Bulacan State

University City of
Malolos, Bulacan

Understanding
the Self
(UTS 101)

Module 1
CHAPTER 1: THE SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES

A. Philosophy
B. Sociology
C. Anthropology

Writer: Estrella L. Ranas

Faculty, CSSP Main Campus
Editor: Ma. Adora C. Tigno

1
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
ORIENTATION 4
INTRODUCTION 6
CHAPTER 1: THE SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES
Objectives/Competencies 7

Lesson 1: Philosophy
Learning Objectives 7
Pre-test (Philosophy)
8
Activity: Do I Know Myself? 9
What is Philosophy? 9
Socrates: The Soul is Immortal 9
Plato: The Soul is Immortal
10 Augustine: Christianity
11
Rene Descartes: A Modern Perspective on the Self--------------------12
John Locke: The Self Is Consciousness-------------------------------------12
David Hume: There Is No “Self” 13
Immanuel Kant: We Construct the Self------------------------------------14
Sigmund Freud: There Are Two Selves, Conscious and Unconscious14
Gilbert Ryle: The Is How You Behave---------------------------------------15
Paul Churchland: The Self Is the Brain-------------------------------------16
Maurice Merleau-Ponty: The Self is Embodied Subjectivity---------17
Summary 17
References 18
Activity Journal Rubrics 19
Understanding the Self Biodata 20
Exercise 1: Words That Describe Me---------------------------------------21
Post-test (Philosophy) 22

Lesson 2: Sociology
Learning Objectives 23

2
 Pre-test (Sociology)
23
Activity 2: The Personal Identity Wheel-----------------------------------24
What is Sociology? 25
The Self As a Product of Modern Society Among Other Constructions ---
25
Cooley and the Looking Glass Self Theory--------------------------------26
Mead and the Social Self 27
Summary 28
References 28
Exercise 2: The Social Identity Wheel--------------------------------------29
Post-test (Sociology) 31

Lesson 3: Anthropology
Learning Objectives 32
Pre-test (Anthropology) 32
What is Anthropology? 33
The Self and Person in Contemporary Anthropology------------------33
Self As Embedded in Culture
34 Summary 35
References 36
Exercise 3: My Identity 37
Post-test (Anthropology) 38

3
 ORIENTATION - 3 HOURS

Self-care and Study Tips for students on Remote Print Learning (RPL) Mode

Welcome to college life. All your life you have been looking forward
to going to college, right? This is the start of a great journey and of some
truly great adventures. You may have been looking forward to awesome
things that usually occur during college like dorming; a more relaxed class
schedule; greater opportunities to meet, mingle, and make connections
with more people; greater freedom and independence; a change of
scenery and environment; and, maybe a bigger allowance this time.
However, the turn of circumstances has brought enormous changes in
every student’s life. The global pandemic had caused educational
disruption, and with the continuing spread of the coronavirus (COVID 19),
some schools needed to close while others initiated immediate actions to
support students to continue their studies even during school closure.
These schools are left with no choice but to create measures to facilitate
learning at home. Our university is implementing flexible modes of
learning to cater to every student’s needs and life circumstances.
Learning is made possible through online or with the use of printed
modules. With all these turns of events, students, teachers, and parents
are facing challenges in trying to adapt to what everyone calls the “new
normal.”

You have chosen the remote print learning mode to pursue your
studies. It means that learning will be facilitated using printed modules
like this one. This is quite challenging because you need to learn with
minimal intervention from your instructor. So, how can you sustain active
learning (by yourself) at home? Active learning is a method of learning
that engages students in the learning process. In active learning, you are
required to do meaningful activities and become a master of your own
learning process. Again, this is a challenging task because you will need to
follow instructions from the modules away from your instructor and
classmates.

Ways to promote active learning for RPL students:

1. Regulate your study by yourself. Be a self-regulated learner, one

who creates goals and then chooses the right strategies to reach
them.
2. Monitor your progress. Check if you are meeting your goals and if
not, you need to restructure your study habits.
3. Use your available time efficiently. You should manage your
4
 schedule for learning and for leisure.
4. Make a task list. It would help if you make a list of tasks to do and to
check off what you have done and get ready for the next one.
5. You need to improve your concentration. Take 10-15 minutes break
for every 1 hour of study. At the break, take a snack for energy, go
for a walk, or listen to music. Find the best hours for study, may it
be at night or during the day.

5
 6. Stay focused on one thing. Stick with one task and learn to
say “No” to distractions.
7. Talk about what you learned with your family and peers.
Communicating what you learned will help you understand the
lesson better.
8. Summarize. To help you grasp better your lessons, summarize what
you have learned.

Self-Care Tips While Studying at Home

Studying at home and learning with no face-to-face interactions with

teachers and classmates may raise more stress and anxiety for students.
Practicing self-care can help you manage and reduce your stress and
enhance your overall well-being. Self-care means taking time to focus on
improving our mental, emotional, and physical health. Here are some
ideas for self-care:

1. Sleep. Sleep is very much essential to overall health and has a great
impact on academic success.
2. Exercise. Research shows that exercise can improve your mood,
relieve stress, and help you sleep better.
3. Do something you love. Spend time for your passions and hobbies.
These can provide you an outlet for managing stress and can
increase levels of happiness.
4. Take time to connect with friends and family. Hang out with them.
Studies show that spending time with loved ones is the top
determinant of happiness.
5. Be kind to yourself. Practice self-compassion. Treat yourself like you
would treat your best friend. Replace self-critical thoughts with more
loving thoughts about yourself.
6. Practice mindfulness: Being in the present moment can help to
reduce stress. Practice mindfulness by noticing your five senses;
what do you see, hear, taste, feel, and smell right now?
7. Practice gratitude: One simple way to practice gratitude is by writing
down 3 things you are grateful for everyday. Remembering to find
things, experiences and people in your life that you are grateful can
have powerful effects on your mood.
8. Practice deep breathing: Take five minutes to practice deep
breathing. In just those few minutes you can lower your blood
pressure and heart rate, thus lowering the physical effects of stress.
9. Journaling: Journaling can have a lot of benefits. Writing can help
you process your feelings, ignite creativity in the brain, and help you
be in the present moment. Take a few minutes each day to journal.
10. Spend time in nature: Research shows that spending time in
nature can have remarkable benefits to human health.

College life is a journey. It is not just about finding yourself but a

6
step in the path of creating yourself. It means there will be major mistakes
and failures, more revelations about yourself, and times you are
completely lost. Still, you will persevere and thrive and be open to more
adventures and self-exploration to help cultivate the best version of
yourself.

7
 Understanding the Self
INTRODUCTION

Understanding the self is essential in every person's life. For you to

better understand yourself, you must allow yourself to experience self-
discovery and self- awareness. Self-discovery is the process of learning,
understanding, or knowing more about yourself and who you are,
becoming aware of one's true potential, character, motives, and the like.
An example of self-discovery is meditating - spending time to look into
yourself, your values, your strengths, and your weaknesses. Self-
awareness is your knowledge of yourself and your worth as a person. An
example of awareness is what you hope to gain from meditating. Self-
awareness is a result of doing self- discovery.
This module aims to help you go through the process of exploration and,
hopefully, arrive at understanding your personality, self, and identity. Self-
discovery exercises and activities, reflection papers, and personal journals
will be used to engage you more and be able to experience the objectives
of the course.
The course is divided into three chapters: (1) The self from various
perspectives; (2) Unpacking the self and, (3) Managing and caring for the
self. Chapter 1 seeks to understand the construct of the self from various
disciplines: philosophy, sociology, anthropology, and psychology - as well
as the Eastern and Western studies - each seeking to give answers to this
question, "What is the self?" Chapter 2 explores some of the various
aspects that make up the self. These are the physical self, sexual self,
material self, spiritual self, political self, and the digital self. Chapter 3
explores students' common issues and concerns: learning, goal setting,
and stress management. It identifies factors that are contributing to the
challenges encountered by students and the effects on their wellbeing.
The topics were clustered into 5 and came up with 5 modules prepared by
different writers. The topics were adopted in accordance to the syllabus
designed by CHED for Understanding the Self.

8
CHAPTER 1

THE SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES

Have you ever experienced being

asked to write an autobiography that
addresses the difficult question of “Who
am I?” Attempts to answer this question
vary greatly depending on the person’s
https://
age, beliefs, values, feelings, life’s
circumstances, culture, and society. Some
=https%3A%2F%2Fimages.unsplash.co m%2Fphoto-1554497342
people find it easy to answer the question
while other people find it a daunting task
to figure out who they really are.
But what exactly is this concept, known as the "self." This chapter
explores the concept of the "self" or the thing called "identity" or the "I."
How is “the self” viewed in the context of philosophy, psychology,
anthropology, and sociology? The western and eastern perspectives of the
self will also be discussed.

