Type 1: Agree – Disagree Question / Opinion essay

This type of essay is where you are presented with someone else’s opinion and you are asked if you agree or disagree
with it. The opinion is often flawed or extreme in its views. Some teachers call this the Argumentative Essay. The
instructions can be written in a number of ways. Below are a few examples:

• Do you agree or disagree? • To what extent do you agree?

• Do you agree? • To what extent do you agree or disagree?
• What do you think? • What is your opinion?

No matter how the instructions are written, you can take any position you want: agree, disagree or partial
agreement (balanced view). Below is an example essay question:

1.Some people think that only electric cars should be allowed on the road by 2040. Do you agree?
2.Companies should allow their employees to work from home if they wish, To what extent. Do you agree with this
statement?
→ It has only one statement and we must give our opinion on it. In this case, you must include a couple of main
points in favor and against working from home. However, you also take a position..

1. Understand the question type

An Agree / Disagree prompt asks whether you agree, disagree, or partly agree with a statement. Common
wording:
 To what extent do you agree or disagree? → You must state degree (fully agree, fully disagree, partly
agree).
 Do you agree or disagree? → Choose one side and argue it convincingly (but you may mention the other
side briefly).

2. Essay structure (recommended)

Use 4 paragraphs (most reliable) or 5 if you want more development. Paragraph model
1. Introduction — paraphrase + clear thesis (your position).
2. Body Paragraph 1 — main reason 1 + explanation + example.
3. Body Paragraph 2 — main reason 2 + explanation + example (or one short counter-argument and
rebuttal if partly agreeing).
4. Conclusion — restate position + concise summary.

3. Planning (5–8 minutes)

 Read prompt carefully; identify keywords and task verb (agree, to what extent).
 Decide position (fully agree / fully disagree / partially agree).
 Brainstorm 2–3 strong reasons supporting your stance; think of one short real-world example for each
(personal experience, news, hypothetical plausible example).
 Make brief outline (1–2 lines per paragraph).
4. Paraphrasing — how to do it (practical)
Paraphrase the prompt in the introduction. Methods:
 Change word forms: will be able → will have the ability to.
 Use synonyms: printed newspapers → paper-based publications / hard-copy newspapers.
 Change structure: Turn passive into active or vice versa.
Example prompt:
“In the future, nobody will buy printed newspapers or books because they will be able to read everything they
want online without paying.” To what extent do you agree or disagree?
Paraphrase examples (intro sentence):
 Some people claim that printed books and newspapers will become obsolete because everything will be
accessible online for free.
 It is often suggested that paper publications will vanish in future as online sources offer free reading
material.
Always pair paraphrase with a one-sentence thesis: I disagree to a large extent because... or I partially agree
because...

5. Developing ideas — how to make arguments Types of evidence you can use
strong  Statistical trends (if you know credible facts).
For each body paragraph follow this micro-structure:  Historical changes (e.g., decline in print
1. Topic sentence: main idea (reason). sales).
2. Explanation: develop why this reason is  Practical consequences (cost, convenience).
true.  Hypothetical but plausible scenarios.
3. Example / Evidence: concrete illustration.  Personal observation (keep it believable).
4. Mini-conclusion/link: link back to thesis or
lead to next paragraph.

6. Useful phrases (Agree / Disagree specific)

Introducing your position Providing examples
 I completely agree that...  For instance,
 I largely agree that...  For example,
 I partly agree/disagree that...  A good illustration of this is...
 I strongly disagree with the view that...  This can be seen in...
Giving reasons Conceding (for balanced/partly agree essays)
 One major reason is that...  It is true that... however,...
 Another important factor is...  While there is some truth in this argument, ...
 A further advantage is...  Admittedly, ... but ...
Concluding
 In conclusion, I firmly believe that...
 To sum up, although there are arguments for
X, I remain convinced that...
7. Lexical tips — vocabulary to impress
 Use collocations: digital media, hard-copy publications, cost-effective solution, information accessibility,
environmental impact.
 Use academic verbs: undermine, facilitate, exacerbate, alleviate, contribute to, lead to.
 Use hedging language when partly agreeing: may, might, tend to, could potentially.
Avoid repeating the same words — paraphrase frequently.

8. Grammar & sentence variety

 Mix simple, compound and complex sentences.
 Use relative clauses, conditionals, passive voice when appropriate.
 Use transition phrases to chain ideas.
 Keep subject-verb agreement and article use correct.
Examples to include:
 Although online sources are convenient, printed books still provide tactile benefits that many readers value.
(complex + contrast)
 If governments subsidise digital access, online reading may increase significantly. (conditional)
10. Common mistakes — what not to do  Do not list points without explanation.
 Do not ignore the task — always state your
position clearly. 11. Useful linking devices (quick reference)
 Do not write only general statements —  To add: moreover, furthermore, in addition
develop each point with reason and example.  To contrast: however, on the other hand,
 Do not overuse personal opinion without nevertheless, although
support.  To show cause: because, due to, owing to, as
 Do not repeat the question word-for-word a result
in introduction.  To give examples: for example, for instance,
 Do not write off-topic (e.g., history of books such as
unrelated to the argument).  To conclude: in conclusion, to sum up,
 Do not use informal language/slang. overall
 Do not write excessive length (250–300
words is ideal).
12. Templates / sentence starters (ready to adapt)
Intro (paraphrase + thesis):
Many people claim that [paraphrase topic]. [Thesis:] I (completely / largely / partly) agree/disagree with this
statement for several reasons.
Body paragraph opening:
One important reason why I (agree/disagree) is that...
Another crucial reason is that...
Counter + rebuttal (if partly agree):
Admittedly, [short concession]. Nevertheless, [reason why concession does not change your position].
Conclusion:
In conclusion, although [acknowledge other view], I maintain that [restate position succinctly].
13. Two model essays (band 8–9 style)

(Use these as templates. Each ~270–300 words.)

Model A — Fully disagree (example)

Prompt: “In the future, nobody will buy printed newspapers or books because they will be able to read everything
they want online without paying.” To what extent do you agree or disagree?

Answer:
It is often argued that printed newspapers and books will disappear because people will access free reading material
online. I strongly disagree with this view. While digital media have grown in popularity, printed publications will
not vanish entirely for cultural, practical and economic reasons.

First, many readers value the tactile experience of printed materials. Holding a book, annotating margins and
flipping pages are physical activities that many learners and avid readers prefer. This is particularly true for
academic texts: students often find it easier to memorize and review information from printed pages than from
screens. For instance, many university courses continue to recommend textbooks in hard copy because of their
durability and ease of reference.

