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THE COMPLETE
OUTDOOR
BUILDER
UPDATE D E DITIO N

FROM ARBORS TO WALKWAYS

150 DIY PROJECTS

MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA
© 2016 Quarto Publishing Group USA Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

First published in 2016 by Cool Springs Press, an imprint of Quarto Names: Black & Decker Corporation (Towson, Md.)
Publishing Group USA Inc., 400 First Avenue North, Suite 400, Title: Complete outdoor builder.
Minneapolis, MN 55401 USA. Telephone: (612) 344-8100 Other titles: Black & Decker the complete outdoor builder
Fax: (612) 344-8692 Description: Minneapolis, MN, USA : Cool Springs Press, an imprint
of Quarto Publishing Group USA Inc., 2016.
quartoknows.com Identifiers: LCCN 2015042670 | ISBN 9781591866671 (plc)
Visit our blogs at quartoknows.com Subjects: LCSH: Garden structures--Design and construction--
Amateurs’ manuals. | Building, Wooden--Amateurs’ manuals. |
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any Outbuildings--Design and construction--Amateurs’ manuals. |
form without written permission of the copyright owners. All images Woodwork--Amateurs’ manuals. | Masonry--Amateurs’ manuals. |
in this book have been reproduced with the knowledge and prior Do-it-yourself work--Amateurs’ manuals.
consent of the artists concerned, and no responsibility is accepted Classification: LCC TH4961 .C655 2016 | DDC 690/.89--dc23
by producer, publisher, or printer for any infringement of copyright LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015042670
or otherwise, arising from the contents of this publication. Every
effort has been made to ensure that credits accurately comply with Acquiring Editor: Mark Johanson
information supplied. We apologize for any inaccuracies that may Project Manager: Alyssa Bluhm
have occurred and will resolve inaccurate or missing information in a Art Director: Brad Springer
subsequent reprinting of the book. Layout: Danielle Smith-Boldt

Cool Springs Press titles are also available at discounts in bulk Printed in China
quantity for industrial or sales-promotional use. For details contact
the Special Sales Manager at Quarto Publishing Group USA Inc.,
400 First Avenue North, Suite 400, Minneapolis, MN 55401 USA.

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

ISBN: 978-1-59186-667-1
Digital edition: 978-0-76035-082-9
Softcover edition: 978-1-59186-667-1

BLACK+DECKER and the BLACK+DECKER logo are trademarks of

The Black & Decker Corporation and are used under license. All
rights reserved.

NOTICE TO READERS
For safety, use caution, care, and good judgment when following the procedures described in this book. The publisher and
BLACK+DECKER cannot assume responsibility for any damage to property or injury to persons as a result of misuse of the
information provided.
The techniques shown in this book are general techniques for various applications. In some instances, additional
techniques not shown in this book may be required. Always follow manufacturers’ instructions included with products,
since deviating from the directions may void warranties. The projects in this book vary widely as to skill levels required:
some may not be appropriate for all do-it-yourselfers, and some may require professional help.
Consult your local building department for information on building permits, codes, and other laws as they apply to
your project.
CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION .............................................................7 Walkways, Steps & Patios

Design Considerations .....................................30

Planning Patio & Walkway Plans .....................................36

Building Materials .............................................10 Layout & Surface Preparation ..........................42

Lumber ..............................................................10 Edging ...............................................................48

Metals & Plastics ..............................................12 Loose Rock Landscape Path .............................56

Cast Blocks .......................................................13 Stepping Stone Landscape Path ......................62

Natural Stone ....................................................14 Sandset Brick Walkway ....................................66

Concrete ...........................................................15 Poured Concrete Walkway ...............................72

Mortar ...............................................................15 Decorative Concrete Path ................................78

Estimating & Ordering Materials .....................16 Mortared Brick Over a Concrete Path..............82

Basic Tools.........................................................18 Boardwalk Deck on a Slab ...............................86

Power & Rental Tools .......................................19 Timber Garden Steps ........................................91

Masonry Tools ...................................................20 Flagstone Garden Steps .................................101

Fasteners & Hardware......................................21 Sandset Brick Patio ........................................106

Codes & Courtesies ..........................................22 Cobblestone Paver Patio ................................113

Measuring .........................................................26 Circular Paver Patio ........................................120

Challenges ........................................................27 Flagstone Patio ...............................................127

CONTENTS (CONT.)

