Muadh Ibn Jabal

Early Life in Yathrib

• Muadh ibn Jabal was a young man growing up in Yathrib (later Madinah) as Islam
began to spread.
• Known for his handsome appearance, curly hair, black eyes, and sharp
intelligence.
• Became Muslim through Mus'ab ibn Umayr, the Prophet’s missionary to
Yathrib.

Early Devotion and the Second Pledge of Aqabah

• One of the 72 Yathribites who went to Makkah a year before the Hijrah.
• Participated in the Second Pledge of Aqabah in Mina, pledging to defend and
support the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
• Upon return to Yathrib, joined a youth group that destroyed idols, including
from the home of Amr ibn al-Jumuh, who later became Muslim.

Close Companion of the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬

• After the Hijrah, Muadh stayed close to the Prophet and immersed himself in
learning the Qur’an and Islamic laws.
• Became known for his deep knowledge of halal and haram.
• The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said of him:

“The most knowledgeable of my ummah in matters of halal and haram is Muadh ibn
Jabal.”

• Recognized among companions for his judicial knowledge and wisdom.

Contribution to the Preservation of the Qur’an

• Among six companions who collected the Qur'an during the Prophet’s
lifetime.
• Held in awe and high respect by other companions due to his authentic
knowledge.

Mission in Makkah Post-Conquest

• After the liberation of Makkah, Muadh was tasked with teaching new Muslims,
particularly Quraysh converts.
 • Appointed by the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬to teach the Qur’an and explain the religion in
Makkah.

Mission to Yemen

• When Yemen’s people accepted Islam, Muadh was made Amir of the
missionary delegation sent there.
• The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬tested his method of judgment:
 “Book of Allah” → “Sunnah” → “Ijtihad (personal reasoning)”
 The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬approved:

“Praise be to God who has guided the messenger of the Prophet to that which pleases
the Prophet.”

• Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬walked alongside Muadh during his departure and foretold that:

“Perhaps you shall not meet me again… only my mosque and my grave.”

• Muadh wept upon parting, and never saw the Prophet again, as the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬
died before his return.

Role During the Caliphate of Umar (RA)

Appointed to Banu Kilab

• Sent to Banu Kilab to distribute stipends and sadaqah.

• Returned with no personal gain, stating:

“I had an alert Supervisor checking over me.”

• Umar laughed when Muadh’s wife questioned the lack of gifts and gifted him
something to please him.

Mission to Syria

• Umar received a request from Syria for teachers of Islam.

• Summoned five Qur’an scholars:

Muadh ibn Jabal, ‘Ubadah ibn as-Samit, Abu Ayyub al-Ansari, Ubayy ibn Ka’b, and Abu
ad-Dardaa.

• Three were chosen to go:

 ‘Ubadah to Homs
  Abu ad-Dardaa to Damascus
 Muadh to Palestine

Death and Legacy

• In Palestine, Muadh contracted an infectious disease.

• As death approached, he welcomed it:

“Welcome Death, Welcome. A visitor has come after a long absence.”

• Prayed to Allah:

“O Lord, You know I did not desire the world… Accept my soul with goodness…”

• Died as a da'iy, far from his family, in the path of Allah.

Legacy Summary

• Scholar, jurist, and missionary who spread Islam with deep sincerity and
knowledge.
• Trained by the Prophet himself, Muadh is remembered for:
 His authentic knowledge
 Role in Qur’an preservation
 Dedication to teaching and guiding others
 Fearlessness in upholding and spreading Islam
 Sincere love for the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and his mission

Musab Ibn Umayr

Privileged Upbringing in Makkah

• Born into a wealthy and noble Quraysh family.

• His mother, Khunnas bint Malik, doted on him with lavish care and luxury.
• Wore the finest clothes and Yemeni shoes, admired for his elegance and
intelligence.
• Attended elite Quraysh gatherings, gaining early exposure to political and social
affairs.

Acceptance of Islam

• Curious about Muhammad’s (PBUH) message, he went to Dar al-Arqam, the

early secret meeting place of Muslims.
 • Upon hearing the Qur'an and meeting the Prophet, Musab's heart was deeply
touched.
• Immediately accepted Islam, becoming a committed believer.
• Chose to hide his faith at first, fearing the wrath of his mother.

