Learning Disabilities & its Symptoms
Learning Disabilities (LDs) in Psychology
Definition
A learning disability is a neurologically-based disorder that affects how an individual receives, processes, stores, or
responds to information. It interferes with learning despite normal intelligence and adequate education.
According to the American Psychological Association (APA):
“Learning disorders are diagnosed when a person’s achievement in reading, mathematics, or written expression is
substantially below that expected for their age, schooling, and level of intelligence.”
Characteristics
• Difficulty with reading, writing, math, reasoning, memory, or organization
• Persistent struggles in academic performance
• Not due to lack of motivation, poor teaching, or low intelligence
• Often comorbid with ADHD, anxiety, or language disorders
Types of Learning Disabilities
Type Area Affected Description
Dyslexia Reading Difficulty recognizing words, spelling, decoding
Dysgraphia Writing Poor handwriting, spelling, and composition
Dyscalculia Mathematics Trouble with numbers, calculations, and logic
Dyspraxia Motor Coordination Impaired physical movement, planning, balance
Auditory Processing Disorder Listening & processing sounds Cannot understand or recall spoken instructions
Visual Processing Disorder Visual discrimination Trouble interpreting visual information
Symptoms
• Reverses letters or numbers
• Poor spelling and grammar
• Difficulty with time, sequencing, and directions
• Avoidance of reading or writing tasks
• Slow to learn new skills
• Poor memory and concentration
• Low self-esteem or frustration with school
Causes (Multifactorial)
1. Neurological Differences – Brain structure/function differences
2. Genetic Factors – Often runs in families
3. Prenatal/Perinatal Complications – Brain injury, low birth weight
4. Environmental Factors – Poor nutrition, exposure to toxins
5. Psychosocial Stress – Trauma, neglect, or emotional disturbances
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Learning Disabilities & its Symptoms
Diagnosis
• Psychoeducational Evaluation by a psychologist
• IQ-Achievement Discrepancy model or Response to Intervention (RTI)
• Standardized academic tests and cognitive assessments
Intervention and Support Strategies
1. Special Education – Individualized Education Plan (IEP)
2. Remedial Instruction – Phonics, multisensory learning
3. Behavioral Therapy – For emotional or behavioral issues
4. Assistive Technology – Audiobooks, speech-to-text tools
5. Counseling and Support – For self-esteem and social skills
6. Parental Involvement and Teacher Training
Key Points to Remember
• LD is lifelong but can be managed with proper support
• Early identification improves outcomes
• Focus is on ability, not disability
• People with LDs can be highly creative, intelligent, and successful (e.g., Albert Einstein, Leonardo da Vinci)
Symptoms of Learning Disabilities
(According to Psychology and Educational Science)
A learning disability (LD) is a neurological disorder that affects the brain's ability to receive, process, store, and
respond to information. It is not related to intelligence.
1. Reading Difficulties (Dyslexia)
• Trouble recognizing letters and words
• Poor spelling and grammar
• Difficulty understanding what is read
• Confuses similar-looking letters (e.g., b/d, p/q)
2. Writing Difficulties (Dysgraphia)
• Poor handwriting
• Difficulty organizing thoughts on paper
• Misspelling common words
• Trouble copying from the board or books
3. Mathematics Difficulties (Dyscalculia)
• Difficulty understanding numbers and symbols
• Problems with counting, measurement, time, or money
• Struggles with mental math or learning math facts
• Trouble understanding math word problems
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Learning Disabilities & its Symptoms
4. Language Processing Problems
• Difficulty following spoken directions
• Trouble finding the right words to express thoughts
• Delayed speech or language development
• Misunderstanding questions or jokes
5. Attention and Focus Issues (Often Linked with ADHD)
• Difficulty paying attention
• Easily distracted or forgetful
• Trouble finishing tasks
• Disorganized in schoolwork or personal items
6. Memory Difficulties
• Poor short-term or working memory
• Difficulty remembering instructions
• Trouble recalling learned information (names, dates, etc.)
7. Motor Skill Difficulties (Dyspraxia)
• Poor coordination (e.g., catching a ball)
• Trouble using scissors, tying shoes, or writing
• Clumsiness in daily tasks
8. Social or Emotional Signs
• Low self-esteem
• Frustration or anxiety related to school
• Avoiding schoolwork or reading
• Easily discouraged or showing sudden anger
Important Notes:
• A learning disability is not due to lack of intelligence, motivation, or poor teaching.
• Early identification and special education support are key.
• A psycho-educational assessment by a psychologist is used to diagnose LDs.
Examples of Common Learning Disabilities:
Disorder Affects
Dyslexia Reading, spelling, writing
Dysgraphia Writing and fine motor skills
Dyscalculia Math and number understanding
Dyspraxia Motor coordination
Auditory/Visual Processing Disorder Understanding spoken/written info
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Learning Disabilities & its Symptoms
What is Hyperactivity?
Hyperactivity refers to excessive movement, restlessness, and impulsive behavior that is inappropriate for the
situation or age level of the person. It is commonly seen in children but can also occur in adults.
Definition (Psychological Perspective):
Hyperactivity is a behavioral condition characterized by an unusually high level of activity, impulsiveness, and
difficulty staying still or focused, often interfering with daily functioning.
Key Characteristics / Symptoms of Hyperactivity:
• Constant movement (fidgeting, squirming)
• Talking excessively or out of turn
• Difficulty staying seated (e.g., in class or meals)
• Impulsivity (blurting out answers, interrupting)
• Short attention span or distractibility
• Restlessness even during quiet time
Related Conditions:
Hyperactivity is not a disorder by itself, but it is a symptom of several conditions:
Condition Description
ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder) Most common condition involving hyperactivity
Mania (Bipolar Disorder) Elevated energy levels and excessive activity
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Some children show hyperactive behavior
Sensory Processing Disorder Restlessness due to overstimulation
Causes of Hyperactivity:
• Neurobiological differences (brain structure and function)
• Genetic factors (runs in families)
• Environmental factors (prenatal exposure to alcohol/drugs, toxins)
• Diet and sleep problems may contribute
Management & Treatment:
• Behavioral Therapy – Teaching self-control, rewards systems
• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) – For older children and adults
• Parent Training – To manage hyperactive behavior at home
• Medication – Such as stimulants (e.g., Ritalin, Adderall) for ADHD
• Structured routines and environments – Help reduce restlessness
Important Notes:
• Hyperactivity is not just "naughtiness" — it is a medical/psychological concern.
• Children with hyperactivity often have normal or high intelligence.
• Early support can help them succeed in school and relationships.
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