Second, access to online material is not uniformly free or available. Reliable, well-edited journalism and academic
content typically requires payment or institutional subscriptions. Quality investigative reporting and professionally
edited books cost money to produce; publishers and media outlets rely on sales and subscriptions to fund this work.
Consequently, readers who demand credibility and depth will continue to purchase printed or paid digital editions.

Finally, environmental and logistical concerns also support the persistence of print. While digital formats save
paper, constant screen time can have health implications such as eye strain. Additionally, print markets in
developing regions remain significant due to limited internet access. Therefore, although online reading will
expand, it will coexist with print for decades.

In conclusion, online content has certainly changed reading habits, but printed newspapers and books will remain
relevant because of reader preference, the economics of quality content, and uneven access to the internet.

Type 2: Two views and your opinion (Discussion essay)

1. What is a discussion essay?
A discussion essay usually asks you to: explain two (or more) opposing views on an issue and give your own
opinion. Variations include:
- "Discuss both views and give your opinion",
- "Discuss advantages and disadvantages and give your opinion",
- or "To what extent do you agree or disagree?" (the last one is slightly different — see Note).
Key features:
 You must address both sides fairly.
 You must include a clear opinion (either in the introduction, conclusion, or both — but be explicit).
 Balance is important: examiners want evidence of understanding, logical development, and a clear,
supported position.
Note: If the question is To what extent do you agree or disagree? this expects an argument for your position rather
than a full equally-balanced discussion. Treat those separately.
Example: Some companies allow their employees to work from home. Others Stile expect people to work in the office.
Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.
#It asks you to do three things.
 Write about two opposing or different positions.
 Express own opinion on them.
 It always has two statements.

How to answer :

Note down a maximum of two ore three points in favor of the first statement. And do the same for the other. One
or two examples to illustrate points. Note you should spend 3-4 minutes, and then spend another minute thinking
about how you organize your paragraphs.

The aim of task 2 Is to judge how well you can write about a topic from different points of view.

2. Essay structure (recommended, reliable)

Use a 4-paragraph structure (safe, band-friendly):
1. Introduction — paraphrase the question, outline both views and state your opinion (one sentence).
2. Body Paragraph 1 — discuss first view in detail + example/explanation.
3. Body Paragraph 2 — discuss second view in detail + example/explanation + show why you prefer one
side or partially agree.
4. Conclusion — summarise both views and restate your opinion clearly.
Alternative 5-paragraph option (if you want more balance): split one of the body paragraphs into two (one
paragraph for each view) and a third body paragraph for your opinion/justification.

3. What to do — checklist (Do's)

 Do state your opinion clearly (don’t hide it).
 Do balance: discuss both sides even if you strongly favour one.
 Do explain the reasons (why) and give examples (realistic, plausible) or short data if necessary — do not
invent specific statistics unless you label them as hypothetical.
 Do use linking phrases to signpost (e.g., On the one hand..., Conversely..., In conclusion...).
 Do vary sentence structure and grammar (complex sentences, conditionals, relative clauses).
 Do use a range of vocabulary (collocations, topic-specific words) accurately.
 Do keep paragraphs focused: one main idea per paragraph.

4. What not to do — common pitfalls (Don'ts)

 Don’t give no opinion or an unclear opinion.
 Don’t spend too long on one side and ignore the other.
 Don’t write irrelevant information or go off-topic.
 Don’t invent precise statistics or famous-sounding facts.
 Don’t cram too many ideas into one paragraph — keep it coherent.
  Don’t make many basic grammar mistakes — accuracy matters.
5. How to develop ideas (deep, exam-ready technique)
Each body paragraph should contain:
 Topic sentence (one clear sentence showing the paragraph’s main idea).
 Explanation (why the idea is true; logical development).
 Example (real-life, hypothetical but plausible, or short scenario).
 Mini-conclusion/link (optional: link back to the question or lead to the next paragraph).
Ways to develop reasoning:
 Cause → Effect: show cause and result. Because X, Y happens.
 Compare → Contrast: show differences and implications. While X does..., Y on the other hand...
 Problem → Solution: point out a problem and how it's addressed.
 Example → Generalisation: give a specific example and show how it shows a broader trend.
Example paragraph structure (pattern):
 Topic sentence: Those who support online news claim that it is more convenient than print.
 Explanation: Online versions are instant, searchable and available on multiple devices, which saves time
and space for readers.
 Example: For instance, people can access breaking news on their phones and share it immediately across
social platforms.
 Mini-conclusion: Therefore, many believe that digital formats better meet modern lifestyles.
Tip: Always ask: Does this support one of the views? Does it answer the question? If not, cut it.

6. Useful phrases and sentence starters (for  While both views have merit, I side with...
discussion essays) Showing cause and effect
Introducing views  As a result...
 Some people argue that...  Consequently...
 There is a widespread belief that...  This leads to...
 It is often claimed that... Concluding / summarising
 Advocates of this view state that...  In conclusion...
Contrasting / Other side  To summarise...
 On the other hand...  Overall, I would argue that...
 Conversely... Academic linking phrases (cohesion)
 However, others maintain that...  Firstly / Secondly / Finally
 Nevertheless, opponents point out that...  Furthermore / Moreover / In addition
Giving your opinion  For example / For instance / To illustrate
 I personally believe that...  Although / Despite / Whereas
 In my view... Use these phrases naturally — not as fixed templates
 I am inclined to agree with... that make your writing mechanical.

7. Vocabulary: topic words and collocations Examples (common discussion essay topics):
Education: curriculum, pedagogy, compulsory, extracurricular, vocational training, literacy rates, assessment
methods.
Technology/Media: digital media, online platforms, social networking, streaming services, piracy, paywall,
accessibility.
Health: public healthcare, preventive measures, mental health, lifestyle disease, vaccination coverage.
Environment: carbon footprint, renewable energy, conservation, sustainable practices, emissions.
Economy/Work: labour market, automation, gig economy, job displacement, unemployment rate,
entrepreneurship.
Collocations to practice: play an important role, have access to, contribute to, lead to, a growing number of, take
measures to, be susceptible to.

8. Common question types and how to respond

 Discuss both views + give opinion: Present both sides equally, give a clear opinion (either in intro and/or
conclusion).
 Discuss advantages & disadvantages + opinion: Explain pros and cons and state which outweighs which.
 To what extent do you agree/disagree?: Choose a position (fully agree, partially agree) and justify it —
no need to discuss both sides equally.

