Use
The song was un officially use in french cameroon beginning in 1948
Official use
The song was officially adopted as the anthem of the territory in 1957 by the new
republic of cameroon in 1960
English Version
In 1961 Bernard Nso Kika Fonlon wrote an english version of the song which as
officially adopted in 1978
Lyric changes
In 1970, some words were remove from french lyrics including babaric and
sauvagerie .
The songs title is also known as chant de ralliement ( rallying song)
Cameroon Flag
The flag was inspired by the french tri- colour and the colours of the africans
democratic rally, the leading local political force in french cameroon
Cameroon flag was first officially hoisted in october 29, 1957. the flag has several
meaning incluuding
1- Colours: the flag colours are green, red, yellow which are traditional pan african
colours.
- Green : represent the vegitation in the south of the country as well as hope and a
happy future.
- Red: symbolises unity, independence and the links between the north and south of
the country
- yellow: represent the savana in the north of the country as well as sunshine and
prosperity
2- Star: It symbolises unity of the the cameroonian people
3- Motor: Paix , Travail, Patrie( peace, work, fatherland)
NB. The fla was adopted in its present form in the 20 may 1957 after cameroon
became a unity state.
National monument
Def: It is a place( such as an old building or area of land) that is owned and
protectect by a national government because of its natural beauty or its importance
in history or science
Some famous monument in cameroon
1- The reunification monument: It recalls an important moment in cameroon
history. The political reunification of the two cameroon in 1916 leading up to the
birth of the united republic of cameroon
Assignment .Give five important monument in cameroon with their significance.
Cameon Electoral system
Election in cameroon occurs in a system of electoral authocracy as the rulling party
(which has been inpower ) seized independence in 1960, manipulates election and
represses political opposition.
Cameoon elects on a national level a head of state and a legislature. The president
is elected for a 7yrs term by the people a term by the people a two term limit on the
office was removed through a paliamermentary vote in april 2008.
The national assembly has 180 members elected for a five year term . cameroon also
hAS A SENATE WITH 100 ELECTED BY A REGIONAL COUNCIL WHILE 30 ARE ELECTED
DIRECTLY FROM THE PRESIDENT.
Cameroon is a one party dominant state with the cameroon people democratic
movement (CPDM) in power.
Oppoaition parties are allowed but are widely cosidered to have no real chance of
gaining power,
Independent candidates are banned from running in paliarment and minicipal
elections but are permited an independent presidential candidates.

Cameroon constitutional evolution and seperation of powwer

Cameroons costitution has evolved over time reflecting changes in the countrys
government and political land scale
In 1960, Cameroonian adopted its first costitution after gainig independence from
from france. The constitution was based on french precedents
In 1961, The British south cam gaineed independence and joined the french
cameroon formig the federal republic of cameroon
In 1972, president hamadou Ahijo pushed through a new costitution that abolished
the federal system and renamed the country the u nited republic of camweron. The
consitution granted the present more power.
In 1984, president Paul Biya revised the constitution changing the countrys name
back to republic of cameroon and rediining the lines of succesion to the presidency
In 1996, in respose to presure from anglophone cameroonian groups , cameroon
adopted a new costitution that,
- Established a bi- cameral legislature with the national assembly as the lower house
and the senate as the upper house
- Granted greater authonomy to the provinces which were renamed regions.
- Descentralised the government to some degree.
In 2008, Cameoonian paliament amended the costitution to allows the president to
serve more than two terms ,,
This amendment was controverial and over 100eople died in clashes with secuirity
forces during protest.
The current constitution is considered as the supreme law of the land . It establishes
cameroon as a unitary republic with an executive president who is elected every 7
years the presidentts appionts the prime ministers, council of ministers providential
government,, judges and government delegates