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Thirst water and power in the ancient world First Edition
Steven Mithen Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Steven Mithen
ISBN(s): 9780674066939, 0674066936
Edition: First Edition
File Details: PDF, 4.50 MB
Year: 2012
Language: english
THIRST
water and power
in the ancient world
STEVEN MITHEN
THIRST
THIRST
water and power
in the ancient world

STEVEN MITHEN
with S U E M I T H E N

harvard university press

Cambridge, Massachusetts
2012
 Copyright © Steven Mithen, 2012
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America

First published in Great Britain in 2012 by

Weidenfeld & Nicolson

First Harvard University Press edition, 2012

Typeset by Input Data Services Ltd, Bridgwater, Somerset

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Mithen, Steven J.
Thirst : water and power in the ancient world / Steven Mithen.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-674-06693-9 (cloth : alk. paper)
1. Water supply—History. 2. Water use—History. 3. Water consumption—
History. 4. Civilization, Ancient. I. Title.
TD345.M644 2012
333.91009—dc23 2012027504
For Heather Mithen, with love and thanks
 CONTENTS

List of figures ix
List of photographs x
Acknowledgements xv

1. Thirst 1
For knowledge of the past and lessons for the future

2. The water revolution 12

The origins of water management in the Levant,
1.5 million years ago to 700 bc

3. ‘The black fields became white/the broad plain 44

was choked with salt’
Water management and the rise and fall of Sumerian
civilisation, 5000–1600 bc

4. ‘Water is the best thing of all’ - Pindar of 75

Thebes 476 BC
Water management by the Minoans, Mycenaeans,
and Ancient Greeks 2100–146 bc

5. A watery paradise in Petra 104

The Nabataeans, masters of the desert, 300 bc–ad 106

6. Building rivers and taking baths 125

Rome and Constantinople, 400 bc–ad 800

vii
 7. A million men with teaspoons 150
Hydraulic engineering in Ancient China, 900 bc–ad 907

8. The hydraulic city 176

Water management by the kings of Angkor, ad 802–1327

9. Almost a civilisation 200

Hohokam irrigation in the American South-West,
ad 1–1450

10. Life and death of the water lily monster 223

Water and the rise and fall of Mayan civilisation,
2000 bc–ad 1000

11. Water poetry in the Sacred Valley 256

Hydraulic engineering by the Incas, ad 1200–1572

12. An unquenched thirst 280

For water and for knowledge of the past

Notes 300
Bibliography 319
Index 339

viii
 LIST OF FIGURES

1.1 Societies of the ancient world visited within this book 9

2.1 Map of the Levant showing archaeological sites and localities referred
to in the text 14
2.2 The Neolithic barrage at Wadi Abu Tulayha, Jafr Basin (after Fujii
2007a) 33
2.3 Section through the Neolithic well at Sha`ar Hagolan, Jordan Valley,
Israel (after Garfinkel et al. 2006) 36
2.4 Schematic diagram of the water storage system at Bronze Age Jawa
(after Whitehead et al. 2008) 38
2.5 Siloam’s Tunnel at Jerusalem 42
3.1 Archaeological sites and locations referred to in Chapter 3 46
3.2 Hypothetical layout of an agricultural complex in Southern
Mesopotamia (after Postgate 1994) 60
4.1 Map of Greece showing archaeological sites referred to in
Chapter 4 77
4.2 The Bronze Age settlement of Myrtos–Pyrgos, Crete, showing
location of the two cisterns (after Cadogan 2007) 84
4.3 The original course of the Manessi River, its new course during the
Late Mycenaean period around the northern side of Tiryns, and the
Mycenaean dam and canal built to divert the river (after Zangger
1994) 92
4.4 Eupalinos’ tunnel on the Island of Samos (after Apostol 2004) 96
5.1 Nabataean settlements referred to in Chapter 5 106
6.1 The aqueducts of Rome 130
6.2 The long-distance aqueduct from Vize to Constantinople, showing
location of the Kurşunlugerme aqueduct bridge (after Crow et al.
2008) 142
7.1 Archaeological sites and hydraulic engineering projects referred to in
Chapter 7 154

ix
 THIRST

7.2 Changing seasonal water flow at Dujiangyan (after Gillet and

Mowbray 2008) 163
7.3 Irrigation of Chengdu Plain by the Dujiangyan scheme, based on a
Qing Dynasty depiction 164
7.4 Sui-Tang Dynasty Chang’an, showing the fangs, streets and canals
(after Du and Koenig 2012) 168
8.1 Barays (reservoirs), canals, rivers and a selection of temples at
Angkor, referred to in Chapter 8 (after Fletcher et al. 2008) 177
9.1 Irrigation canals of the Hohokam in the Salt River Basin (based on
maps within Pueblo Grande Museum, Phoenix) 207
9.2 Hohokam irrigation system components (after Masse 1991) 208
10.1 Maya sites referred to in Chapter 10 225
10.2 Schematic settlement plan of Tikal showing location of reservoirs
(after Lucero 2006) 234
10.3 Schematic plan showing canals at Edzná (after Matheny et al.
1983) 238
10.4 Lid of Maya vessel depicting frog emerging from water (after
Bonnafoux 2011) 243
11.1 Pre-Inca and Inca sites of the Sacred Valley and Machu Picchu
referred to in Chapter 11 264
11.2 Terraces and canals at Tipón (after Wright 2006) 275

LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS

1 The Hoover Dam, seen from the Mike O’Callaghan–Pat Tillman

Memorial Bridge (Copyright © Steven Mithen)
2 The 19,600-year-old site of Ohalo, located on the shore of Lake
Tiberias, undergoing excavation in September 1999. The remnants of
a circular hut can be seen in the lower left of the picture (Copyright ©
Steven Mithen)
3 Tell es-Sultan, Jericho, surrounded by the modern-day town
(September 1992. Copyright © Steven Mithen)
4 Semi-subterranean dwellings with pisé (mud-based) walls and floors
at the Neolithic site of WF16, Jordan (April 2010. Copyright © Steven
Mithen)

x
 LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS

5 The Neolithic settlement of Beidha, southern Jordan (Copyright ©

Claire Rambeau)
6 The Neolithic ‘barrage’ at Wadi Abu Tulayha, Jafr Basin, Jordan – the
earliest known dam in the Levant at 7500 bc (Copyright © Sumio
Fujii)
7 Excavation of the Neolithic well at Sha’ar Hagolan, Israel (Copyright
© Yossi Garfinkel and Sha’ar Hagolan expedition, Hebrew University)
8 View towards the reconstructed north-west entrance of the Minoan
palace of Knossos, Crete (August 2004. Copyright © Sue Mithen)
9 Drains at the Minoan palace of Knossos, Crete (August 2010. Copyright
© Sue Mithen)
10 Courtyard at the Minoan palace of Phaistos which most likely
functioned as a rainfall-harvesting device, with a raised processional
walkway. Heather, Nick and Sue Mithen demonstrating the Phaistos
walk (August 2010. Copyright © Steven Mithen)
11 Granary or water cistern? At the Minoan palace of Phaistos, Greece
(August 2010. Copyright © Sue Mithen)
12 The city wall of Tiryns, Greece, showing the ‘cyclopean’ Mycenaean
masonry of the west side (Copyright © Michael Boyd)
13 Approaching the Treasury at the Nabataean city of Petra (April 2005.
Copyright © Steven Mithen)
14 Remains of the terracotta pipe and channel in the siq at the Nabataean
city of Petra (April 2005. Copyright © Steven Mithen)
15 Humayma, Jordan, showing the rectangular Roman fort towards the
top of the picture with the Nabataean aqueduct running in front of it,
and a range of structures from Nabataean and later periods (Copyright
© APAAME_19980520_DLK-0243, D. L. Kennedy)
16 Section of the Nabataean ’Ain al Jammam aqueduct channel north of
Humayma, Jordan (Copyright © John Oleson)
17 Walking through the Nabataean city of Petra, Jordan, looking east
towards rock cut tombs, with the Great Temple on the right of the
picture (April 2005. Copyright © Steven Mithen)
18 The Great Temple at Petra. The ornamental pool and garden had been
located on the far side of the pillars (Copyright © APAAME_20051002_
RHB-0109, R. H. Bewley)
19 Arches carrying the Aqua Claudia in the Parco degli acquedotti, Rome
(April 2011. Copyright © Sue Mithen)