Creating a Permeable Subbase ......................132

Fences & Walls
Spaced Masonry Pavers .................................136
Fence & Wall Materials ..................................238
Concrete Slab Patio ........................................143
Wood Panel Fences ........................................240
Mortared Paver Patio......................................150
Picket Fence ...................................................248

Post & Board Fences ......................................252

Decks Split Rail Fence ..............................................258
Deck Building Codes .......................................156
Virginia Rail Fence ..........................................262
Building a Deck: A Step-by-Step Overview ....162
Wood Composite Fence ................................266
Installing a Ledger ..........................................166
Vinyl Panel Fence ...........................................270
Locating Post Footings ...................................172
Ornamental Metal Fence ................................274
Digging & Pouring Footings ............................178
Chain Link Fence & Gate ...............................278
Installing Posts ...............................................184
Bamboo Fence ................................................286
Installing Beams .............................................190
Invisible Dog Fence .......................................290
Hanging Joists .................................................196
Patio Wall ........................................................296
Laying Decking................................................202
Outdoor Kitchen Walls & Countertop ............302
Building Stairs .................................................206
Dry Stone Wall ................................................306
Deck Railing Basics .........................................210
Interlocking Block Retaining Wall ..................310
Floating Octagon Island Deck ........................220
Timber Retaining Wall.....................................316
Deck Benches .................................................228
Stone Retaining Wall ......................................318
Deck Skirting ..................................................234
Yard & Garden Structures Classic Tree Swing ..........................................488

Skateboard Ramp ...........................................490

Arbor Retreat ..................................................324
Bocce Court ....................................................496
Patio Enclosure ...............................................336

Patio Arbor/Trellis Enclosure ..........................350

Adding a Trellis to an Arbor ...........................356

Outdoor Furnishings & Accessories
Deck Planters ..................................................502
Under-deck Enclosure.....................................358
Privacy Screen ................................................506
Runoff Gutters ................................................365
Mailbox Stand .................................................510
Sun Porch ........................................................368
Porch Swing ....................................................514
DIY Gabled Greenhouse .................................386
Porch Swing Stand .........................................522
Freestanding Kit Greenhouse ........................392
Simple Potting Bench .....................................528
PVC Hoophouse ..............................................400
Compost Bin ...................................................532
Metal & Wood Kit Sheds.................................406
Backyard Firepit..............................................538
Lean-to Tool Bin ..............................................424
Classic Garden Bridge ....................................542

Treehouses & Play Structures Cold Frame Box ..............................................546

Jumbo Cold Frame ..........................................550

Open-air Treehouse ........................................436

Enclosed Treehouse ........................................450

Resources................................................................... 555
Playground Safety ..........................................464
Photo Credits ............................................................. 555
Precut Playground Kit .....................................466
Metric Conversions .................................................... 556
DIY Playset ......................................................474
Index........................................................................... 557
DIY Swingset...................................................484
I N T RODUC T ION

I n this book, the third edition of Black & Decker The Complete Outdoor Builder, you’ll find all the classic, time-
tested material from the last edition—project information that over the years helped hundreds of thousands
of homeowners transform the yard and landscape into meaningful and useful space for fresh-air living. With
this edition you’ll also find important text and photography updates that keep classic projects relevant for
today’s homeowners. We also have dropped some projects that were of limited relevance to homeowners today,
replacing them with many new projects to reflect new building materials and practices, as well as current
homeowner interests. There were enough new projects that we even had to expand the size of the book to
include them all.
The result is an encyclopedic reference ideal for the homeowner who wants a one-stop reference for all
information relevant to the yard, landscape, and outdoor living. Combined with Black & Decker The Book
of Home How-To, these two books provide a concise yet remarkably comprehensive reference for home-
improvement information and instructions. Many homeowners will need nothing more than these two books,
while others will find this book and its sister volume to be perfect introductions to a lifetime of satisfying home
DIY practice.
Like earlier editions, The Complete Outdoor Builder is organized in a logical structure, from basics to accents
and accessories. The first few chapters—Planning; Walkways, Steps & Patios; Decks; and Fences & Walls—deal
with the landscape elements commonly known as hardscape. These elements include the structural bones of a
landscape—the elements that closely parallel the structural elements of the house itself. These chapters deal
with the framing, the walls, and the floors of your landscape. These are remarkably complete chapters, offering
in-depth information on a diverse range of hardscape choices.
Later chapters then systematically treat the landscape add-ons, providing information and projects for various
patio enclosures and sheds; for a variety of garden-related structures; for play and recreation projects, such as
children’s swing sets and play structures; and for easy-to-build outdoor furnishings and accessories to elevate to
decks, patios, and landscapes to truly unique and personalized spaces.
Once again, you’ll find the presentation of this background reference information and project instructions to
be uniquely helpful to do-it-yourself application. The information is exhaustively complete and the photography
demonstrates projects and construction steps with utter clarity. Even if (or especially if) you’re a beginner, these
are projects you can successfully complete if you simply practice a little diligence and patience.
Start making your outdoor dreams a reality now.
PL ANNING