9. Quick templates (copy & use)

 Intro template: It is often claimed that [paraphrase of opinion A]. Others, however, contend that
[paraphrase of opinion B]. In this essay, I will discuss both points of view and explain why I [state
opinion].
 Topic sentence template (paragraph): Those who believe that [view A] argue that [reason].
 Concluding sentence template: Overall, although [acknowledge other view], I believe that [restate
opinion/justification

10. Model answer (complete) — question + sample (Band 8 style)

Question: Some people claim that governments should spend more money on public services such as healthcare and
education than on arts and cultural programmes. Discuss both views and give your opinion.

It is argued that state funding should prioritise essential public services like healthcare and education rather than
be directed towards the arts. While supporters of increased spending on hospitals and schools contend that these
areas deliver tangible social benefits, proponents of cultural investment believe that arts programmes enrich society
in different ways. I acknowledge the importance of public services but maintain that a balanced approach — with
most funds going to essential services while protecting core cultural initiatives — is preferable.

Those who favour prioritising healthcare and education typically stress the immediate impact on citizens'
well-being and economic prospects. A well-funded health system reduces mortality and improves productivity,
while quality education equips young people with skills that drive growth. For example, countries that invested
heavily in primary education and vaccination programmes during the 20th century recorded significant
improvements in living standards and workforce participation. Therefore, allocating the majority of limited public
resources to these sectors can produce measurable long-term gains.
Conversely, advocates for the arts argue that cultural programmes foster social cohesion, national identity and
creativity — benefits that are harder to quantify but no less important. Cultural events attract tourism, stimulate
local economies and contribute to mental well-being. Nonetheless, I would argue that these advantages do not
justify diverting funds from urgent services; instead, governments should seek targeted funding mechanisms for
the arts such as public–private partnerships or cultural grants so that essential public services remain adequately
resourced.
In summary, while the arts undoubtedly bring valuable social and economic returns, the pressing needs of
healthcare and education warrant priority in government budgets. A pragmatic solution is to protect baseline arts
funding while concentrating public expenditure on services that directly sustain citizens’ health and future
prospects.

Type 3: Advantages and Disadvantages ( comparison essay)

1. What is an advantages & disadvantages essay?
This question asks you to discuss both the positive and negative sides of a given issue. Variations include:
 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages.
 What are the advantages and disadvantages?
 Do the advantages outweigh the disadvantages? (requires a clear opinion).
Key requirements:
 Identify both sides (at least one clear advantage and one clear disadvantage).
 Develop each side with explanations and examples.
 If asked to state whether one outweighs the other, you must clearly take a position.
There are two types of questions in this category.

i)Advantage and Disadvantage Essay

This is similar to a discussion essay where you are given a statement must present the positive and negative side
of the issue:

Some people think it is good for students to take a gap year before going to university. What are the
advantages and disadvantages of doing so?

ii)Outweigh Essay

This is by far the most difficult of the two essay types in this category. It requires you to present an opinion and
explain your opinion.

Some people think the world will eventually have only one language. Do you think the advantages of having
one global language outweigh the disadvantages?

2. Essay structure (recommended)

Option A: 4 paragraphs (safe, clear)
1. Introduction — paraphrase the question, outline both sides, and (if asked) state your opinion on balance.
2. Body 1 — advantage(s) + explanation + example.
3. Body 2 — disadvantage(s) + explanation + example.
4. Conclusion — summarise both sides and (if required) restate which is stronger.
Note: Avoid listing too many points superficially. It’s better to have one strong, fully developed advantage and
one strong disadvantage than three weak, underdeveloped ones.
3. Vocabulary (by topic)
Technology: digital platforms, user-friendly, cyber security, privacy concerns, automation.
Education: e-learning, distance learning, flexibility, lack of face-to-face interaction.
Health: access to treatment, preventive measures, side effects, long-term consequences.
Society: urbanisation, social cohesion, inequality, lifestyle changes.
Useful collocations: pose a risk, provide opportunities, result in, give rise to, bring about benefits, outweigh the
disadvantages.

4. What to do (Do’s) 5. What not to do (Don’ts)

 Do cover both sides (advantages and  Don’t only list points; always explain them.
disadvantages).  Don’t repeat the question without
 Do develop each point logically with clear paraphrasing.
explanations and examples.  Don’t present too many ideas with little
 Do answer the "outweigh" part directly if it development.
is in the question.  Don’t forget to give your opinion when
 Do use cohesive devices to signal contrast asked.
(however, on the other hand, etc.).  Don’t write imbalanced essays (e.g., only
 Do use academic vocabulary and advantages, weak disadvantages).
collocations.

6. How to develop ideas Example (advantage paragraph):

Follow this pattern for each side:  Topic: One key advantage of online shopping
1. Topic sentence: state the is convenience.
advantage/disadvantage.  Explanation: Customers can purchase
2. Explanation: why/how it is an advantage or products anytime and anywhere without
disadvantage. travelling.
3. Example: short, realistic scenario or fact.  Example: For instance, many people now
4. Link: connect back to question. order groceries via apps instead of visiting
supermarkets.
 Link: Therefore, this trend saves time and
effort for consumers.

7. Useful phrases

Introducing advantages: Introducing disadvantages:

 One major benefit is that...  On the negative side...

 A key advantage is...  A significant drawback is...

 This allows/helps individuals to...  One potential disadvantage is that...

Balancing / outweighing: Concluding:

 Although there are drawbacks, I believe the  In conclusion, while [advantage] offers
benefits outweigh them. benefits, [disadvantage] presents challenges.

 Despite the advantages, the negative aspects  Overall, it seems that the positives outweigh
seem more significant. the negative

Type 4 : Problem & Solution Essays

1. What is a problem & solution essay?
This essay asks you to:
 Identify one or more problems related to a given topic.
 Suggest one or more solutions to these problems.
 Sometimes: evaluate which solution is most effective.
Typical question wording:
 What are the problems and what solutions can be suggested?
 What causes this problem and how can it be solved?
Key requirements:
 Write about realistic and relevant problems.
 Propose feasible solutions — avoid vague or unrealistic ones.
 Develop both sides (problem + solution) with explanations and examples.