Objectives/Competencies
By the end of the chapter, you will be able to:
● define the different representations and conceptualizations of the
self from various disciplines: philosophy, sociology, anthropology,
psychology, eastern and western culture.
● distinguish how the self has been defined across the different
perspectives.
● explore the different factors, forces, and influences that shape the self.
● apply reflective and critical thought in analyzing the development of
one's self.

Lesson 1 Duration: 3 hours

A. Philosophy

Learning Objectives:
By the end of three hours, you should be able to:
● describe and discuss the different notions of the self from the points-
of-view of the various philosophers;
● analyze how the self has been represented in different philosophical
schools; and
● examine one’s self against the different views of self that were discussed

9
Pre-test: (Philosophy)

Name: Nathaniel Alcantara

Course/Year/Section: BSED Major In Social Studies Date : 11/03/2022

Let us check your knowledge about the “self.” Write TRUE if the statement is correct
and FALSE if the statement is incorrect.

FALSE1. It is necessary to examine ourselves for it alone will give us knowledge

about ourselves.
TRUE 2. The self is the soul divided into three parts: Reason, physical Appetite, and
Spirit.
TRUE 3. The self is essentially a soul whose goal is to be united with God.
FALSE 4. The essential self is the mind or the thinking self and not the physical body.
TRUE 5. The self is one and the same as you were in the past for as long as you
remember the experiences you had in that past.
_TRUE 6. There is no permanent self because the self keeps on changing.
FALSE7. The self is dominated by the unconscious it is what shapes our personality.
_TRUE8. The self is defined by the observable behaviors we project to the world
around us.
__TRUE9. The self is basically the physical state of the brain and not the mind.
__FALSE10. The self is all about one’s perception of one’s experience and
the interpretation of those experiences.

1
0
 ACTIVITY: Do I Know Myself?

Reflect on the following questions regarding your "self" and answer them specifically
as you can. Write your answers on your Philosopher's Notebook (any notebook that
you can use for the rest of the activities under this topic philosophy). Please answer
in NOT MORE than THREE sentences.
1. How would you describe yourself?
• I am ambitious and driven person.
2. What are some of the qualities that differentiate you from others?
• Well I’m not that smart like other but I can follow to them and I’m
hardworking person, and I set my goals and plans so that I can achieve
or get what I want to.
3. In what ways have yourself changed through your life? In what ways has
it remained the same?
• I think the changes that happen to me when I was in grade 7 when I
start working in trucking which my job was a carwash and helper at
the same time I change how I think about the money that should be
spent in more meaningful ways and help my parent to my school
allowance and till now I’m working in my brothers business. And I
think what is remained is on how I spent I don’t ask money for my
parents and to value what I have.
4. How would you describe yourself when it comes to your body?
• Actually I’m not satisfied with my current body but soon I’ll work for it
cause I have a medium body or large size in shirts.
5. After you die, what do you think will happen to yourself? Do you believe
your self will continue to exist in some form? What form will you be?
• Well I believe that after I die my existence as a human will become a
soul that will go in a place that nobody wants to leave because it is
peaceful like the paradise that God promise to us.

Did you find it difficult to provide in-depth and specific responses to

these questions? You should be! The difficulty you have just experienced
is an indication of your lack of knowledge about the philosophical
perspectives of the self. But, as your philosophical understanding becomes
deeper and clearer, you will appreciate these questions better and truly
understand their meaning. So, if it was hard for you to answer the
questions, that’s perfectly fine. I hope this difficulty and confusion may
lead you to aspire for more knowledge and understanding about the self.

What is Philosophy?
The word "philosophy" originates from two Greek words ("Philos"
means beloved and “Sophia" means wisdom), meaning "love of wisdom."
Philosophy is a way of thinking about anything in the world, the universe.
Philosophy works by asking very basic questions about the nature of
human thought, the nature of the universe, and the connections between
4
"3.2 The Soul Is Immortal: Socrates and Plato."
https://revelpreview.pearson.com/epubs/pearson_chaffee/OPS/xhtml/ch03_sec_02.xhtml
accessed on 10 Aug. 2020.
11
them. One philosophical question that we will be focusing on is this: "What
is the self?". This part of the module is about the ideas discussed by
philosophers (who think and write about ways of thinking) about the self.

Socrates: The Soul Is Immortal

“The unexamined life is not worth living” -- Socrates.

1
Socrates was believed to be the first thinker to
focus on the full power of reason on the human self -
our existence in the universe, who we are, who we
should be, and whom we will become. For Socrates, the
self exists in two parts: the physical body and the soul.
The physical body is a tangible aspect of us. It is mortal
File:SOCRATES.png en.wikipedia.org

(it dies), constantly changing, imperfect, transforming,

disappearing. Our soul, which Socrates believed to be
immortal, is eternal, unchanging, perfect, or ideal.

4
"3.2 The Soul Is Immortal: Socrates and Plato."
https://revelpreview.pearson.com/epubs/pearson_chaffee/OPS/xhtml/ch03_sec_02.xhtml
accessed on 10 Aug. 2020.
12
 Socrates believed that there was a soul first before a man's body.
The soul has all the knowledge that is stored in his mind. However, once
he came to the material world or the world of senses, he forgot most of
what he knew. This resulted in a lack of knowledge or ignorance, which
causes problems for men. Knowledge can be restored through the process
of dialectic method or Socratic method - an exchange of question and
answer that ultimately aims to make a person remember all the
knowledge that he has forgotten, including his former all-knowing self.
2
Socrates’ conviction is conveyed in his famous statement: "the
unexamined life is not worth living." The most important task one can
undertake is to examine one's self, for it alone will give one the knowledge
necessary to answer the question 'how should I live my life.' Socrates
explained: "…once we know ourselves, we may learn how to care for ourselves,
but otherwise, we never shall."
Socrates is, eventually, known as the "father of Western philosophy."

Analysis A
Plato:
THINKThe Soul Is Immortal
PHILOSOPHICALLY: The Self as Body and Soul

“The first your

Record and the best victory
responses is Philosopher’s
in your to conquer self.” -- Plato
Notebook.

One of Socrates’ famous statements

3
Plato isis a “thedualist;
unexamined
therelife is
isnot worth
both anliving.” Why
immaterial
do we need to examine our life?
mind (soul) and a material body, and it is the soul that
- I think by examining our life itthe
represents helpself.
to understand what we
Plato believed need
the what
soul we want
exists it
before
to our life so that we can do our fullest and also help us to grow a better version
of ourselves andbirth
help usandlive after death.
a life with For him, one should care about
fulfillment.
his soul rather than his body.
4
The soul (mind) is divided into three parts:
https://commons.wikim edia.org/wiki/File:Plato. EtchingbyD.Cunego,17 83,meV0004702.jpg
● Reason - our divine essence that enables us to
think deeply, make wise choices, and achieve a true
understanding of eternal truths.
● Physical Appetite - our basic biological needs such
as hunger, thirst, and sexual desire.
● Will or Spirit - is our basic emotion or passion, such as empathy,
aggressiveness, love, anger, ambition.

2
"The Ideas of Socrates - Academy of Ideas." 27 Mar. 2015,
https://academyofideas.com/2015/03/the-ideas-of-socrates-transcript/. Accessed on
10 Aug. 2020. 3 "Summary of Plato's Theory of Human Nature | Reason and " 11
Oct. 2014,
https://reasonandmeaning.com/2014/10/11/theories-of-human-nature-chapter-7-
plato-part-1/ accessed on 30 Aug. 2020.

4
"3.2 The Soul Is Immortal: Socrates and Plato."
https://revelpreview.pearson.com/epubs/pearson_chaffee/OPS/xhtml/ch03_sec_02.xhtml
accessed on 10 Aug. 2020.
13
 The three elements of our “self” are in a dynamic relationship with
one another. Sometimes, they work in concert, sometimes in conflict. For
instance, we may develop a romantic relationship with someone who is an
intellectual companion (Reason) or with whom we are passionately in love
(Spirit) and or with whom we find sexually attractive, igniting our lustful
appetites (Appetite). In contrast, we may find ourselves in personal
conflict with these three parts of our “self”. For instance, we may be in a
situation where we are torn between three different relationships; each
appeals to a different part of our self: Reason, Spirit, Appetite. When
conflict occurs, Plato believes it is the responsibility of our reason to sort
things out and exert control, re-establishing a harmonious relationship
between the three elements of ourselves.
Plato believed that true and genuine happiness could only be
achieved if we consistently make sure that our reason is in control of our
Spirits and Appetites.