Confrontation with His Mother

• His conversion was discovered by Uthman ibn Talhah, who saw him praying like
the Prophet.
• Word spread quickly; he was confronted by his mother and clan.
• Calmly confessed his faith and recited Qur'anic verses before them.
• His mother was enraged, attempted to strike him, but was restrained—possibly
by maternal love.
• She had him imprisoned in the house, guarded and tied up to prevent further
contact with Muslims.

Escape and Migration to Abyssinia

• Remained steadfast in faith despite captivity.

• Escaped when guards were distracted and joined the first group of Muslims to
migrate to Abyssinia.
• Returned to Makkah on false news of improved conditions but had to return to
Abyssinia again.
• Eventually came back to Makkah, more resolute than ever.

Final Separation from His Mother

• His mother tried again to control him; he threatened violence against anyone
aiding her.
• She disowned him, and he left her home with no wealth, support, or comfort.
• Urged her one final time to embrace Islam, but she refused with stubborn
disbelief.

From Elegance to Simplicity

• From luxurious living to wearing coarse, tattered garments.

• Devoted himself to learning, worship, and serving the Prophet (PBUH).
• The Prophet once remarked on Musab’s dramatic transformation, praising his
sacrifice.
Ambassador to Yathrib (Madinah)

• After rejection in Taif, the Prophet chose Musab as Islam’s first ambassador to
Yathrib.
• Lived with Sa'd ibn Zurara, teaching Qur'an and inviting people to Islam.
• Won hearts with tact, wisdom, and beautiful recitation of the Qur'an.

Key Conversions in Yathrib:

• Convinced Usayd ibn Khudayr, a respected leader, through calm dialogue.

• Usayd then brought Sa’d ibn Muadh, who also accepted Islam.
• Rapid spread of Islam followed—Musab’s mission was a major success.
• Prepared Yathrib to become the base of the Islamic state.

Pledge of War at Aqabah

• Returned to Makkah with 75 new Muslims from Yathrib.

• Took part in the Second Pledge of Aqabah (Pledge of War) to protect the
Prophet.
• This laid the foundation for the Hijrah (migration) to Madinah.

Participation in Major Battles

Battle of Badr

• Musab fought courageously.

• His brother Abu Aziz was captured and entrusted to an Ansari Muslim.
• Musab advised the Ansari to secure a high ransom as their mother was wealthy.
• Declared that faith bonds were stronger than blood ties, affirming Islamic
brotherhood.

Battle of Uhud

• Carried the standard (flag) of Islam.

• Fought bravely to protect the Prophet when Quraysh forces broke through.
• Lost both arms while holding the flag; continued holding it between his chest
and stumps.
• Repeated: "Muhammad is but a Messenger. Messengers have passed before
him" (Qur’an 3:144).
• Was martyred defending Islam, giving his life selflessly.
Legacy of Musab ibn Umayr (RA)

• A role model of youthful commitment, sacrifice, and conviction.

• From wealth to simplicity, from privilege to martyrdom.
• Instrumental in the spread of Islam to Madinah.
• His story shows how faith, character, and courage can change the course of
history.

Ubayy Ibn Kab

Early Life and Acceptance of Islam

• Ubayy ibn Ka‘b was from the Khazraj tribe, one of the Ansar of Madinah.
• Among the first people of Yathrib (Madinah) to embrace Islam.
• He pledged allegiance to the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬at Bay‘at al-‘Aqabah before the Hijrah
(migration).
• Participated in the Battle of Badr and other major battles.

His Relationship with the Qur’an

• One of the few companions who recorded revelations and maintained a

personal Mushaf (copy of the Qur’an).
• Served as a scribe for the Prophet ,‫ ﷺ‬writing letters and recording verses.
• One of the 25 companions who memorised the entire Qur’an before the
Prophet’s death.
• His recitation and understanding were so esteemed that the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said:

"Learn the Qur’an from four: Abdullah ibn Mas‘ud, Salim the freed slave of Abu
Hudhayfah, Muadh ibn Jabal, and Ubayy ibn Ka‘b."

• Umar ibn al-Khattab advised people:

“Whoever wants to ask about the Qur’an, let him go to Ubayy ibn Ka‘b…”

Special Recognition by the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬

• The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬asked him:

“Which verse of the Book of God is the greatest?”