8 THE COMPLETE OUTDOOR BUILDER

PLANNING

PL ANNING
H omeowners no longer think of their yards as great
expanses of lawn, but as outdoor living spaces.
Permanent outdoor structures can add to the beauty
and function of these outdoor rooms. For example, a
deck can provide additional space for entertaining or
relaxing, a wall can provide privacy and texture, and a
walkway or path can unify areas.
But before you can begin building, you have to
organize your ideas and create a plan for materials,
tools, inspections, measuring, and construction. Proper
planning will help you create an outdoor project that
is beautiful now and will last for years to come—an
important consideration, since landscaping contributes
about 30 percent to your home’s total value.
This opening section will provide you with all
the information you need in order to plan and design
the projects of your choice. We’ll look at new and
standard materials for outdoor projects—including
wood, metal, plastic, manufactured and natural stone,
and concrete—and show you how to estimate and
order supplies. You will find information on basic
and specialty tools and a discussion of the common
types of hardware and fasteners used for outdoor
projects. We’ll also review the basics of building codes,
including permits and inspections. And to ensure
you get the results you want, we’ll show you the
techniques you’ll need to design your own projects.
By following these planning strategies, you will
save time and money and enjoy your outdoor home for
years to come.

■ IN THIS CHAPTER:
J Building Materials
J Lumber
J Metals & Plastics
J Cast Blocks
J Natural Stone
J Concrete
J Mortar
J Estimating & Ordering Materials
J Basic Tools
J Power & Rental Tools
J Masonry Tools
J Fasteners & Hardware
J Codes & Courtesies
J Measuring
J Challenges

9
 BU I L DI NG M AT E R I A L S
PL ANNING

T he building materials you choose should reflect both

the function and the appearance of your outdoor
project. Materials impact not only the style, but the
balusters, floorboards, stringers, and stair railings.
Inspect all lumber for flaws, sighting along each board
to check for warping, twisting, or loose knots. Boards
durability, maintenance requirements, and overall cost used for structural parts should have only small knots
of a project. Wood, stone, and brick are traditional that are tight and ingrown. Inspect the end grain also.
favorites, but the versatility and ease of installation you Lumber with a vertical grain will cup less as it ages.
get with PVC vinyl, metal, and concrete make them Return any boards with serious flaws.
attractive options for certain applications. Framing lumber—typically pine or pressure-treated
pine—comes in a few different grades: Select Structural

■ LU M BE R
(SEL STR), Construction (CONST) or Standard
(STAND), and Utility (UTIL). For most applications,
Construction Grade No. 2 offers the best balance
Wood remains the most common building material in between quality and price. Utility grade is a lower-cost
outdoor construction, and it is usually less expensive lumber suitable for blocking and similar uses but should
than stone or brick. Its versatility lends itself to just not be used for structural members. Board lumber, or
about any project, from the plain and practical to the finish lumber, is graded by quality and appearance, with
elegant and ornate. It is ideal for decks and walkways, the main criteria being the number and size of knots
fences and retaining walls, pergolas and screens, present. “Clear” pine, for example, has no knots.
outdoor furniture, and of course, outbuildings. And it The most important consideration in choosing
is beautiful, blending with most architectural styles. lumber is its suitability for outdoor use. Select a
It looks especially attractive in settings surrounded wood that is not prone to rot or insect attack. Three
by trees. types are generally recommended: heart cedar, heart
Most home centers and lumberyards carry a wide redwood, and pressure-treated lumber. Redwood and
selection of dimension lumber, as well as convenient cedar are attractive, relatively soft woods with a natural
preassembled fence panels, posts, pickets, rails, resistance to moisture and insects—ideal qualities

Wood is the most common, and

arguably the most versatile, of building
materials. Carefully choose lumber that
is appropriate for your project.