Analysis B
THINK
St. PHILOSOPHICALLY:
Augustine: Christianity Balancing Reason, Appetite, and Spirit
Write your responses on your Philosopher’s Notebook.
“Accepting God is the path to know thyself.” - St. Augustine
❖ Relate an experience in your life when the three elements of your self as
identified by Plato:Augustine
Reason, Appetite, and Spirit,
believes that were
man inisconflict. What
created in was
the
the nature of conflict? How was it resolved?
image and likeness of God, and he is essentially a soul
- There was a time when I really wanted to5 go to Zamboanga with my
whose goal
friends (Appetite). is to be
However, with
I had thisGod. Augustine's
very big sense
project in which of self
I need to
is his relation to God, both in his recognition
make a graphic organizer in one of my subjects. I was really torn whether of God's
should I go withand
love, them tomorrow
his response or should I not
to it. It is make my project
achieved and just
through self-
ask for
https://es.m.wikipedi anpresentation
extended deadline
a.org/wiki/Archivo:Au then with a score deductionAugustine
self-realization.
gustine_of_Hippo.jp g (Reason) . In believed
the end,
I decidedone to pull out an all nighter and finish my project
could not achieve inner peace without finding God's immediately
(Spirit) so that I can still go with my friends without having a deduction on
love and through faith and reason, our self seeks to be
united with God. Augustine believes that God is
transcendent, and everything created by God, who is all
good, is good.

5
"From Confessions, what is the "self, " according to Augustine "
https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-self-according-augustine-378193.
Accessed 30 Aug. 2020.

14
Rene Descartes: A Modern Perspective on the Self

“Cogito ergo sum (I think; therefore I am.)” -- Rene Descartes.

6
René Descartes is the "founder of modern
philosophy." Descartes' principle, cogito ergo sum
(Latin), is the keystone of his concept of self. For
Descartes, this is the essence of self— you are a
"thinking thing" (I exist because I think: I think,
therefore I exist). The mind is what matters. But what
https://commons.wikimedi a.org/wiki/File:Frans_Hals
about your body? Descartes believes that our physical
-Portret_vanRen%C3 Descartes.jpg
body is secondary to our personal identity. Descartes
declares that the essential self, or the self as a thinking
entity, is radically different from the self as a physical
body. The thinking self—or soul—is a non-
material, immortal, conscious being, independent of the physical laws of
the universe. The physical body is a mortal, non-thinking material that is
fully governed by the physical laws of nature. Further, your soul and your
body are independent of one another. Each one can exist and function
without the other. This, in a way, echoes the dualism of Plato.

Analysis D
THINK PHILOSOPHICALLY: My Body, My Self?
John Locke: The Self Is Consciousness
Write your responses on your Philosopher’s Notebook.
7
John Locke is known for his theory that the mind is a
Taking Descartes’ concept of dualism,
tabula
• relate a situation that rasa,
shows howa your
blank slate.
mind Locke affects
significantly believed that we are
your body.
• I think it born
comeswithout
when youthoughts,
think aboutor our mind
something was empty
I believe the wordand
lawthat
of
attractionknowledge
when I think is instead
what determined
I want to onlytoby
do or what I want experience.
achieve then it
will influence
https://commons.wi my bodytotoLocke,
According
kimedia.org/wiki/File move toour
achieve that ambition.
memory plays a key role in our
• relate a situation that
:JohnLocke.png definition of the self. He theorized that your
shows how your body significantly affects mind.
we are the same
• Like whatperson
I said due to having a medium body its hard for
as we were in the past for as long as we me to put extracan
effort it cause me a hard time for that so I think my body influence my mind
remember memories from that past. It is our memory or
by it self stem cause it lower myself stem.
our consciousness
of our past that makes us that same person as we were in the past. Thus,
to Locke, our conscious awareness and memory of previous experiences
are the keys to understanding the self. It is our consciousness that makes
possible our belief that we are the same identity at different times and
different places.

6
"3.4 Descartes's Modern Perspective on the Self."
https://revelpreview.pearson.com/epubs/pearson_chaffee/OPS/xhtml/ch03_sec_04.xhtm
l accessed on 25 Aug. 2020.
7
"Locke on Personal Identity (Stanford Encyclopedia of " 11 Feb. 2019,
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/locke-personal-identity/. Accessed 25 Aug. 2020.

15
 Analysis E
THINK PHILOSOPHICALLY: The Conscious Self
Write your response on your Philosopher’s Notebook.

According to Locke, it is our memory that links our self at this moment with our self
in previous circumstances or in the past. Do you agree with John Locke that we are
the same identity at different times and different places?
- I think Yes I agree with John Locke but a little bit not agree because the part that I
agree to him cause we have the memory to the past we link the past to ourself
but sometimes that past may change you or your personality in which good or
bad that past memories.

David Hume: There Is No “Self”

8
David Hume believed that the source of all
genuine knowledge is our direct sense experience. He
believes in the existence of the mind, and what’s
inside the mind is divided into two: impressions and
ideas. Impressions are those things we perceive
through our senses
https://commons.wikimedi a.org/wiki/File:David_Hu as we experience them. Like when
me_color.jpg

I see the sky, and my sense of sight tells me I am

looking at a blue sky. That is now my impression.
Ideas, on the other hand, are those things that we
create in our minds even though we
are no longer experiencing them. For example, even when I’m already
inside my room and can no longer see the sky, I can still think of the idea
of the sky, like it’s a nice day, it’s not likely to rain, maybe I can do the
laundry, or maybe I can go out to the park. Whenever we think of simple
ideas, it must have as a basis a simple impression.

Hume's idea of the self follows this philosophical pattern. In his

mind, he finds a stream of impressions and ideas, but no impression that
corresponds to a self that endures through time. For Hume, the self keeps
on changing, like how one looks, one feels, one thinks they constantly
change. There is no permanent and unchanging self. A person is a bundle
of perceptions. "I" will constantly be changing because the nanghihingi
different experiences one has for every constant change will affect and re-
shape that person. Thus, we cannot observe any permanent self because
we continuously undergo change. In conclusion, there is no self.
Analysis F
THINK CRITICALLY: Empiricism and the Self
Write your response on your Philosopher’s Notebook.

Do you agree with Hume that there is no permanent self? How shall we respond
when somebody tells us, “Please don’t change!”
- I agree to Hume because as long as you live and you grow there are a lot of thing
will happened that might change yourself because I believe that as you grow
there’s always a changes that will come based on what the path you’ve taken.
25 Aug.
2020. 16
8
"3.6 There Is No Self: Hume - Revel Content Player."
https://revelpreview.pearson.com/epubs/pearson_chaffee/OPS/xhtml/ch03_sec_06.xhtml.
Accessed

25 Aug.
2020. 17
Immanuel Kant: We Construct the Self
9
Immanuel Kant refutes Hume’s theory that there is no
“self” and argues that it is possible to find the essence of
the self. For Kant, man is a free agent, capable of making
a decision for himself. Man is a free agent, for he is gifted
with reason and free will to enable him to organize the
https://commons. wikimedia.org/wiki
/File:David_Hume data gathered by the senses. From these data and the way
_color.jpg
we organize them, we can build an idea of who we are.
Hence, the self is very present.

Analysis G
THINK CRITICALLY: Sense, Perception, and Your Self
Sigmund Freud: There Are Two Selves, One Conscious, One
Write your response on your Philosopher’s Notebook.
Unconscious
With Kant’s idea that man10isSigmundgifted withFreud is not
reason and a philosopher,
free will to create an ideabut his
of his
“self”. Try to engage yourself
views on into
the “looking
nature for yourself”
of the by investigating,
self have reflecting
had a far-reaching
on, and synthesizing your experiences. What have you found?
impact on philosophical thinking. He is a great influence Did you discover
yourself? in the fields of psychology and psychoanalysis, the
- Actually I don’t really understand my self on what path I would take like this year
theory he founded. Freud believes that there are two
I took engineering program but I failed and I plan to shift when its available, yet I
levels
continue to discover of human
myself and find functioning:
the the
Godconscious
right pathlberstadt.jpg
that give me. Or and the
the path
https://commons.wikim edia.org/wiki/File:Sigmu nd_Freud,_by_Max_Ha
unconscious.
that I really want to when I can giveIn his
mypsychoanalytic
fullest effort for it.theory, the conscious
refers to all mental processes of which we are aware;
the unconscious refers to mental processes that are not
easily accessible to our awareness. Freud believes that
even if the conscious self plays
an important role in our lives, it is the unconscious self that has the
dominant influence on our personalities.
The unconscious contains basic instinctual drives that include
aggressiveness, sexuality, and self-destruction; traumatic memories;
childhood fantasies and unfulfilled wishes; thoughts and feelings that
would be considered socially taboo. This unconscious level is
characterized by the most primitive level of human motivation and
functioning. Our most basic instinctual drives in the unconscious level
seek immediate gratification or discharge. The impulses at this level are
governed solely by the “pleasure principle.” Our unconscious self exists
and influences us throughout our