There are a number of types of possible questions in this category:

i)Solution Only Essay
Some children have serious weight problems. What are the possible solutions?
ii)Cause Solution Essay
Children in rural areas are being left behind in their academic development. Why is this is the case? What
solutions can you suggest?
iii)Problem Solution Essay
More and more people are moving to cities to look for work. What problems does this cause? What are the
possible solutions?
iv)Cause Effect Essay
More and more people are moving from the countryside to cities. Why is this? What problems does it cause?
Fewer students are studying modern languages at school and university. Why is this? What can be done to
encourage more students to study languages?

2. Essay structure (recommended) 4-paragraph model (clear and reliable)

1. Introduction — paraphrase the question + outline that you will discuss problems and solutions.
2. Body 1 — problem(s): state, explain, give example.
3. Body 2 — solution(s): state, explain, give example.
4. Conclusion — summarise main problem(s) and solution(s).
3. Do’s (what to do)

 Do state specific problems (not too general).

 Do explain causes if relevant (why the problem exists).
 Do propose practical solutions with reasoning.
 Do link solutions directly to the problems you mentioned.
 Do use examples (realistic or hypothetical).
 Do keep paragraphs focused (one clear idea per paragraph).
5. Don’ts (what to avoid)
 Don’t just list problems/solutions without explanation.
 Don’t write irrelevant or unrealistic solutions (e.g., “ban the internet” for cybercrime).
 Don’t discuss too many problems superficially.
 Don’t forget to summarise in conclusion.

6. How to develop ideas Explanation: Idling vehicles release large

Pattern for problems: amounts of carbon emissions, which worsen
 Topic sentence: introduce the problem. urban air quality.
 Explanation: why it is a problem / what  Example: For instance, Delhi frequently
causes it. records dangerous smog levels due to vehicle
 Example: realistic illustration. emissions.
Pattern for solutions: Example (solution paragraph):
 Topic sentence: state the solution.  Topic: A practical solution is to improve
 Explanation: how it addresses the problem. public transport systems.
 Example: short illustration.  Explanation: If buses and trains are frequent,
Example (problem paragraph): affordable, and comfortable, more commuters
 Topic: One major issue linked to traffic will switch from private cars.
congestion is air pollution.  Example: Singapore has successfully reduced
congestion through an efficient metro
network.

8. Useful phrases
Introducing problems: Linking problem → solution:
 One significant problem is that...  To address this issue, it is important to...
 A major cause of this issue is...  This problem could be mitigated if...
 This leads to... / This results in... Concluding:
Introducing solutions:  In conclusion, the issues of [problem] can be
 One effective solution would be to... addressed by [solution].
 A viable measure could be...  Overall, although the problem is serious,
 Governments could tackle this problem by... practical steps can be taken to alleviate it.
9. Vocabulary (common topics)
Environment: pollution, carbon emissions, deforestation, renewable energy, sustainability.
Urban life: congestion, overcrowding, housing shortage, infrastructure, public transport.
Health: obesity, unhealthy diet, sedentary lifestyle, preventive measures, healthcare system.
Society: unemployment, crime rate, inequality, poverty, literacy.
Collocations: pose a challenge, contribute to, give rise to, bring about solutions, implement measures, tackle an
issue, mitigate the impact.

Type 5: Direct/Two-Part Question Essays

1. What is a Direct/Two-Part Question essay?
In this essay, you are asked two different questions in one prompt. You must answer both questions equally in
your response.

Typical question wording (real exam style):

 Why is it difficult for many people to balance work and personal life? What can be done to solve this problem?
(IELTS 2023)
 Some people spend too much money on leisure activities. Why do you think this is the case? Is it a positive
or negative development? (IELTS 2022)
 Why do many young people prefer to live in cities? What problems does this cause? (IELTS 2021)
 Students are encouraged to study science and technology rather than subjects like history and literature.
Do you think history and literature are still relevant today ?
Should children spend more time studying these subjects at school?

Key requirements:
 Identify two distinct questions in the prompt.
 Give balanced, developed answers to both.

2. Essay structure (recommended)

4-paragraph model (common and safe)
1. Introduction — paraphrase the question + state you will answer both parts.
2. Body 1 — answer question 1 (explain + support + example).
3. Body 2 — answer question 2 (explain + support + example).
4. Conclusion — summarise answers to both questions

4. Do’s (what to do)

 Do read carefully to identify exactly two questions.
 Do give equal weight to both questions.
 Do develop ideas with explanation and examples.
 Do use topic sentences to clearly signal which question you are addressing.
 Do conclude by summarising both answers.
5. Don’ts (what to avoid)
 Don’t answer only one question (you will lose marks).
 Don’t mix answers to both questions in the same paragraph.
 Don’t write irrelevant answers.
 Don’t just give opinions without explanation.

6. How to develop ideas

Pattern:
 Topic sentence: introduce your main answer to the question.
 Use clear topic sentences like “One major reason is...” / “However, this trend is negative because...”.
 Explanation: explain why / how.
 Example: real or hypothetical to support.
Example (Body 1 – why people use social media):
 Topic: One key reason why many prefer social media is convenience.
 Explanation: Messaging apps and platforms allow instant communication regardless of distance or time
zones.
 Example: For instance, international students rely on apps like WhatsApp to stay in touch with family
abroad.
Example (Body 2 – positive/negative):
 Topic: However, this trend has negative consequences for personal relationships.
 Explanation: Relying heavily on online interaction can weaken real-life social skills and emotional
connections.
 Example: Studies show that people who spend excessive time online report higher levels of loneliness.
7. Useful phrases
Answering first question:
 One major reason is that...
 This can be attributed to...
 A key factor behind this trend is...
Answering second question:
 This development can be seen as largely positive/negative because...
 On the one hand... on the other hand...
 Overall, the consequences are more beneficial/harmful.
Concluding:
 In conclusion, the main reason for X is..., and in my opinion this trend is mostly positive/negative.
 To summarise, [question 1 answer], while [question 2 answer]

Vocabulary (common topics)

Technology: social networking, digital communication, screen time, online platforms, cyberbullying.
Education: online learning, skill development, curriculum, academic pressure, student engagement.
Health: lifestyle disease, mental wellbeing, healthcare system, preventive measures.
Society: cultural identity, social cohesion, community ties, inequality.
Collocations: play a vital role, contribute to, bring benefits, pose challenges, have adverse effects, offer
opportunities.

IELTS Writing Task 2 — Topic-Related Vocabulary Bank

Below is a collection of high-utility vocabulary and collocations for the 20 most common IELTS Task 2 topics.
These are examiner-friendly, academic, and flexible enough to use in different essay types (discussion,
advantages/disadvantages, problem/solution, two-part questions).