Ubayy responded with Ayat al-Kursi, and the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬smiled, struck his chest with
approval, and said:

“May knowledge delight and benefit you, Abu Mundhir.”

• The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬told him:

“I have been commanded to recite the Qur’an to you.”

Ubayy asked: “Was I mentioned by name?” The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬replied:

“Yes, by your name and lineage in the highest heavens.”

Learning Surah al-Fatihah

• The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬once told Ubayy he would teach him a Surah that was not
revealed in the Tawrah, Injil, Zabur, or even other parts of the Qur’an.
• When prompted, Ubayy recited Surah al-Fatihah, and the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬confirmed:

“That’s it! They are the seven oft-repeated verses and the Mighty Qur’an.”

Courage and Integrity in Defending the Qur’an

• Once corrected Umar on a verse of the Qur’an, and when Umar questioned him,
Ubayy boldly said:

“You have erred.”

• When asked if he was calling the Amir al-Mu’minin a liar, Ubayy responded:

“I respect the Amir al-Mu’minin, but not at the cost of misrepresenting the Book of
God.”

• Umar eventually said:

“Ubayy is right.”
His Counsel and Wisdom

• When a man asked for advice, Ubayy replied:

“Take the Book of God as your leader... It is your intercessor and should be obeyed.”

• Known for his devotion to ibadah (worship)—often seen in the mosque after
night prayers, teaching and praying.
• Umar once joined a gathering of du‘a and encouraged Ubayy to make a
supplication, showing his humility and respect for Ubayy’s piety.

Personal Qualities and Taqwa

• Lived simply, stayed unattached to worldly luxuries, and focused on taqwa

and good deeds.
• Advised others on the four traits of a believer:
 Patience in difficulty
 Gratitude in ease
 Truthfulness in speech
 Justice in judgment

Role in Governance and Fatwa

• Recognised as “Sayyid of the Muslims” by Umar.

• Member of the consultative council during the caliphates of Abu Bakr and
Umar.
• Part of the ahl al-fiqh and ahl ar-ra’y, consulted on legal rulings (fatwas) along
with Uthman and Zayd ibn Thabit.
• Once asked Umar why he wasn’t made a governor. Umar replied:

“I don’t want your religion to be corrupted.”

His Warnings to the Ummah

• Ubayy feared that Muslims would fall into strife and division.
• Moved to tears when hearing the verse:

"Say: He has power to send calamities on you, from above and below, or to cover you
with confusion in party strife…” (Surah Al-An’am, 6:65)

• Regularly prayed for Allah’s guidance and protection for the Ummah.
Death and Legacy

• Died in 29 AH during the caliphate of Uthman.

• Left behind a legacy of Qur’anic mastery, righteous character, and fearless
truthfulness.
• Continues to be remembered as one of the greatest reciters and scholars of
the Qur’an among the Sahabah.

Aishah Bint Abi Bakr

Introduction and Character

• Aishah is portrayed as an example of how a woman can be spiritually and

intellectually equal or even superior to men.
• Known for intelligence, spirit, faith, and deep emotional involvement with the
Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).
• She was a source of knowledge and guidance, remembered and respected by
generations of Muslims for over 1,000 years.

Childhood and Playfulness

• Aishah shared a loving and playful relationship with the Prophet.

• She recalled playing with dolls and being joined by the Prophet, who encouraged
her joy and allowed her young friends to join.
• Her youth and innocence were respected and nurtured.

Emotional Sensitivity and Depth

• Aishah had moments of anxiety, such as when her father and companions faced
danger.
• She had the intelligence to understand difficult matters and asked questions
that reflected a deep concern for truth and justice.
• Prophet Muhammad recognized her perceptiveness and often reassured her
emotionally.

Relationship with the Prophet

• Aishah was clearly one of the Prophet’s most beloved wives.

• He publicly expressed love for her, calling it "like the rope’s knot"—strong and
enduring.
 • She often asked the Prophet for reassurance of his love, which he consistently
provided with gentleness.

Jealousy and Human Emotion

• Aishah was deeply devoted and sometimes jealous of other wives, especially
Khadijah, despite her being deceased.
• She admitted this jealousy but also acknowledged the Prophet’s patience and
understanding.
• Despite strong emotions, Aishah always came back to her love and devotion to
the Prophet and God.