9
"3.7 We Construct the Self: Kant - Revel Content Player."
https://revelpreview.pearson.com/epubs/pearson_chaffee/OPS/xhtml/ch03_sec_07.xhtml.
Accessed 25 Aug. 2020.
10
"3.8 The Self Is Multilayered: Freud - Revel Content Player."
https://revelpreview.pearson.com/epubs/pearson_chaffee/OPS/xhtml/ch03_sec_08.xhtml.
Accessed

25 Aug.
2020. 18
lives. Though it is not directly observable, its existence can be inferred
from such phenomena as neurotic symptoms, dreams, and “slips of the
tongue.”
On the other hand, the conscious self is governed by the “reality
principle.” At this level of functioning, our behavior and experience are
organized in ways that are practical, rational, and appropriate to the social
environment. Even if the ultimate goals of the conscious self are the same
as the unconscious self, that is, the gratification of needs and the
reduction of tensions to optimal levels, the means of achieving these
goals are entirely different. The conscious self takes into account the
realistic demands of situations, the consequences of actions, and the
overriding need to preserve the equilibrium, rather than doing direct,
impulsive, and irrational behaviors. The conscious self takes the task of
controlling the constant pressures of the unconscious self that is
constantly seeking for immediate discharge and gratification.
Freud later developed the Structural model of the mind that is
divided into three: the id, ego, and superego. The Id represents man's
biological nature, impulses, and bodily desires. The superego represents
the ethical component of the personality and provides the moral
standards by which the ego operates. The id and the superego find
themselves clashing against each other, with the superego trying to
control the id's impulses and its attempt to satisfy its urges. The winner of
this inner battle is manifested in the ego, which is the self. If the ego
behaves, then the superego won. If the ego misbehaves, the id won. This
battle is all taking place in the unconscious. The realm of the ego is found
in the conscious.

Analysis H
Gilbert Ryle: The Self Is How You Behave
THINK PHILOSOPHICALLY: Analyzing Sigmund Freud
According to Freud, although 11 the contents of the unconscious cannot be observed,
Gilbert Ryle simply focused on observable
we can observe them indirectly. Consider this activity as an opportunity for you to
behavior in defining the self. No more inner selves,
look for evidence of how your unconscious becomes evident in some areas of
yourself. Record your immortal
reflections soul, states
in your of consciousness,
Philosophy Notebook. or unconscious
● A slip of the tongue:
https://pt.m.wikipedia self: Tryinstead,
to recallthe self when
a time is defined in terms ofsaid
you unexpectedly thesomething
behavior
.org/wiki/Ficheiro:Re x_Whistler_-_Gilbert_ Ryle,_Fellow.jpg
that israther
that you were thinking presented
than whatto the
you world.
intendedFrom
to say.Ryle's point of
For instance, view,
instead
of saying, “I think theyour selfnew haircutunderstood
is best looks attractive,”
as a you uttered,
pattern of "Ibehavior,
think youra
new haircut looks person’s tendency or disposition to behave in aconcept
bad.” Are you convinced that this is evidence of Freud’s certain
of the unconscious? way in
- There are times that I slip my tongue that what I want to call my friend’s name
11
was Joyce but I literary called her venus cause at that time I think venus cause
"3.9 The Self Is How You Behave: Ryle - Revel Content Player."
she didn’t attend our outing so the other people mistook it as I have a crush on
https://revelpreview.pearson.com/epubs/pearson_chaffee/OPS/xhtml/ch03_sec_09.xhtml.
Accessed that particular girl.

● Dreams: Relate a particularly disturbing dream or a recurring dream. What do

you think the dream means? Are you convinced that this is evidence of Freud’s
concept of the unconscious?
- I once dream about my friend died and all of us is there for him but when I
woke up I’m thinking what does its means cause I know all dreams have it own
25 Aug. purpose or to tell to my friend about my dream until now that dream is not
2020. clear to me on what meaning its contain. 19
certain circumstances. In short, the self is defined by the observable
behaviors we project to the world around us.

Analysis I
THINK
Paul CRITICALLY: The
Churchland: Self as Behavior
Self Is the Brain
Write your response on your Philosopher’s Notebook.
12
When it comes to learning of human experience,
Let’s do a little experiment. Take time to ask someone who is close to you to describe
you based solely on theyour
concept of dualism
observable isThen
behavior. that reflect
the mind andaspects
on what the body are
of your
“self” do you thinkseparate. In other
his description matches words, we do
your “real self”have a single
and what brain and
does not?
- When my friend have a separate
is around I asked mind,
him oncetoo. Paul isChurchland
on what my behavior disagrees
when I’m
with them they said that
with the I’m funny , loud
concept person whoChurchland
of dualism. love to participate on their
asserts that
activities but in since the mind cannot be experienced by the senses,ait
my real self or alone I only talk when its needed I just throw
https://it.wikipedia. org/wiki/Materialis mo
joke when mydoes environment feel awkward
not exist. It is theor silent. brain, not the imaginary
physical
mind, that gives us our sense of self. To Churchland, the
self is the brain. He focused on the brain states rather
than the mental states. Neuroscience is into the fore of
understanding the
self. When people want to ask what is going on with themselves, they
might go for an MRI scan or CT scan to understand the condition of the
brain and how it works. Churchland believes that the term “mind,” our
moods, emotions, actions, consciousness are deeply affected by the state
of our brain. That by manipulating certain parts of our brain, our feelings,
actions, and physical state is successfully altered.

Analysis J
THINK PHILOSOPHICALLY: Brain or Mind?
Write your response on your Philosopher’s Notebook.

Would you agree with Churchland that the “mind” does not exist; instead, it is
the physical state of the “brain” that affects our moods, emotions, and actions? Why?
- I think that Churchland`s idea is right cause I believe that our brain, moods,
emotions and action is connected to each other for example when you woke up in
morning your mind is set to wash you body with cold water you body and mood
will be good and energetic our brain will faction normally and our action will put
12
"3.10 Theeffort
some Self Ison
the Brain:
that Physicalism
particular - Revel
activity Content
you will do. Player."
https://revelpreview.pearson.com/epubs/pearson_chaffee/OPS/xhtml/ch03_sec_10.xhtml.
Accessed 25 Aug. 2020.

20
Maurice Merleau-Ponty: The Self is Embodied Subjectivity

13
Maurice Merleau-Ponty takes a very different
approach to the self. His ideas suggest that there is
unity in our mental, physical, and emotional disposition,
and they all affect how we experience our selves. For
instance, when you wake up in the morning and
experience your gradually becoming aware of where
you are or how you feel, what are your first thoughts of
https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas
the day? Perhaps something like, “Oh no, it’s time to
get up, but I’m still sleepy, but I have a class that I
can’t be late for.” Note that at no point do you doubt
that the “I” you refer to is a single
integrated entity, but a blending of mental, physical, and emotional
structure around a core identity: your self. Our self is a product of our
conscious human experience. The definition of self is all about one’s
perception of one’s experience and the interpretation of those
experiences. To Merleau-Ponty, the self is embodied subjectivity. He
entirely rejected the idea of mind and body dichotomy because, for him,
man is all about how he sees himself.

Analysis K
THINK PHILOSOPHICALLY: Applying Merleau-Ponty’s Conscious
Summary
Human Experience
Write your response on your Philosopher’s Notebook.
The philosophical quest of one’s definition of self certainly carries
Look into yourself and apply Merleau-Ponty’s perceptive of the self by describing
with it a constant debate of mind-body dualism versus taking them
briefly how the pandemic COVID-19 is affecting your mental, physical, and
separately. From the time of the classic philosophers up to this day, not
emotional wellbeing.
one answer
- When to the question
the pandemic break outsWHO AM
its affect ourI?whole
can life
bemental,
universally
physicalaccepted.
and
emotional
Socrates wellbeing
answered bydue to unfamiliar
saying, man situation that wereaencountering
is essentially soul, and till this was
now. Its affect our mental in which were scared to go out because
seconded by Plato, Augustine, extending their idea that man is an image we might
in thecatch this virus
likeness and emotionally
of God, and he isaffect our life because
essentially we cant goal
a soul whose go to is
ourtolove
be with
ones or to place that we want to go like were in a cell that were limited to go
God. Rene Descartes also emphasized the non-physical form of man and
anywhere.
said that in essence, man is mind - a thinking being separate from his
body. However, it doesn't mean that we don't need the body, because the
body is a necessity for the mind in order for it to perform any act. John
Locke veered somewhat from the previous ideas and claimed that the self
is consciousness and that for as long as we have memories about who we
are and our identity, then that tells us that we are the same person
regardless of

13
"3.11 The Self Is Embodied Subjectivity: Husserl and Merleau "
https://revelpreview.pearson.com/epubs/pearson_chaffee/OPS/xhtml/
ch03_sec_11.x html. Accessed 25 Aug. 2020.