1. Health
preventive measures, sedentary lifestyle, healthcare system, life expectancy, access to medical services, mental
wellbeing, public health campaigns, nutritious diet, health-conscious society

2. Business & Money

economic growth, consumer demand, profit-driven companies, entrepreneurship, financial stability,
multinational corporations, investment opportunities, economic inequality, market competition

3. Education
curriculum design, literacy rate, academic achievement, higher education, lifelong learning, vocational training,
educational reform, access to schooling, student engagement

4. Communication & Personality

interpersonal skills, digital communication, face-to-face interaction, cultural sensitivity, emotional intelligence,
assertive behaviour, online platforms, identity formation, self-expression

5. Environment
carbon footprint, climate change, renewable energy, biodiversity loss, environmental degradation, sustainable
development, deforestation, pollution levels, conservation efforts

6. Media & Advertising

mass media, persuasive techniques, targeted advertising, brand loyalty, media influence, celebrity endorsement,
consumer behaviour, freedom of the press, sensational reporting

7. Society
social cohesion, cultural norms, social inequality, demographic changes, ageing population, integration policies,
gender roles, community engagement, societal values

8. Food & Diet

fast food consumption, balanced diet, obesity epidemic, malnutrition, eating habits, food security, organic
produce, dietary guidelines, processed foods
9. Globalization
cultural homogenisation, international trade, economic interdependence, cross-border cooperation, global
workforce, outsourcing jobs, cultural exchange, loss of traditions, multinational presence

10. Work
work-life balance, job satisfaction, career advancement, workplace productivity, flexible working hours, remote
work, employee motivation, job security, labour market trends

11. Public Transport

traffic congestion, efficient metro systems, infrastructure development, affordable fares, commuting time,
transport network, sustainable mobility, overcrowded buses, car dependency

12. Sports & Exercise

physical fitness, competitive spirit, professional athletes, recreational activities, national pride, sports facilities,
sedentary behaviour, exercise regimen, team cooperation

13. Crime & Punishment

criminal justice system, deterrent effect, rehabilitation programmes, capital punishment, law enforcement,
juvenile delinquency, repeat offenders, crime prevention, prison overcrowding

14. Tourism
cultural heritage, eco-tourism, tourist attractions, economic benefits, local communities, environmental impact,
mass tourism, hospitality industry, travel restrictions

15. Family & Children

parental guidance, nuclear family, extended family, child development, upbringing, family bonding, generational
gap, childcare services, single-parent households

16. Art
cultural identity, artistic expression, art galleries, creative industry, public funding for the arts, visual arts,
performing arts, appreciation of culture, traditional crafts

17. Technology
digital devices, innovation, artificial intelligence, automation, technological advancement, cyber security,
information overload, digital divide, virtual reality

18. Language
bilingual education, endangered languages, linguistic diversity, language acquisition, communication barriers,
native speakers, foreign language skills, translation services, global lingua franca
19. Government Spending
public expenditure, infrastructure investment, healthcare funding, educational subsidies, defence budget, welfare
programmes, allocation of resources, fiscal policy, tax revenue
20. Housing
affordable housing, urban development, housing shortage, real estate market, population density, residential
areas, homelessness, rental prices, housing policy
How to Use This Vocabulary
 Collocations: Use as natural combinations (e.g., balanced diet, sustainable development, work-life balance).
 Academic tone: Replace simple words (good health → mental wellbeing).
 Flexibility: Apply across essay types (e.g., work-life balance can appear in discussion,
advantages/disadvantages, or problem/solution essays).

How to create Outlines

 Spend about 3-5 minutes on creating an outline
 Only create outline for body paragraphs – main ideas and supporting details
 Don’t outline introduction & conclusion, since we have templates for those
 Outline will save you time, keep your writing focused, organize thoughts, reduce anxiety and boost your
score
 Coherence and Task Completion form 50% of your score, so always outline!
Useful Phrases:
Format of Outline

Note !!! Supporting Details is not the full sentences. Only need to write down bullet points. So you can know what
you have to talk about .

Step 1: Understand the Question

The very first thing you should do when you get a Task 2 question is make sure you fully understand what the
question is asking. Take time to carefully read it. A useful technique is to underline or highlight the key words—this
will help you stay focused on the exact requirement of the task.

Step 2: Identify the Question Type

After understanding the question, identify what type of question it is.
For example, if you see the keywords “agree or disagree”, you can immediately classify it as an Agree/Disagree
essay.

Step 3: Choose a Clear Position

When answering an Agree/Disagree essay, it’s better to choose one clear side. While it is technically possible to
“partly agree,” many students end up writing something that looks like a Discuss Both Views essay instead—which
is not what the task requires. To avoid confusion and make your essay stronger, it is usually best to pick one side
only and argue for it.

Step 4: Create an Outline

Once you have chosen your position, the next step is to create an outline. Here, we will use template #1 for
structuring the essay.
How to come up with ideas :

Developing Ideas for an Agree/Disagree Essay (Example: Punishment and Children)

Let’s say you choose to disagree with the opinion that punishment teaches children right from wrong. In this case,
your position is that punishment does not effectively teach children morality. To generate strong ideas for your
essay, you can ask yourself three guiding questions:

1. Why? Ask yourself: Why does punishment not teach children right from wrong?

Example Answer: Very young children, such as infants, cannot understand why they are being punished because
their brains are still underdeveloped. They are too young to make the connection between the punishment and
their actions.

Main Idea for Essay: Punishment fails to teach moral lessons since children often cannot understand the cause-
and-effect relationship behind it.

2. What is the alternative? Ask yourself: If punishment does not work, then what does?

Example Answer: Instead of punishing negative behavior, children should be rewarded for positive behavior. This
method, known as positive reinforcement, is more effective in encouraging children to repeat good behavior. Main
Idea for Essay: Positive reinforcement is a healthier and more effective approach to teaching right from wrong.

3. What if? Ask yourself: What would happen if children were punished—or if they were not?

Scenario A (If punished): A child may learn that it is acceptable for stronger or bigger people to hurt weaker ones.
This could lead to aggressive behavior, such as bullying others.

Scenario B (If not punished): A child may develop empathy and respect for others, particularly those who are
smaller or more vulnerable.
Main Idea for Essay: Punishment can produce harmful long-term effects, whereas avoiding punishment and
encouraging empathy leads to healthier social behavior.

Writing Introduction
Basics:

 Spend about 5 minutes on introduction

 Should be 3 sentences (40-50 words )

Introduction template:

 Give general statement → briefly introduce the issue.