Faith and Piety

• Aishah displayed strong faith and asceticism.

• When the Prophet received verses offering his wives a choice between worldly
wealth and God’s path, Aishah chose God and the Hereafter.
• She was the first to respond and her example influenced the other wives.

Generosity and Simplicity

• After the Prophet’s death, Aishah remained humble and charitable.

• She once received a gift of 100,000 dirhams and distributed it all to the poor in a
single day.
• She prioritized giving over personal comfort.

Final Days with the Prophet

• During the Prophet’s final illness, he chose to stay in Aishah’s apartment.

• He died resting his head on her chest, marking the closeness of their
relationship.

Legacy and Scholarship

• Aishah became one of the foremost scholars of Islam, narrating over 2,000
hadiths.
• She was consulted on matters of religion, law, and theology, respected by the
Prophet’s companions.
• Her home became a centre for learning after the Prophet’s death.
Influence and Recognition

• Aishah was considered among the four women with the greatest knowledge by
early scholars like Urwah ibn al-Zubayr.
• Her knowledge was sought even by senior male companions of the Prophet.
• Her expertise spanned hadith, medicine, poetry, and Islamic law.

Conclusion

• Aishah’s contributions to Islamic scholarship and her exemplary personal

character remain highly regarded.
• She is seen as a towering figure in Islamic history, embodying love, piety,
knowledge, and strength.

Umar
 Early Life
• Born around 584 CE in Makkah, from the Quraysh tribe (Banu Adi clan).
• Known for his strength, wrestling, eloquence, and leadership qualities.
• Initially a staunch opponent of Islam and persecutor of Muslims.

Conversion to Islam
• Converted in the 6th year of Prophethood after initially setting out to harm the
Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
• His conversion was a turning point, strengthening the Muslim community.
• Known as Al-Farooq (“the one who distinguishes between truth and falsehood”).

Life During Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s Time

• One of the closest companions and advisors of the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
• Participated in all major battles (Badr, Uhud, Khandaq, etc.).
• Part of Ashara Mubashshara (the ten promised Paradise).

Caliphate (634–644 CE)

• Became the second Caliph after Abu Bakr (RA).
• Expanded the Islamic empire into Persia, the Levant, and Egypt.
• Established administrative systems, judiciary, treasury (Bayt al-Mal), and
welfare programs.
• Introduced the Islamic calendar (Hijri).
• Known for justice, simplicity, humility, and fear of Allah.

Character & Leadership

• Lived very modestly despite ruling a vast empire.
• Personally checked on the people at night to ensure their well-being.
• Famous saying: “If a mule stumbles in Iraq, I fear Allah will ask me why I did not
pave the road for it.”

Martyrdom
• In 644 CE, he was stabbed during Fajr prayer in Madinah by Abu Lu’lu’a, a
Persian slave.
• Passed away at age 60 and was buried next to Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬and Abu
Bakr (RA).
Khalid Ibn Waleed

Early Life
• Born around 592 CE in Makkah, from the noble Quraysh tribe (Banu Makhzum
clan).
• Grew up as a skilled horseman, warrior, and military tactician.
• Initially opposed Islam and fought against Muslims in early battles.

Before Islam
• Played a key role in the Battle of Uhud (625 CE), where his cavalry maneuver led
to Muslim losses.
• Known for his intelligence, courage, and battlefield strategy.

Conversion to Islam
• Accepted Islam in 629 CE, shortly before the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah.
• Inspired by the truth of Islam and recognition of the Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s mission.
• Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬gave him the title “Sayf Allah” (The Sword of Allah).

Service in Islam
• Distinguished himself as a brilliant commander in battles.
• Key victories:
o Battle of Mu’tah (629 CE): Took command after the martyrdom of the
Muslim leaders and saved the army from total loss.
o Conquest of Makkah (630 CE): Played a key role in securing Makkah
peacefully.
o Battle of Hunayn (630 CE): Helped Muslims recover after initial setback.
o Battle of Yarmouk (636 CE): Defeated the Byzantine Empire in a decisive
victory.
o Battles against Persia and Byzantium: Expanded Muslim lands with
strategic brilliance.