21
what point in your life you are in, as long as you can remember. David
Hume, however, completely changed the course of this study by declaring
that there is no permanent self because the self is only a bundle of senses
that keeps on changing. In response to Hume, Immanuel Kant said that it
is possible for us to construct our self. Since we are thinking beings, we
can organize our experiences so that we can build an idea of who we are;
hence the self is very much present. Sigmund Freud asserts that man is
made up of two things, the conscious and the unconscious, and that man
has many layers. For Gilbert Ryle, how one behaves is a big factor in
showing who a man is. Paul Churchland, however, declared that it's the
brain that is the essence of the self. Maurice Merleau-Ponty rejected the
idea of mind and body dichotomy entirely because, for him, man is all
about how he sees himself through his experiences (an embodied
subjectivity).

References:

Descartes's Modern Perspective on the Self."

https://revelpreview.pearson.com/epubs/pearson_chaffee/OPS/xhtml/ch03_sec_04.xhtml.
Accessed 25 Aug. 2020.
"Eliminative Materialism (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)." 8 May.
2003, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/materialism-eliminative/.
Accessed 25 Aug. 2020.
“Introspection: Understanding the Self.” (2018) Palean, Nazario, Valero, Descartin.
Mandaluyong City "Locke on Personal Identity (Stanford Encyclopedia of " 11 Feb. 2019,
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/locke-personal-identity/. Accessed 25
Aug. 2020. Philosophical Perspectives During the Middle Ages."
https://revelpreview.pearson.com/epubs/pearson_chaffee/OPS/xhtml/ch03_sec_03.xhtml.
Accessed 10 Aug. 2020.
"The Ideas of Socrates - Academy of Ideas." 27 Mar. 2015,
https://academyofideas.com/2015/03/the- ideas-of-socrates-transcript/. Accessed 10
Aug. 2020.
The Self Is Embodied Subjectivity: Husserl and Merleau "
https://revelpreview.pearson.com/epubs/pearson_chaffee/OPS/xhtml/ch03_sec_11.xhtml.
Accessed 25 Aug. 2020.
The Self Is How You Behave: Ryle - Revel Content Player."
https://revelpreview.pearson.com/epubs/pearson_chaffee/OPS/xhtml/ch03_sec_09.xhtml.
Accessed 25 Aug. 2020.
"The Self Is Multilayered: Freud - Revel Content Player."
https://revelpreview.pearson.com/epubs/pearson_chaffee/OPS/xhtml/ch03_sec_08.xhtml.
Accessed 25 Aug. 2020.
The Self Is the Brain: Physicalism - Revel Content Player."
https://revelpreview.pearson.com/epubs/pearson_chaffee/OPS/xhtml/ch03_sec_10.xhtml.
Accessed 25 Aug. 2020.
The Soul Is Immortal: Socrates and Plato."
https://revelpreview.pearson.com/epubs/pearson_chaffee/OPS/xhtml/ch03_sec_02.xhtml.
Accessed 10 Aug. 2020.
There Is No Self: Hume - Revel Content Player."
https://revelpreview.pearson.com/epubs/pearson_chaffee/OPS/xhtml/ch03_sec_06.xhtml.
Accessed 25 Aug. 2020.
We Construct the Self: Kant - Revel Content Player."
https://revelpreview.pearson.com/epubs/pearson_chaffee/OPS/xhtml/ch03_sec_07.xhtml.
Accessed 25 Aug. 2020.

22
Activity Journal (Philosopher’s Notebook)
The accomplished philosopher’s notebook will be accomplished
and submitted together with the Biobata (p. 20), Exercise 1 (p.21), and
Post-test (p.22) on the third week.

Your journal will be assessed using the following scoring rubrics (100 points)

Criteria 100 75 50 25
Critical Thinking Rich in the Substantial Information is thin Rudimentary and
content; information; and commonplace; superficial; little
insightful evident of analysis; attempts are made analysis; little or
analysis; clear general at analysis; no connections
connections connections are connections are or are off-topic
made to real-life made, but limited
situations sometimes too
obvious or not
clear
Personal Reflection High quality Connects ideas Little evidence of Lack of connection
consisting of and thoughts to a personal to personal life
personal reflections personal life; connection; many
that connect evidence of a connections need
between personal further
real-life, learning, connection to explanation or
and reading learning justification
Completion All entries are All entries are Lack entries but Lack entries; not
present, in order present but are are together and in together and in
and together either not together order order
or in order

Total Score:

23
 Understanding the Self Photo
Biodata

NAME Mark Anthony S. Obaob

COURSE/YEAR/SEC. BSED 1-F SEX Male

ADDRESS Blk 27 Lot 11 Phase 1-A Navotas City

CONTACT NO. 09163439274

EMAIL ADDRESS markanthonyobaob@gmail.com

DATE OF BIRTH July 11, 2003 BIRTHPLACE Manila

LANGUAGE/DIALECT Filipino CIVIL STATUS Single

SPECIAL SKILLS Japanese, Cooking, Video Editing

FATHER’S NAME AGE OCCUPATION

Ricardo U. Garita Jr. 40 Grab Driver

MOTHER’S NAME AGE OCCUPATION

Ronalyn O. Garita 39 Teacher

SIBLING(S) AGE OCCUPATION

1. Ric Joseph O. Garita 10

2. Ricardo U. Garita III 8

3. Ron Franz O. Garita 5

SCHOOL/ADDRESS AWARDS
ELEMENTARY 30 Karpa Alley, Navotas, Manila, Metro Manila Top 7

JUNIOR HIGH Phase I N Bay Blvd, Navotas, Metro Manila With Honors

SENIOR HIGH UE Tech, Caloocan, 1400 Kalakhang Maynila With Honors

VOCATIONAL Block 24, Phase II Area I, Dalag St., Excellence Award

Kaunlaran Village, Brgy. NBBS, Navotas
City
COLLEGE L.Mercado St . Cor . C. L . Hilario St ., Bustos, 3007
Bulacan

Guardian’s Name Contact No. Relationship

Ronalyn O. Garita 09163439274 Mother

24
 Exercise 1

Name: Mark Anthony S. Obaob

Course/Year/Section: BSED 1-F Date: _March 9, 2022_

Words That Describe Me

Circle the words that describe you. Add additional words.

Adaptive Self-Aware Tolerant Dependable

Intelligent Fearless Shy Hard Worker

Quiet Respectful Calm Humble

Energetic Eccentric Clever Creative

Confidant Thoughtful Complex Realistic

Cautious Balanced Cooperative Compassionate

Attentive Picky Capable with

Hands Other Words that describe you:

Passionate _ Studious_

Kind _ Playful_

Honest _ Mindful_

Strict _ Strong-willed_

25
Post-test: (Philosophy)

Name: Mark Anthony S. Obaob_

Course/Year/Section: BSED 1-F Date: March 9, 2022

Match the Philosopher to the correct perspective of the “self.”

A. Plato
B. Augustine
C. Rene Descartes
D. John Locke
E. David Hume
F. Immanuel Kant
G. Sigmund Freud
H. Gilbert Ryle
I. Paul Chulchland
J. Maurice Merleau-Ponty

E 1. There is no self.
I 2. The self is the brain.
H 3. The self is your behavior.
G 4. The self is your unconscious.
C 5. The self is a thinking being separate from the body.
B 6. Your sense of self is your relationship with God.
D 7. The self is your conscious awareness and memory of
previous experiences.
J 8. The self is all about how you see yourself (subjective)
and your experiences.
A 9. The self is the soul that is divided into reason,
Spirit, and Appetite.
F 10. The self is very much present by constructing
your idea of who you are through your
experiences.

26
 Lesson 2 Duration: 3 hours

B. Sociology

Learning Objectives
By the end of three hours, you should be able to:
● understand the impact of society in the construction of the self
● interpret Mead’s theory of self in terms of the difference between “I”
and “me.”

Pre-test: (Sociology)

Name: Mark Anthony S. Obaob______________________

Course/Year/Section: BSED 1-F __ Date: March 9, 2022 _ _

Let us check your knowledge about the “self.” Write TRUE if the statement is
correct and FALSE if the statement is incorrect.