 Paraphrase question statement → show lexical resource.
 State thesis ( position+ main ideas)

3 ways to write the general statement

First sentence of the introduction paragraph.

1. State why the topic is important.

2. Write about recent development in the topic.
3. Write about the impact of topic on daily life or society.

# Phrases for Starting Introductions

 Many/some people claim/opine/believe that..  It is universally accepted that…
 There is no denying/doubt that…  We live in an age when many of us are…
 It is often said that…  People are divided in their opinion
 These days…/ Nowadays… regarding…
 In this day and age…  Is one of the most important issues…
 Recently,…./Lately….  Whether …. Or …. Is a controversial
 In the last few years, issue/subject…

How to Paraphrase
2 ways to paraphrase. These are: i. Use synonyms. Ii. Change the word order .

How the write the Thesis

When we try to construct the thesis , we need two things. We need the position or the opinion. And main ideas.
Connect both of these in a single sentence.

Weak Thesis:
“There are advantages and disadvantages to this idea.” ❌ Too general.
Strong Thesis:
“Although free university education could improve social equality, I believe a fully subsidized system would create
unsustainable financial burdens on governments.” ✔ Specific, balanced.

Example Question (Opinion Essay):

“University education should be free for all students. To what extent do you agree or disagree?”

Sample Introduction (Band 8+):

Education plays a vital role in shaping individuals and societies. While some argue that university education should
be made free for everyone, I firmly believe that a fuly free system is impractical. Instead, governments should offer
targeted financial support to those in genuine need.

Writing Body Paragraphs

 Spend about 10 minutes on each body paragraphs
 Each body paragraph should be 4-5 sentences (90-100 words )
 Body paragraphs are the most important part of the essay.
 Phrases for Starting Body Paragraphs
Body Paragraph 1 Body Paragraph 2

 First and foremost,…  Second(ly)….(not ‘Second of all’)

 In essence,  Then…/Next,…./After that…
 It is true that…/  Besides….
 Though it is true that…  Likewise,…
 To begin/start with,…  In addition…./Additionally,…
 In regards to…/Regarding…  Consequently….
 It is worth considering…  What is more is that…
 Initially…./In the first place,….  Furthermore,…./Moreover….
 Some people believe/think that….  Other people think/believe that…
 According to many…  On the other hand…
 Many support the view that…  Apart from that…
 On the one hand….  Finally…./Lastly….
 Without a doubt…./Undoubtedly….  Last but not the least…
 First,…/First of all…./Firstly…..  The proponents/opponents of this proposal

How to write a conclusion:

Basics :
• Spend about 5 minutes on conclusion
• Should be 2-3 sentences (30-40 words )
• If you’re running out of time, focus on finishing the conclusion. It is very important to finish the essay for
a good score! It is okay to write a 1 sentence conclusion.

Template :
1. Summarize main points/ restate thesis
 2. Give suggestion or recommendation.

Phrases for Starting Conclusions  To draw the conclusion….

• In conclusion.. / To conclude  All things considered….
 In summary,…/To summarise,…/To sum  By and large….
up,….  Taking everything into
 In general,… consideration/account….
 In short/brief….  Weighing up both sides of the argument….
 All in all,…  Personally…./In my view/opinion…./ (use
 Overall,… to express your opinion
 On the whole,…

Language Use in IELTS Writing Task 2

* Why Language Use Matters
In IELTS Writing Task 2, your language choices determine two critical scores:
 Lexical Resource (Vocabulary): range, accuracy, and appropriateness.
 Grammatical Range and Accuracy: sentence variety and error-free structures.
Many students have good ideas, but they lose marks because their language is:
 Too simple (Band 6). Too informal (Band 6–6.5). Repetitive, lacking variety (Band 7).
Band 8+ writing requires academic, varied, precise, and error-free language.

* Cohesive Devices (Linking Words)

These words connect your ideas and create logical flow.
But remember: overusing them = mechanical writing → lower band.
Categories & Examples:
 Addition: moreover, furthermore, in addition, what is more
 Contrast: however, nevertheless, on the other hand, although
 Cause & Effect: therefore, thus, consequently, as a result
 Examples: for instance, to illustrate, such as
 Conclusion: in conclusion, overall, to sum up, in summary
Band 8 Style: People increasingly consume fast food because it is both cheap and convenient; however, this trend
has significant negative consequences for public health.

Band 6 Style: People eat fast food. It is cheap. It is convenient.

# Academic Vocabulary & Collocations

Examiners look for academic-style expressions, not casual language.
🔹 Useful Academic Verbs  enhance (improve)
 address (a problem)  allocate (resources)
 implement (a policy) 🔹 Collocations (natural word pairs)
 exacerbate (make worse)  play a crucial role
  pose a threat  widespread concern
 tackle a challenge  sustainable development
Example:
Band 6: “The government should stop pollution.”
Band 8: “The government should implement stricter regulations to tackle the widespread problem of air pollution.”

# Complex Sentences
High bands require a mix of sentence types:
 Simple: one idea. → Education is important.
 Compound: two ideas joined (and, but, so). → Education is important, and it provides better job
opportunities
 Complex: one main + one subordinate clause. → Although education is important, many students cannot
afford university due to high tuition fees.
Band 8 Strategy:
 Use a variety of sentence structures naturally.
 Avoid memorized over-complicated sentences that sound unnatural.

# Formal Tone
Task 2 requires academic style. Avoid:
 ❌ Contractions (don’t → do not).
 ❌ Informal words (kids → children; a lot → many; stuff → issues).
 ❌ Personal anecdotes (My uncle once told me…).
Band 6 Style: Kids these days are addicted to phones.
Band 8 Style: Many children today are increasingly dependent on smartphones, which raises concerns about
social development.
*Paraphrasing Techniques
You must paraphrase the question in your introduction. Avoid paraphrasing every word mechanically — keep
natural flow.
1. Synonyms: important → crucial → significant
2. Change word form: develop → development → developing
3. Change sentence structure:
o Q: “Some people think cars should be banned from city centres.”
o Paraphrase: It is often argued that urban centres would benefit from restrictions on private car use.

# Quick Language Upgrades (Band 6 → Band 8)

 a lot of people → a significant proportion of the population
 bad effects → detrimental consequences
 good for health → beneficial to public health
 make worse → exacerbate the problem
 fix the issue → address the issue / implement a solution
Two parts question:

Basic structure:

Intro: In contemporary society ( instead of nowadays ) ...... This essay will explode the underlying reasons for.......
While there are some positive or negative outcomes associated with this phenomenon, I strongly condemn that it
ultimately represent a negative or positive development.