Character & Leadership

• Never lost a battle throughout his career.
• Deeply loyal, courageous, humble, and devoted to Islam.
• Known for discipline and care for his soldiers.
• Famous for saying: “I have fought in so many battles seeking martyrdom, yet
here I die on my bed like a camel. May the eyes of cowards never sleep.”

Later Life & Death

• Removed from command by Caliph Umar (RA) but accepted it with humility.
 • Spent his last years in Homs (Syria).
• Passed away in 642 CE at around age 50.
• Buried in Homs, where his shrine still exists.

Khadijah

Early Life
• Born in Makkah around 555 CE into the noble Quraysh tribe (Banu Asad clan).
• Came from a respected, wealthy merchant family.
• Twice widowed before marrying the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.

Business Career
• A successful and well-known businesswoman in Makkah.
• Managed caravans and trade with honesty and wisdom.
• Employed Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬for trade; impressed by his integrity, earning him the
title al-Amīn (the Trustworthy).

Marriage to Prophet Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬

• Proposed marriage to him after seeing his character and honesty.
• Married at age 40, while the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was 25.
• Their marriage was blessed with love, respect, and loyalty.

Support in Prophethood
• First person to embrace Islam after the first revelation in Cave Hira (610 CE).
• Gave unwavering emotional, financial, and moral support to the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
• Encouraged him when he was shaken by the first revelation, assuring him that
Allah would never forsake him.

Family
• Mother of the Prophet’s children: Qasim, Abdullah, Zainab, Ruqayyah, Umm
Kulthum, and Fatimah (RA).
• Grandmother of Hasan and Husayn (RA).

Later Life & Passing

• Endured the hardships of the Quraysh boycott against Muslims.
• Passed away in 619 CE, the same year as Abu Talib — known as the Year of
Sorrow.
• Buried in Makkah at Jannat al-Mu‘alla.

Virtues & Legacy

 • Given glad tidings of a house in Paradise by Jibreel (AS).
• Remembered for her faith, patience, generosity, and loyalty.
• Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬never forgot her, often mentioning her virtues and staying connected
with her relatives and friends.

Bilal

Early Life
• Born in Makkah around 580 CE, of Abyssinian (Ethiopian) origin.
• Born into slavery; his mother was also a slave.
• Enslaved by the Quraysh leader Umayyah ibn Khalaf.

Conversion to Islam
• Among the earliest converts to Islam.
• Accepted Islam through the teachings of Prophet Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬.
• Known for his strong faith despite severe persecution.

Persecution in Makkah
• Tortured by his master Umayyah for embracing Islam.
• Dragged in the streets, beaten, and made to lie on hot sand with stones on his
chest.
• Despite the torture, he repeatedly said “Ahad, Ahad” (Allah is One, Allah is
One).
• Freed by Abu Bakr (RA) who purchased him for Islam.

Service to Islam
• Chosen by Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬as the first Mu’adhin (caller to prayer) due to his
beautiful voice.
• Accompanied the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬in battles and journeys.
• Served as a close companion and loyal supporter of Islam.

Virtues
• The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said he heard Bilal’s footsteps in Paradise, honoring his faith and
sacrifice.
• Respected for his humility, devotion, and perseverance.

Later Life
• After Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s passing, Bilal (RA) was deeply grief-stricken.
• Left Madinah and moved to Syria, where he spent his remaining years.
 • Passed away around 640 CE in Damascus at about age 60.

Legacy
• Remembered as the first Mu’adhin of Islam and a symbol of patience,
resilience, and unwavering faith.
• His life is an inspiration against oppression and for equality in Islam.

Abdullah Ibn Jubair

Early Life
• A companion of Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬from the Ansar (Helpers) of Madinah.
• Belonged to the Khazraj tribe.
• Known for his courage, discipline, and loyalty.

Battle of Uhud (625 CE)

• Appointed by Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬as the commander of the archers (around
50 men).
• Stationed on the small hill (Jabal al-Rumah, “Archers’ Hill”) to protect the
Muslim army’s rear flank.
• Strictly instructed not to leave their post under any circumstances, whether in
victory or defeat.