TRUE....1. Sociology is the study of human behavior.

TRUE.....2. The self is socially constructed because it is shaped through interaction

with other people.
FALSE....3. Socialization is the process of studying other cultures and how people
adapt to it.
TRUE.....4. Socialization is a life-long process, and it begins in one’s country.
TRUE.....5. The people you interact with act as your “mirrors.”

27
Activity 2

Let’s do this!

Name: Mark Anthony S. Obaob

Course/Year/Section:
BSED 1-F Date: March 9, 2022

The Personal Identity Wheel

This is a worksheet activity that encourages you to reflect on how you
identify outside of social identifiers. The worksheet prompts you to list
adjectives you would use to describe yourself, the skills you have, your
favorite books, hobbies, etc.

Odoriko Japanese

Eldest

Passionate

Friendly Avenger
s ALL
Invest on
Kind
yourself

Mark Anthony S.
Japanese
Obaob
From Zero

Mint
Adobo
Studying

28
Adapted for use from the Program on Intergroup Relations and the Spectrum Center,
University of Michigan.

29
 What is Sociology?

14
We were born with a genetic makeup and
biological traits. Who we are as human beings,
however, develops through social interaction.
https://
=collage&page=2 Sociology is the study of the role of society in
shaping behavior. It focuses on how different
aspects of society contribute to an
individual’s relationship with his world. It tends to look outward (social
institutions, cultural norms, interactions with others) to understand human
behavior. This part of the module will be focused on the self as perceived
by sociologists. We will look into the role of society in how we were
shaped as to who we are today.

The self as a product of modern society among other constructions

Now let us start exploring the “self” as a social construction. 15The
classical sociological perspective of the self holds that the self is a
relatively stable set of perceptions of who we are or our identity in relation
to ourselves, others, and the social world. Our self is socially constructed
in the sense that it is shaped through our interaction with other people.
The sociological theories of the self try to explain how social
processes such as socialization influence the development of the self.
Socialization is the process of learning one’s culture and how to live within
it. In other words, it is the process whereby an individual learns to adjust
to a group and behave in a way that is approved by the group. Through
socialization, we develop our personalities and potentialities with the
influence of our culture and society. As with socialization in general, we
are not passive participants in this process but rather, have a powerful
influence over how this process develops and its circumstances. The
person can also be an agent of socialization. The self is constructed based
on social roles through socialization agents (family, school, community,
etc.). How people understand their sense of selves is closely tied to how
they understand the world around them or their relationship with others.

The Agents of Socialization:

Socialization helps us learn to function successfully in their social
worlds. This learning takes place through interaction with the various
agents of socialization, like our families and peer groups, plus both formal
and informal social institutions, like schools and clubs. Socialization is
believed to be a life-long process, and it begins in our families. Parents,
grandparents, siblings - whoever you were living with when you were
young, is pretty much your entire social world. Your family is the source of
what is known as primary socialization - your first experiences with
language, beliefs and values, behaviors, and norms of your society. As
you grow older, secondary socialization takes place. This is the process

30
through which children become socialized outside the home, within
society at large. This often starts at school. School becomes not just a
place for academic subjects, but also for learning about interacting

14
"Introduction to Sociology 2e, Socialization, Theories of Self "
https://opened.cuny.edu/courseware/lesson/132/overview. Accessed 31 Aug. 2020.
15
"The Self and Socialization | Boundless Sociology."
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless- sociology/chapter/the-self-and-
socialization/. Accessed 31 Aug. 2020.

31
 with different kinds of people. One of
the most influential agents on the
development of the self during school-
age is the peer group. As we get older,
our peer group has a massive impact
on the socialization process. The media
we engage with are absolutely a part of
our socialization. Television and the
internet are huge parts of our lives and
definitely have impacts on the
development of our “self” Other agents
of socialization include clubs and
teams, religious groups, workplaces,
political groups, and ethnic or cultural backgrounds. Now, try to think back
on your own life - who has been the biggest influence on who you are
today? As was mentioned earlier, we are not passive participants in the
socialization process, so who or what do you think that you, yourself have
influenced? These may be hard questions to answer, but definitely,
worthwhile - and hopefully a little easier now that you have learned how
sociologists think about the development of the self.

Cooley and the Looking-Glass Self Theory

16
One of the pioneer contributors to sociological
perspectives was Charles Horton Cooley. He asserted
that people’s self-understanding is constructed, in
part, by their perception of how others view them—a
process termed “the looking glass self.” For Cooley, we
gradually figure out who we are as we grow up. You
figure out what you look like by looking in a mirror.
However,
https:// otos/70251312@N00/79 87008481 you figure out who you are through social

interactions. The people you interact with become your

“mirrors.” You see what they think of you when you
interact with them, and it changes the way you think
of yourself.
17
The process of discovering and experiencing the looking-glass self
occurs in three steps: First, we imagine how we appear to others. Second,
we imagine the judgment of that appearance. Third, we develop our self
(identity) through the judgments of others. Now, let us try to walk through
these steps. Step one, how do other people perceive us? Maybe they think
we are smart or funny, or maybe someone comes to us and says, “Wow,
I’m impressed with how you did well in school today!” But, a lot of these
are just our interpretation or just imagined. So, that is where we base our
perception. Possibly, more than what other people are saying. Step two is
whether our perception is good or bad. This is our interpretation of the
perception. Let us take an example. You may then think that people
32
admire you and see you as a smart, diligent student. And then, the last
step is our response. This changes how we see ourselves. Like, if we are
getting a lot of positive interpretations or negative ones, it changes a
specific way of how we see ourselves. As your response to your

16
"Theories of Self-Development | Sociology - Reading."
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/alamo- sociology/chapter/reading-theories-of-self-
development/. Accessed 8 Sep. 2020.
17
"Theories of Socialization | Boundless Sociology."
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless- sociology/chapter/theories-of-
socialization/. Accessed 8 Sep. 2020.

33
interpretation of how other people see you, you try to act smart every time
you are in class.

Mead and the Social Self

18
George Herbert Mead is a well-known
sociologist for his theory of the social self. It is
based on the perspective that the self emerges from
social interactions, such as observing and interacting
with others, responding about others’ opinions about
oneself, and internalizing them together with one’s
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki
/Sociology feelings about oneself. For Mead, our self is not there
at birth, but it is developed over time from social
experiences and activities.
Mead believed that as we grow up, our beliefs about how other
people perceive us start to become more important. And Mead thought
that this happens through three different stages: the preparatory stage,
the play stage, and the game stage. During the first stage - preparatory
stage, children interact with others through imitation. Children may play
with pots and pans when a person is cooking or use a broom when their
mothers try to clean but are not really true interactions. As children grow,
they begin to focus more on communicating with others as opposed to
simply imitating them. They get practice using symbols, things like words
and gestures, and other forms of communication, or in other words,
language. Then they later manage to master as they grow up.
During the play stage, children start to become more aware of the
importance of social relationships. This is evident in children’s tendency
to pretend to play like other people. They play mommies or daddies or
doctors or chefs, etcetera. And, whereas before they were incapable of
taking on the perspective of others, now they are beginning to focus on
role-taking or mentally assuming the perspectives of another person and
acting based on their perceived point of view. This might seem like an
imitation but goes way beyond it because the children are able to
respond. They are not simply capable of mimicking social interactions;
they are capable of creating them.
During the game stage, children’s understanding of social
interactions become even more developed. Children begin to understand
the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of what Mead referred to as the
“generalized other,” or the society as a whole. With this comes a full
understanding of society. For instance, children begin to realize that
people do not only perform in ways according to what they personally
believe in but also based on what society expects of them. They start to
understand that someone can take multiple roles, that people are not
simply moms or doctors or chefs, that they portray other roles all at once.
As children begin to acknowledge the generalized other, and also start to
realize that people have multiple roles, they begin to understand that
34
other people must have opinions about them and that those perceptions
and opinions are influenced by how they act and what they say. As a
response, they themselves begin to be influenced by these perceptions,
and they start

18
"Theories of Self-Development | Introduction to Sociology."
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/sociology/chapter/theories-of-self-development/.
Accessed 31 Aug. 2020.

35
to be concerned about and more conscious of the reactions of others to
what they do. However, they don't really care about the perceptions of
everyone they come across. They are mainly focused on the perceptions
of the significant others in their life.
Mead believed that this understanding led to the development of his
concept of the “I” and the “me.” For Mead, the “me” is our social self, and
the “I” is our response to the “me.” The “me” is how we believe the
generalized other sees us and what we learn through interactions with
others. On the other hand, the “I” thinks about what those things mean.
As an example, the “me” might understand that women in the Philippines
typically marry in their 20’s, but the “I” might wonder if that is best, if
maybe it would be best if some wait longer and delay marrying or if they
may be travel or enjoy more their singlehood for a few years. We can also
look at the “me” as society’s view and then the “I” as the individual
identity stepping in, or our personal responses to what society thinks.
Even though we see these two parts as conflicting, for Mead, who we are
or our actual self is the balance of the “I” and the “me.”