Paragraph 1: One of the primary factors contributing to.....

Paragraph 2: While it is undeniable that ... One significate consequences is...

Categorized list of academic synonyms for common IELTS words:

1. Common Words → Academic Synonyms
Big → large, considerable, substantial, enormous, immense
Small → minor, limited, minimal, modest, negligible
Good → beneficial, advantageous, favorable, positive, constructive
Bad → detrimental, harmful, adverse, damaging, undesirable
Important → crucial, vital, essential, significant, fundamental
Unimportant → trivial, insignificant, marginal, negligible
Easy → simple, straightforward, effortless, uncomplicated
Difficult → challenging, demanding, complex, complicated
Common → widespread, prevalent, universal, routine, customary
Rare → unusual, exceptional, uncommon, infrequent, scarce

2. Change & Development

Change → alter, modify, transform, shift, adapt
Big Change → revolutionize, overhaul, reshape, reform
Develop → advance, evolve, progress, expand, enhance
Growth → increase, rise, surge, escalation, expansion
Decline → decrease, drop, fall, deterioration, reduction

3. People & Society

People → individuals, citizens, residents, inhabitants, members of society
Young People → youth, adolescents, teenagers, the younger generation
Old People → elderly, senior citizens, the aged, retirees
Rich People → wealthy, affluent, well-off, prosperous
Poor People → underprivileged, disadvantaged, impoverished, low-income groups

4. Ideas & Opinions

Idea → notion, concept, perspective, viewpoint, belief
Opinion → stance, standpoint, attitude, position, outlook
Agree → support, favor, advocate, be in agreement
Disagree → oppose, reject, refute, be against

5. Causes & Effects

Cause → factor, reason, source, root, origin
Effect → impact, influence, consequence, outcome, repercussion
Result in → lead to, bring about, give rise to, generate, trigger
Because of → due to, owing to, on account of, as a result of

6. Solutions & Processes

Solution → remedy, resolution, answer, approach, strategy, measure
Way → method, means, technique, procedure, process
Use → utilize, employ, apply, adopt, implement
Make → create, produce, generate, establish, construct

7. Linking & Comparisons

Also → moreover, in addition, furthermore, likewise
But → however, nevertheless, on the other hand, yet
So → therefore, thus, hence, consequently, as a result
Like → similar to, comparable to, akin to, resemble
Different → distinct, varied, diverse, contrasting, dissimilar

IELTS Academic Synonyms Chart

Simple
Academic Synonym(s) Example Sentence
Word

A substantial number of students study abroad each

Big large, substantial, enormous, considerable
year.

Small minor, limited, minimal, negligible The difference between the two groups is negligible.

beneficial, advantageous, favorable, Exercise is beneficial for both physical and mental
Good
constructive health.

Bad detrimental, harmful, adverse, undesirable Air pollution has detrimental effects on health.

crucial, vital, essential, significant, Education plays a crucial role in national

Important
fundamental development.
Simple
Academic Synonym(s) Example Sentence
Word

Unimportant trivial, insignificant, marginal Some argue that dress codes are a trivial matter.

Online banking provides a straightforward way to

Easy simple, straightforward, effortless
transfer money.

Writing an academic essay can be challenging for

Difficult challenging, demanding, complex
students.

widespread, prevalent, universal, Obesity has become a prevalent problem in many

Common
customary countries.

Rare unusual, exceptional, infrequent, scarce Such opportunities are scarce in rural areas.

individuals, citizens, residents, members of

People Citizens expect their governments to ensure safety.
society

The younger generation is more familiar with

Young People youth, adolescents, the younger generation
technology.

Old People elderly, senior citizens, retirees Senior citizens often face health-related challenges.

Rich People wealthy, affluent, well-off, prosperous The affluent population can afford luxury lifestyles.

disadvantaged, underprivileged, low-

Poor People Governments should support the underprivileged.
income groups

Idea notion, concept, perspective, belief The concept of equality has gained global attention.

Opinion stance, standpoint, outlook My stance is that education should be free.

Cause factor, root, origin, reason Climate change is a result of multiple factors.

Effect impact, consequence, outcome The new policy had a positive impact on employment.

Result in lead to, bring about, trigger Overpopulation can lead to resource shortages.

Because of due to, owing to, on account of The match was cancelled due to heavy rain.

Solution remedy, resolution, approach, measure Renewable energy is a remedy for climate change.

Online platforms are an effective means of

Way method, means, technique, process
communication.

Use utilize, employ, adopt, implement Teachers often utilize technology in classrooms.
Simple
Academic Synonym(s) Example Sentence
Word

Make create, generate, establish, construct The project will generate thousands of jobs.

Also moreover, furthermore, in addition Moreover, education improves quality of life.

But however, nevertheless, on the other hand He studied hard. However, he failed the test.

So therefore, thus, hence, consequently He was ill; therefore, he missed the exam.

Like similar to, comparable to, akin to The new law is similar to the European model.

Different distinct, varied, diverse, contrasting The two studies show contrasting results.

Band 8+ IELTS Writing Task 2 Guideline

1. Opinion Essay (Agree/Disagree)
🔹 Introduction
 In recent years, [topic] has become a subject of considerable debate.
 While some argue that [opposing view], I firmly believe that [your stance] because [reason].
🔹 Body Paragraph 1 (Reason 1 for your stance)
 One compelling reason for my view is that [main point].
 For instance, [specific example].
 Therefore, it is evident that [link back to argument].
🔹 Body Paragraph 2 (Reason 2 for your stance)
 Another justification for my opinion is that [main point].
 To illustrate, [specific example/study/personal knowledge].
 As a result, [explain wider impact].
🔹 Conclusion
 In conclusion, although some people may disagree, I maintain that [restate stance].
 This is because [reason 1] and [reason 2].
 Ultimately, prioritising [your view] will yield greater long-term benefits.

2. Discussion Essay (Discuss Both Views + Opinion)

🔹 Introduction
 The issue of [topic] has attracted significant attention in modern society.
 While some people are of the opinion that [view 1], others contend that [view 2].
 From my perspective, I believe that [your stance] as it [reason].
🔹 Body Paragraph 1 (Viewpoint 1)
  On the one hand, proponents of [view 1] argue that [main point].
 For example, [specific example].
 Thus, they believe that [link to wider benefit].
🔹 Body Paragraph 2 (Viewpoint 2 + Your Opinion)
 On the other hand, supporters of [view 2] assert that [main point].
 For instance, [example].
 From my perspective, this approach is more convincing because [reason].
🔹 Conclusion
 In conclusion, both sides present valid arguments regarding [topic].
 However, I strongly believe that [your stance] since [reason].
 Therefore, a balanced yet focused approach is essential for progress.