10 THE COMPLETE OUTDOOR BUILDER

for outdoor applications. “Heart” or “heartwood” When using pressure-treated lumber, however, take
varieties will be identified on the grade stamp. In both some common-sense precautions: avoid prolonged skin
redwood and cedar, heartwood has better resistance contact by wearing gloves and protective clothing, and
to decay than lighter-colored sapwoods. Western red avoid breathing the dust by wearing a particle mask.
cedar (WRC) or incense cedar (INC) for decks should If you live in an arid climate, such as in the

PL ANNING
be heartwood (HEART) with a maximum moisture Southwest, you can use untreated pine lumber
content of 15 percent (MC15). because wood will not rot if its moisture content is less
Pressure-treated pine is stronger and more than 20 percent. However, it’s always a good idea to
durable than redwood or cedar and is more readily use pressure-treated lumber for deck posts or any other
available and less expensive in many areas. Although framing members that are in contact with the ground.
this lumber has a noticeable green color due to its Teak and white oak are hardwoods usually
preservative, the wood can either be stained or left to reserved for top-of-the-line outdoor furniture. These
weather to a pleasing gray. woods have a dense cell structure that makes them
Plywood designated as exterior-grade is made resistant to water penetration. However, because these
with layers of cedar or treated wood and a special glue woods are expensive, they generally aren’t practical to
that makes it weather-resistant. Always cover exposed use for large structures, such as decks or fences. They
plywood edges to prevent water intrusion. are better suited for accent pieces, such as benches or
Some homeowners shy away from pressure- large planters.
treated lumber due to the chemicals used to treat Remember that although treated woods do resist
it. Despite popular fears, the chemicals in pressure- rot, they will not last indefinitely without regular
treated pine do not easily leach into the soil, nor are maintenance. They should have a fresh coat of stain
they easily absorbed through the skin. In fact, it can or sealer every two years to maintain durability and
be argued that pressure-treated lumber is actually a appearance. Sealing cut edges of lumber—including
good environmental choice because it lasts longer in pressure-treated wood—will prevent rotting of the
projects, thereby reducing the harvest of new trees. end grain.

Pressure treatment

Exposure rating

Retention-level code

Treating company

Pressure-treated lumber stamps list the type of

preservative and the chemical retention level, as well as
the exposure rating and the name and location of the
treating company.

Mill number

Moisture content

Species

Grade

Association

Cedar grade stamps list the mill number, moisture content,

Apply a coat of sealer-preservative or staining sealer to species, lumber grade, and membership association. Western
all sides of outdoor structures. Make sure sealer is applied to red cedar (WRC) or incense cedar (INC) for decks should be
all end-grain. Even pressure-treated lumber is vulnerable to heartwood (HEART) with a maximum moisture content of
moisture and rot. 15% (MC15).

11
 ■ M E TA L S & PL A ST IC S
Plastic and aluminum products have become
popular alternatives to traditional outdoor building
materials because they are low maintenance,
PL ANNING

versatile, and easy to install. Though these

materials are typically more expensive than wood
and other alternatives, their durability makes them
attractive options.
Plastics are now available in several colors, and
they can be used in most applications where wood
is appropriate. They can be found in fencing and
timbers for use in decks, walkways, fences, and
arbors. PVC vinyl and fiberglass-reinforced plastic
(FRP) are becoming popular choices for fencing
and decking materials. Many styles and sizes are
available, and they are strong, versatile, and require
no maintenance. Materials are often sold as kits,
making installation easy. Before choosing PVC,
check manufacturers’ specifications on expansion
Chain and contraction variances to see if it is suitable for
link
your project.
Composite materials blend together wood fibers
and recycled plastics to create a rigid product that,
unlike wood, will not rot, splinter, warp, or crack.
These boards can be cut to size with a circular saw
Landscape and do not require painting or staining.
edging
Metal is often used in outdoor applications, such
as in fencing and gates. Aluminum offers a sturdy,
lightweight, waterproof material that is available in
Landscape a variety of designs, ranging from the simple to the
fabric elaborate. Availability may be limited, so check with
local building centers. Galvanized chain-link steel has
long been a popular choice for fencing, because it is
relatively maintenance free and can be used to create
a secure outdoor wall at a reasonable price. Options
such as vinyl-coated mesh and color inserts can
increase privacy and boost style. Traditional wrought
iron, though more expensive and less common today,
is used for fencing, railings, and patio furniture to add
a touch of elegance.
Copper pipe is a unique and unexpected material
that is well suited to temperature swings and water
exposure, making it ideal for outdoor use. This metal
is inexpensive and available at nearly any home center
or hardware store.
Although many of these materials may be more
expensive initially, they often carry lifetime warranties,
which can make them more economical than wood
Prefabricated plastic stones,
lattice, and decking over time. Before choosing any alternative building
Metals and plastics are replacing more traditional materials, material, check on restrictions with your local
as they have minimal maintenance and allow environmentally building department.
conscientious consumers to use recycled products.

12 THE COMPLETE OUTDOOR BUILDER

■ CA ST B LO CK S
Manufactured stone is often designed
to resemble natural stone, but it offers
distinct advantages over the real thing.