Summary:

Sociology is the study of the role of society in shaping behavior. The

sociological perspective of the self looks into self as a social construction,
which means that who you are as a person is developed all through your
lifetime under the influence of people. The self is shaped through
interaction with other people. Through socialization, we develop our
personalities and potentialities with the influence of our culture and
society. Socialization takes place through the interaction with various
agents of socialization, like peer groups and families, plus both formal and
informal social institutions, like schools and clubs. Charles Horton Cooley
coined the concept “the looking glass self,” which means we see what
other people think of us when we interact with them, and it changes the
way we think of ourselves. Our experience of discovering the looking-glass
self occurs in three steps. Another well-known sociologist, George Herbert
Mead, developed his theory of social self. It is based on the perspective
that the self emerges from social interactions, such as observing and
interacting with others, responding about others’ opinions about oneself,
and internalizing them together with one’s feelings about oneself. This
happens through three distinct stages: the preparatory stage, the play
stage, and the game stage. Mead also developed the concept of the “me”
and the “I,” where the “me” is the social self. and the “I” is one’s response
to the “me.”

References:
"Introduction to Sociology 2e, Socialization, Theories of Self"
https://opened.cuny.edu/courseware/lesson/132/overview. Accessed 31 Aug. 2020.

36
"The Self and Socialization | Boundless Sociology."
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless- sociology/chapter/the-self-and-
socialization/. Accessed 31 Aug. 2020.
"Theories of Self-Development | Introduction to Sociology."
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/sociology/chapter/theories-of-self-development/.
Accessed 31 Aug. 2020.
"Theories of Self-Development | Sociology - Reading."
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/alamo- sociology/chapter/reading-theories-of-self-
development/. Accessed 8 Sep. 2020.
"Theories of Socialization | Boundless Sociology."
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless- sociology/chapter/theories-of-
socialization/. Accessed 8 Sep. 2020.

37
 Exercise 2
Name: Mark Anthony S. Obaob
Course/Year/Section:
BSED 1-F Date: March 9, 2022

The Social Identity Wheel

The Social Identity Wheel is an activity that encourages you to identify
socially and reflect on the various ways those identities become visible or more
felt at different times, and how those identities affect the ways others perceive
or treat you. This activity prompts you to fill in various social identities (such as
your sex, race, gender, ability/disability, sexual orientation, etc.) and then
categorize those identities based on which matter most in your self-perception
and which matter most in others’ perception of you. Please refer to the next
page for your guidance.

AGE

RELIGION

ETHNICITY

SEXUAL ORIENTATION

SOCIO ECONOMIC STATUS

Adapted for use from the Program on Intergroup Relations and Spectrum Center,

38
University of Michigan.
Resource hosted by LSA Inclusive Teaching Initiative, University of
Michigan (http://sites.lsa.umich.edu/inclusive-teaching/).

39
Social Identity Groups

The social identity groups are based on the physical, social, and
mental characteristics of individuals. Below are examples of social identity
groups. Since many issues of social identity often are the basis of social
conflicts, it is reasonable to expect that some terms we use to describe
them may lead to disagreement. So, be free to use your own preferred
terms for the material above. Examples (You are free to use your own
language for your identities.)

Sex: Intersex, Female, Male

19
Sexual Orientation refers to a person's pattern of emotional, romantic,
and sexual attraction to people of a particular gender. What probably
comes to mind for most people is the well-known acronym LGBTQ+. Those
five letters stand for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer. The
"+" encompasses those who aren't straight but aren't covered by those
five letters, either — for example, asexual, pansexual.

Heterosexual - Attracted to people of the

opposite sex. Bisexual - Attracted to people of
either sex
Homosexual - Attracted to people of one's own sex (gay,
lesbian) Pansexual - Attracted to people of any gender
identity
Asexual - Not sexually attracted to other people

Religion/Spirituality - Catholic, Muslim, Christian, Pagan, Atheist, Protestant

Social Class: Lower class, Working Class, Middle Class, Upper-Middle

Class, Upper class

Disability: psychosocial disability, disability due to chronic illness, learning

disability, mental disability, visual disability, orthopedic disability, and
communication disability

Body Size/ Type: Fat, Medium, Thin

Ethnicity: Bulaqueno/Bulaquena, Kapampangan, Ilocano, Bisaya, etc.

40
19
"Sexuality List Of Sexual Orientation Types ... - Refinery29." 18 Jun. 2019,
https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/sexual-orientation-types-of-sexualities. Accessed
10 Sep. 2020.

41
Post-test: (Sociology)

Name: Date: March 9, 2022

Multiple Choice: Write on the blank the letter of your choice.

B 1. It is the focus of the study of Sociology.
A. Society B. Socialization C. Social status D. Social studies
B 2. According to the sociological perspective, the self is shaped through
A. human behavior C. culture
B. interaction with other people D. language
C 3. It is the process of learning our culture and how to live within it.
A. Social identity C. Socialization
B. Social self D. Social construct
D 4. The following are considered agents of socialization, except
A. peer group B. religious group C. school D. work status
D 5. Primary socialization starts with
A. friends B. school C. playmates D. family
C 6. Which of the following is true about the looking-glass self-theory of
Cooley?
A. We believe that what people say about us is mostly true.
B. We develop ourselves through social interactions.
C. We imagine what people think about us and change the way
we think of ourselves.
D. We are judged by how we behave in front of people, what
we say to them, and how we express our emotions.
B 7. According to Mead, the social self develops through our lifetime.
During the preparatory stage, children
A. get affected by what people say about us and change what
we think about ourselves.
B. interact with others by imitating their gestures, words, actions, etc.
C. take the role of another person and pretend to be like that person.
D. begin to understand the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of the
society.
C 8. During the play stage, children
A. get affected by what people say about us and change what
we think about ourselves.
B. interact with others by imitating their gestures, words, actions, etc.
C. take the role of another person and pretend to be like that person.
D. begin to understand the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of the
society.
_C 9. During the play stage, children
A. get affected by what people say about us and change what
we think about ourselves.
B. interact with others by imitating their gestures, words, actions, etc.
C. take the role of another person and pretend to be like that person.
D. begin to understand the attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of the
society.
B 10. For Mead, the “generalized other” refers to
A. all the people in the world C. anyone within the person’s group
42
B. the society as a whole D. None of the above

43
 Lesson 3 Duration: 3 hours

C. Anthropology

Learning

Objectives:

By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:

● understand the anthropological perspective of the self.
● analyze how the self-construct is influenced by culture.

Pre-test: (Anthropology)

Answer the question briefly and concisely.

How does culture influence my self-understanding?

By knowing the culture of the group that I belong

to, my knowledge on who I am grows. And it affects the
way I think by, for example, if I see my relatives put the
hands of the elder on their forehead (pagmamano), I
might think that it is weird. But if I know that it is a part
of the culture, I will do it next time and I will keep it in
me as a sign of showing respect . By doing
understanding these cultures that we have , we can
know ourselves more and also know the people around
us.

44
 What is Anthropology?

20
Anthropology and Sociology
are two distinct disciplines, even if they
are very much related if not intertwined.
Anthropology is the study of people and
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_c cultures
eramics in the past and today. How did
people live a few decades ago, or
thousands of years ago? How have
societies and cultures changed over
time? How have
humans evolved? These are some of the questions that anthropologists
ask. Anthropologists try to understand the “big picture” of what it means
to be human.

21
There are four branches of Anthropology:
● Archeology – is the study of how people lived in the past.
Archaeologists learn from things people leave behind or artifacts
like pottery, tools, relics, ceramics, weapons, or anything made or
used by humans.
● Physical Anthropology – is the study of human biology, including
how people adapt to where they live and how bodies changed over
time (human evolution). Physical anthropologists also study non-
human primates.
● Linguistic anthropology – is the study of how people speak and the
words they use and how their language developed and evolved.
Linguistic anthropology also studies the evolution of language and
how it changed what people think and how people change their
language.
● Cultural anthropology – is the study of how people live their lives in
the present and how they may have lived in the past, including the
tools they used and the food they produced and consumed. It is also
related to sociology and social psychology.