Key Event at Uhud

• When Muslims initially gained victory, many archers left their positions to collect
spoils, despite Abdullah (RA) reminding them of the Prophet’s command.
• Abdullah ibn Jubair (RA) and a few archers stayed behind, holding their ground.
• Khalid ibn al-Walid (RA, at that time not yet Muslim) led a cavalry attack from
behind, exploiting the gap.
• Abdullah ibn Jubair (RA) fought bravely but was overwhelmed and martyred
along with his remaining men.

Legacy
• Remembered as a symbol of obedience, discipline, and steadfastness to the
Prophet’s ‫ ﷺ‬command.
• His martyrdom became a lasting lesson in following leadership and avoiding
disobedience, especially in battle.
Imam Ibn Katheer

Write life story of imam ibn katheer. What is his contribution in Seerah. what is his
famous book of Seerah. Write about it. (10 Marks)

Early Life
• Full name: Ismā‘īl ibn ‘Umar ibn Kathīr al-Dimashqī.
• Born in 1301 CE (701 AH) in Busra, near Damascus (Syria).
• Lost his father at a young age and moved to Damascus for education.

Education & Teachers

• Studied under leading scholars of Damascus.
• Teachers included Ibn Taymiyyah (RA), Al-Mizzi (RA), and others.
• Excelled in Hadith, Tafsir, Fiqh, and History.

Career & Scholarship

• Became a renowned muhaddith (Hadith scholar), mufassir (Qur’an
commentator), and historian.
• Appointed teacher and judge in Damascus.
• Known for combining deep knowledge of Hadith with historical analysis.

Contributions in Seerah
• Wrote extensively on the life of Prophet Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬.
• His Seerah work draws heavily on authentic Hadith and historical reports.
• Balanced historical narration with Islamic scholarship, avoiding weak or
fabricated stories.

Famous Book of Seerah

 • His most famous Seerah book: “Al-Sīrah al-Nabawiyyah” (The Prophetic
Biography).
• Originally part of his larger historical work “Al-Bidāyah wa’l-Nihāyah” (The
Beginning and the End).
• Covers the Prophet’s ‫ ﷺ‬life from birth, prophethood, migration, battles, to his
death.
• Praised for its reliance on Hadith and authentic sources, making it a reliable
reference for Seerah studies.

Other Works
• Tafsīr Ibn Kathīr – his most famous work, one of the most widely read Qur’an
commentaries.
• Al-Bidāyah wa’l-Nihāyah – comprehensive history of the world from creation
until his time.

Later Life & Death

• Faced blindness in his later years but continued teaching.
• Passed away in 1373 CE (774 AH) in Damascus.

Legacy
• Remembered as one of the greatest scholars of Tafsir, Hadith, and Islamic
history.
• His Seerah and Tafsir remain among the most trusted references for Muslims
today.

Ali Ibn Abi Talib

Early Life
• Born in Makkah in 600 CE (10 years before Prophethood).
• Cousin and son-in-law of Prophet Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬.
• Raised in the Prophet’s household and among the first to embrace Islam as a
child.

During Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s Life

• Slept in the Prophet’s bed on the night of Hijrah to protect him from Quraysh
assassins.
• Participated in all major battles except Tabuk (left in Madinah to protect the
city).
• Displayed unmatched bravery in battles like Badr, Uhud, Khandaq, and
Khaybar.
• Married Fatimah (RA), daughter of the Prophet ‫ ;ﷺ‬their children included Hasan
and Husayn (RA).

After the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬

• Acted as a close advisor to Caliphs Abu Bakr, Umar, and Uthman (RA).
• Known for deep knowledge of Qur’an, Hadith, and jurisprudence.

Caliphate (656–661 CE)

• Became the fourth Caliph after the martyrdom of Uthman (RA).
• Faced internal conflicts: Battle of Jamal (against Aisha, Talha, Zubair RA) and
Battle of Siffin (against Muawiyah RA).
• Period marked by fitnah (civil strife), weakening the unity of the Ummah.
• Moved the capital to Kufa (Iraq).
Character & Legacy
• Known for courage, wisdom, knowledge, and humility.
• Renowned as one of the greatest jurists, orators, and scholars among the
Sahabah.
• Title: “Asadullāh” (The Lion of Allah).
• Among the 10 promised Paradise (Ashara Mubashshara).

Martyrdom
• In 661 CE, assassinated in Kufa by a Kharijite named Ibn Muljam while praying
Fajr in the mosque.
• Buried in Najaf, Iraq.