3. Advantages & Disadvantages Essay

🔹 Introduction
 The growing prevalence of [topic] has sparked discussions about its benefits and drawbacks.
 Although this trend brings certain advantages, it also presents significant disadvantages that cannot be
overlooked.
🔹 Body Paragraph 1 (Advantages)
 One notable advantage of [topic] is that [main point].
 For example, [specific case].
 Hence, it is clear that [link to positive outcome].
🔹 Body Paragraph 2 (Disadvantages)
 Despite these benefits, there are also considerable drawbacks.
 A key disadvantage is that [main point].
 For instance, [example/statistic].
 Consequently, this trend may lead to [negative result].
🔹 Conclusion
 In conclusion, [topic] offers both merits and challenges.
 While it improves [advantage], it also poses threats such as [disadvantage].
 Therefore, individuals and policymakers should strive to maximise benefits while minimising harms.

4. Problem & Solution Essay

🔹 Introduction
 One of the most pressing issues facing [society/urban areas/the world] today is [problem].
 This challenge arises mainly from [cause 1] and [cause 2].
 However, effective solutions, such as [solution 1] and [solution 2], can help mitigate this problem.
🔹 Body Paragraph 1 (Causes)
 The primary cause of [problem] is [cause 1].
 For example, [specific detail].
  Additionally, [cause 2] exacerbates the situation because [explanation].
🔹 Body Paragraph 2 (Solutions)
 To address this issue, one possible solution is [solution 1].
 For instance, [example of implementation].
 Moreover, [solution 2] would also be effective since [reason].
🔹 Conclusion
 In conclusion, [problem] stems mainly from [cause 1] and [cause 2].
 Nevertheless, these issues can be alleviated by [solution 1] and [solution 2].
 Only through such combined efforts can society overcome this pressing challenge.

# Vocabulary/Phrases for Introduction

These days, Nowadays, In this day and age, In this modern era, It is universally accepted that, It goes
without saying that, There is no denying that, It is often said that, In recent years, In recent time, In the
present time, Presently, Today.

Example 1: In recent years, children, like adults, have become increasingly exposed to technology. While some child
psychologists have insisted that this is a good thing for their cognitive development, others have alleged that it has
an overwhelmingly detrimental impact on children.

# Useful vocabulary/phrases to state your opinion:

In my opinion, I feel that, I understand, I suppose, I think, I believe, From my point of view, I somewhat
agree, I disagree with the idea that, (partial agreement/disagreement) I agree, (agreement/disagreement),
I disagree that (agreement/disagreement), I strongly agree, I strongly disagree with the idea that, (strong
agreement/ disagreement), I strongly opine that, Personally speaking, According to me, In my view, My own
view on the matter is.

Example 1: Institutions are now focusing more on introducing innovative assessment techniques and technology
has accelerated this trend. I strongly believe that the transformation is essential for the proper evaluation and will
help students become academically successful.

# Useful phrases/vocabulary to start the first body paragraph:

First, Firstly, First of all, First and foremost, It is true that, On the one hand, To begin with, To start with,
Initially, To commence with, In the first place, It is worth considering, Let us take a look at, Many support
the view that, Some people believe that, According to many,
 Example 1: To begin with, the advocates of more pleasant adulthood believe that happiness is truly enjoyed
when someone realizes how this is shared with people around us.
Example 2: In the first place, a country becomes more engaging and develops rapidly when its population
includes a mixture of cultures.
Example 3: It is worth considering that group sports clearly require individuals to perform a diverse range
of rapid mental calculations.

# Useful phrases/vocabulary to start the subsequent body paragraph(s):

Second, Secondly, Third, Thirdly, Next, After that, Again, Also, Besides, Likewise, In addition,
Consequently, Furthermore, Moreover, On top of that, Other people think that, Other people believe that,
Apart from that, On the other hand, Last but not least, Finally,
Example 1: Moreover, being a sportsperson or movie start does not guarantee an automatic money flow as the
rewards are most frequently collected by the successful ones.
Example 2: Secondly, doing what someone likes keeps him motivated and therefore leads to a better career growth.

# Useful phrases/vocabulary to give an example:

For instance, For example, As an example, An example is, To show an example, To give an example, To cite
an example.
Example 1: The Hong Kong Space Museum, for instance, has monthly exhibitions on different issues and
professional docents are employed to take visitors on a guided tour around the museum.

# Useful phrases/vocabulary to show result

As a result, Consequently, As a consequence, For this, That reason, As an effect, Therefore, Eventually,
Thereby, Hence, Thus, So.

Example 1: So, social welfare payment to protect citizen’s right to the movement, especially in democratic countries,
to adopt such schemes even after the shortage of the national budget.
Example 2: Therefore the excessive production of debris is the cheap availability of plastic.
Example 3: As a consequence, the number of single parents is increasing in developed countries.
Example 4: The lack of awareness is eventually causing us more money than we can imagine.

# Vocabulary for adding more information to an argument:

And, Also, Again, Besides, Likewise, Similarly, Moreover, As well as, In addition, Even more, Furthermore,
In a similar fashion.

Example 1: Besides, job satisfaction and productivity are interrelated and satisfied employees are the best resource
a company has got.
Example 2: Similarly, nuclear families certainly revolve around such children and parents, in most of the cases,
cater to every whim and fancy of their offspring.
Example 3: Furthermore, nuclear families certainly revolve around such children and parents, in most of the cases,
cater to every whim and fancy of their offspring.

# Useful Vocabulary/phrases to draw the Essay conclusion:

To sum up, To conclude, In conclusion, In general, All in all, Overall, By and large, To elucidate, On the
whole, To summarize, To conclude with.

Example 1: In conclusion, people learn both from their success and failure and to build a prosperous nation, we
must learn from our history. Without the knowledge of our history, scientific discoveries cannot bring a wide
range of advantages to a nation.

Example 2: To draw the conclusion, learners can disregard handwriting only at their peril. It is a skill that will
stand them in good stead throughout their lives. It is hoped that parents and teachers will realize the importance
of handwriting before it is too late.