The self and person in Contemporary Anthropology

The very foundation of the self in

anthropology is understanding man in light of
its cultural context. In anthropology, 22the self
refers to a set of implicit cultural values that
we try to adhere to and use them
to guide our lives. We adopt these values and
https://www.pikrepo.com/fbjan/ become reflections of specific sociocultural
person- wearing-black-button-up-
jacket-holding- white-and-black-
45
 practices in the place where we exist and that
we learn them in our everyday interactions
starting from our earliest age.

20
"Anthropology For Kids – Books, workshops for kids, publication." https://a4kids.org/.
Accessed 11 Sep. 2020.
21
"Anthropology Facts for Kids - Kiddle encyclopedia."
https://kids.kiddle.co/Anthropology. Accessed 11 Sep. 2020.
22
"The Self in Context and Culture: International Journal of "
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15551024.2013.825953. Accessed 11 Sep.
2020.

46
The self is one interpretation of being human, among others. The most
influential in terms of self-development is family’s history, basically
referring to the culture one has been brought up in.

Self as embedded in culture

Anthropologists believe that culture is the full

range of learned behavior patterns. Culture, as
defined by Sir Edward B. Taylor, founder of
cultural anthropology, 23is the complex whole
which includes knowledge, beliefs, morals, law,
customs, arts,culture-is-not-
https://api.time.com/wp- content/uploads/2019/11/cancel- and any other capabilities and
real.jpg?w=800&quality=85

habits acquired by a human as a member of

society.
24
Culture is everything that makes up the
way a
group of people lives. It includes their beliefs,
values, and traditions. The experiences we go
through in life are
facilitated by the culture we live in because culture provides the
environment which allows all these experiences to take place.
There are two components of culture: the material culture and the
non-material culture. These two are essential in understanding how the
self is influenced by it. Material culture consists of human technology - all
the things that people make and use. These are the physical
manifestations of culture. The goods and products we buy and the
products we use are also included here. Culture is very much dynamic. It
changes from time to time. The fluidity of culture can be ascribed to
man’s distinct ability to create, transform, and re-create culture itself. The
evolution of material culture can be attributed to the technological
advances that humanity was able to make. As such, material culture has
drastically changed. Cultural exchanges also paved the way for the
alteration of material culture. A very apt example of this is the evolution of
mobile phones from the time it was introduced in 1973 to the present.
Non-material culture includes intangible human creations like
beliefs, values, norms, morals, rules, language, and organizations. This
non-material culture also helps shape our perspective of the society, of
ourselves, and even of the material world. For example, the non‐ material
cultural concept of religion consists of a set of ideas and beliefs about God,
worship, ethics, and morals. These beliefs, then, determine how the
culture responds to its religious issues, topics, and events.
Culture helps us define how we see ourselves and how we relate to
others. Remember that we differ in many ways: language diversity,
cultural diversity, gender diversity, religious diversity, and economic
diversity. All these aspects of diversity work together to form our sense of
self.
47
 Always remember that it is important for you to respect others'
cultures and acknowledge and understand that individuals may not
develop a sense of self in the same manner. A family’s cultural values
shape the development of the child’s self- concept. Culture shapes how
we each see ourselves and others. For instance, some

23
"Human Culture: What is Culture?." 26 May. 2006,
https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/culture/culture_1.htm. Accessed 11 Sep. 2020.
24
"Sense Of Self: An Introduction | VLS - Virtual Lab School."
https://www.virtuallabschool.org/preschool/self-culture/lesson-1. Accessed 11
Sep. 2020.

48
cultures prefer children to be quiet and respectful when around adults.
This does not mean that a quiet child lacks self-confidence. Young children
learn from stories told to them that often emphasize a family’s values and
affect how a child develops his self- concept. As children grow older and
attend school and spend more leisure time with their peers, they begin to
learn that others may not have the same values as their family. For
example, a family may value academics over playing sports while another
family may value the arts and learning to play a musical instrument. Every
family influences a child’s self-concept within their cultural context. Young
children may describe themselves based on their family’s values, beliefs,
and morals.
According to Catherine Raeff (2010), a developmental psychologist,
culture can influence how you, your peers, and families view:
● Relationships: Culture is an influential factor in how you enter
into and maintain relationships. This influences how adults
encourage children to form relationships: For instance, do they
choose whom to play with, or are children encouraged to play
in certain ways to promote group welfare?
● Personality traits: Culture influences whether you value and
how you value traits like humility, politeness, assertiveness,
sympathy, and self- esteem. Culture also influences how you
perceive hardship and how you feel about relying on others.
● Achievement: Culture influences how you define success and
whether you value individual and group achievements.
● Expressing emotions: Culture influences how feelings are
expressed, whether you consider feelings public or private,
openly or discreetly.

Now, take a moment to reflect on the influence your culture has had
on your sense of self. To find yourself and truly know who you are,
knowing your roots is just the foundation. Remember, culture influences
us in more ways than we may know. So, take a moment and reflect on
who you are, where you come from, and what you believe in. Self-
reflection is the first step of self-discovery.

Summary

Anthropology is the study of people and cultures across time. It,

basically, tries to understand what it means to be human. There are four
branches of Anthropology: Archeology, Physical Anthropology, Linguistic
Anthropology, and Cultural Anthropology. The anthropological perspective
of the self considers the self as a set of implicit cultural values that we try
to adhere to and use them to guide our lives. Culture plays an immense
role in the development of the self. What we call culture is everything that
makes up the way a group of people live. There are two components of
culture: the material culture and the non-material culture. Culture helps

49
us define how we see ourselves and how we relate to others. We may
differ in many ways when it comes to culture, and it is important to
respect other people’s cultures and acknowledge and understand that
individuals may not develop a sense of self in the same manner.

50
References:
"Anthropology Facts for Kids - Kiddle encyclopedia." https://kids.kiddle.co/Anthropology.
Accessed 11 Sep. 2020.
"Anthropology For Kids – Books, workshops for kids, publication." https://a4kids.org/.
Accessed 11 Sep. 2020.
"Human Culture: What is Culture?." 26 May. 2006,
https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/culture/culture_1.htm. Accessed 11 Sep.
2020.
“Introspection: Understanding the Self.” (2018) Palean, Nazario, Valero, Descartin.
Mandaluyong City "Sense Of Self: An Introduction | VLS - Virtual Lab School."
https://www.virtuallabschool.org/preschool/self-culture/lesson-1. Accessed 11 Sep. 2020.
"The Self in Context and Culture: International Journal of "
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15551024.2013.825953. Accessed 11 Sep.
2020.

51
 Exercise 3
Name: Mark Anthony S. Obaob Date: March 9, 2022
Course/Year/Section: BSED 1-F

MY IDENTITY
Encircle the words that are part of your identity.
What are some other words you would use to identify yourself?
- Tall, Bulky, Curly Hair
Which identity are you proudest of?
- Male and Filipino
Which one has been the most challenging?
- Brother
How do you deal with those challenges?
- By understanding my family.
Which of these do you wish you could change?
- None
What would you change about it?
- None
What would need to happen for you to love parts of your identity more?
- Know myself more.

child upper class lower class Female

son daughter Asian male
brother sister wife foreigner
husband mother Catholic Filipino
father middle class person with disability
teen Muslim young heterosexual
transgender old Protestant lesbian
Christian Bulaqueno Kapampangan bisexual
Bisaya Bulaquena Gay employee
Ilocano Chabacano Tagalog student

52
Post-test: (Anthropology)

Name: Mark Anthony S. Obaob Date: March 9, 2022

Multiple Choice: Write on the blank the letter of your choice.

D 1. In Anthropology, you get to study the following, except

A. language C. culture
B. artifacts D. human behavior
D 2. It is the study of artifacts or materials people left behind from the
past.
A. Linguistic anthropology C. Cultural anthropology
B. Physical anthropology D. Archaeology
A 3. It is the study of how people speak and the words they
use and its evolution.
A. Linguistic anthropology C. Cultural anthropology
B. Physical anthropology D. Archeology
C 4. It is the study of how people live their lives now and how they
may have lived in the past.
A. Linguistic anthropology C. Cultural anthropology
B. Physical anthropology D. Archeology
B 5. It is the study of how human biology evolved and
adapts to its environment.
A. Linguistic anthropology C. Cultural anthropology
B. Physical anthropology D. Archeology
A 6. The influence of culture on the development of the self begins
the moment we were born.
A. True
B. False
A 7. These are considered material culture, except
A. wedding C. money
B. television D. weapons
B 8. These are considered non material culture, except
A. celebrations C. fiestas
B. food delicacies D. superstitious beliefs
C 9. It has the greatest role in an individual’s adaptation to one’s
culture.
A. peers C. family
B. school D. church
B 10. Culture has a great influence on the following aspects of his life,
except
A. relationships C. personality
B. intelligence D. emotional expressions

53