PL ANNING
Greater uniformity makes installation
easier, and it is often less expensive than
natural alternatives.
Although poured concrete isn’t as
attractive as natural stone, new masonry
techniques help it rival natural stone for Interlocking
retaining
visual appeal. Brick, concrete, and glass wall blocks
block are available in a growing variety of
sizes and styles, providing the flexibility to
build distinctive, reasonably priced outdoor
structures. Many of these products are well-
suited to do-it-yourselfers, because their
weights are manageable and installation Molded
paver slabs
is easy.
Decorative concrete block can be used
to make screen walls and is available in
many colors. A decorative block wall is one
of the most economical choices for a stone Interlocking
paver
landscape wall. bricks
Concrete paver slabs, available in
several shapes and sizes, can be used for
laying simple walkways and patios. They
are available in a standard finish, a smooth
aggregate finish, or can be colored and
molded to resemble brick. Concrete paver
slabs are relatively inexpensive and quite
easy to work with. They’re usually laid in a
bed of sand and require no mortar. Their
surface is generally finished so the smooth
Exposed
gravel aggregate is exposed, but they are also aggregate
paver slabs
available in plain pavers and aggregate.
Paver bricks resemble traditional kiln-
dried clay bricks, but are more durable and
easier to install. Paver bricks are available Concrete
paver slabs
in a variety of colors and geometric shapes
for paving patios, walkways, and driveways.
Many varieties are available in interlocking
shapes that can be combined with standard
bricks to create decorative patterns, such
as herringbone and basket weave. Paver
bricks have largely replaced clay bricks for
landscape use and can be set into a bed of
sand for patios and driveways, where mortar is
not required.
Edging blocks are precast in different
sizes for creating boundaries to planting areas, Brick and concrete block are available in a growing variety
lawns, loose-fill paths, and retaining walls. of sizes and styles, allowing you to build
distinctive outdoor structures.

13
 ■ NAT U R A L STON E
Natural stone is one of the finest building materials you Ashlar, sometimes called wall stone, is quarried
can use. It offers beautiful color and texture, along with stone—such as granite, marble, or limestone—that has
unmatched durability and elegance, making it a classic been smooth-cut into large blocks, ideal for creating
PL ANNING

building material for landscape floors, ornamental walls, clean lines with thin mortar joints. Cut stone works
retaining walls, and walkways. Because of its beauty, it well for stone garden walls, but because of its expense,
is also a choice material for decorative features, such as its use is sometimes limited to decorative wall caps.
rock gardens, ponds, fountains, and waterfalls. Flagstone is large slabs of sedimentary rock with
These virtues come at a price, however: Natural naturally flat surfaces. Limestone, sandstone, slate,
stone is one of the more expensive building materials and shale are the most common types of flagstone. It
you can select, and it can be heavy and difficult to is usually cut into pieces up to three inches thick, for
work with. use in walks, steps, and patios. Smaller pieces—less
Natural stone includes a wide range of materials, than 16 inches square—are often called steppers.
from microscopic sands to enormous boulders and Veneer stone is natural or manufactured
carefully cut granite, marble, limestone, slate, and stone cut or molded for use in nonload-bearing,
sandstone. It is sold in many forms, so you’ll have to cosmetic applications, such as facing exterior walls or
choose what type, form, texture, and shade to use for freestanding concrete block walls.
your project. Rubble is irregular pieces of quarried stone,
Fieldstone, sometimes called river rock, is any usually with one split or finished face. It is widely
loose stone gathered from fields, dry river beds, and used in wall construction.
hillsides. It is often used to build retaining walls, Each type of stone offers a distinctive look, as
ornamental garden walls, and rock gardens, where well as a specific durability and workability. Often
it creates an informal, natural look. When split into the project dictates the form of stone to use. Ask your
smaller pieces, fieldstone can be used in projects with local stone supplier to suggest a stone that meets your
mortar. When cut into small pieces, or quarried stone, cost, function, and workability needs.
fieldstone is called cobblestone, a common material in Note: You may find different terms used for various
walks and paths. types of stone. Ask your supply yard staff to help you.

Fieldstone is stone gathered from fields, dry

river beds, and hillsides. It is used
in wall construction.

Flagstone is large slabs

of quarried stone cut into pieces
up to 3" thick. It is used
in walks, steps,
and patios.

A stone yard is a great place to get ideas and see the types
of stone that are available. This stone yard includes a display
area that identifies different types of stone and suggests ways
they can be used.

14 THE COMPLETE OUTDOOR BUILDER

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