xi
 THIRST

20 Aqua Claudia in the centre of Rome showing the double tier of

channels (April 2011. Copyright © Sue Mithen)
21 Caldarium at the Baths of Caracalla (April 2011. Copyright © Sue
Mithen)
22 The Byzantine Aqueduct of Valens, now known as the Bozdoğan
Kemeri, Constantinople/Istanbul (February 2011. Copyright © Sue
Mithen)
23 The Kurşunlugerme, close to Gümüşpınar, carrying the long Byzantine
aqueduct from Vize to Constantinople (February 2011. Copyright ©
Sue Mithen)
24 Inside the Byzantine Yerebatan Saraya, or the Basilica Cistern, Istanbul
(February 2011. Copyright © Sue Mithen)
25 Dujiangyan irrigation system, China, constructed from 270 bc, from
the Qinyan Tower looking east towards the Sichuan Basin along the
divided River Min joined by a spillway (June 2011. Copyright © Steven
Mithen)
26 Fountain in Dujiangyan Visitor Park, China, containing the iron bars
that Li Bing used to mark the level to which silt had to be annually
cleared from the river, and pebble-filled bamboo cages as used by Li
Bing to construct the island that divided the river course (June 2011.
Copyright © Steven Mithen)
27 The ‘fish head’ at Dujiangyan, China, built originally by Li Bing to
divide the River Min into two channels (June 2011. Copyright © Steven
Mithen)
28 Statue of Li Bing in the Erwang Temple at Dujiangyan, China (June
2011. Copyright © Steven Mithen)
29 The Three Gorges Dam, China (Copyright © iStockphoto)
30 Angkor Wat, Cambodia (October 2010. Copyright © Steven Mithen)
31 Ta Prohm, Angkor, Cambodia (October 2010. Copyright © Steven
Mithen)
32 View across the moat to the inner enclosure at Banteay Srei, Angkor,
Cambodia (October 2010. Copyright © Steven Mithen)
33 The south-west corner of the Royal Bath, or Srah Srang, Angkor
(October 2010. Copyright © Steven Mithen)
34 Swimming in the West Baray, Angkor, Cambodia (October 2010.
Copyright © Steven Mithen)

xii
 LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS

35 Salt River, Arizona (July 2011), creating a green corridor through the
Sonoran Desert, not dissimilar to that enjoyed by the Hohokam in the
first century ad (Copyright © Sue Mithen)
36 Hohokam canal ditch, located on the Park of the Canals, Mesa,
Arizona, with Steven Mithen providing scale (July 2011. Copyright
© Sue Mithen)
37 The Big House at Casa Grande, Coolidge, Gila River Basin, Arizona
(July 2011. Copyright © Sue Mithen)
38 The Maya site of Edzná, Mexico, looking east from the steps of the
House of the Moon temple. The Great Acropolis supporting the
Building of the Five Storeys is to the right (August 2011. Copyright ©
Steven Mithen)
39 The Maya site of Edzná, Mexico, looking west through the middle of
the ballcourt. The remains of a stone ring through which the ball was
passed can be seen midway along the right-hand slope (August 2011.
Copyright © Steven Mithen)
40 Water lily, symbol of the Mayan Holy Lords (August 2011. Copyright
© Sue Mithen)
41 Machu Picchu, Peru, soon after sunrise on 6 August 2011, looking
north across the Central Plaza towards the peak of Huayna Picchu,
with the roaring Urubamba River in the valley below (Copyright ©
Steven Mithen)
42 Inca Pachacuti, statue in the centre of Cusco, Peru (August 2011.
Copyright © Steven Mithen)
43 Terraces on the east side of Machu Picchu, looking towards the Central
Plaza (August 2011. Copyright © Steven Mithen)
44 Aqueduct bringing drinking water 749 metres from the spring on
the eastern side of Machu Picchu peak to the citadel (August 2011.
Copyright © Steven Mithen)
45 Fountain 10 at Machu Picchu, illustrating both the functional and
artful provision of water. One of sixteen fountains aligned along the
Central Staircase (August 2011. Copyright © Steven Mithen)
46 View looking east across the thirteen terraces at Tipón, Peru, towards
the royal residences (August 2011. Copyright © Steven Mithen)
47 Ornamental issue of the spring on to the third terrace at Tipón, Peru
(August 2011. Copyright © Steven Mithen)

xiii
 THIRST

48 Flying steps within terrace walls, staircase and water channel with
cascades at Tipón, Peru (August 2011. Copyright © Steven Mithen)
49 Terraces at Pisac, Peru, looking north-west along the Sacred Valley of
the Urubamba River (August 2011. Copyright © Steven Mithen)

xiv
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

My interest in water arose in Wadi Fyanan, southern Jordan, during

the excavation of a Neolithic settlement with Bill Finlayson, Sam
Smith, Emma Jenkins and Darko Maričević. We had many conversa-
tions about water: the likelihood of a flash flood in the wadi, whether
we had enough water for our flotation tanks, how the Neolithic inhab-
itants had managed their water supply, how the local Bedouin could
survive with so little water to drink. Those conversations sparked a
more general interest in water, and so my first thanks must go to Bill,
Sam, Emma and Darko.
My interest was further developed in the ‘Water, Life and Civilisation’
project that I directed at the University of Reading between 2005 and
2010, generously funded by the Leverhulme Trust. That project was
concerned with the climate, environment and cultural history of the
Jordan Valley, bringing together some of the university’s archaeolo-
gists, meteorologists, hydrologists, geoscientists and geographers to
work on a single integrated study. I found this project was so reward-
ing that I was compelled to look at the bigger picture, the role of
water in the entirety of the ancient world – or at least as much of it
as I could cover. With the Leverhulme funds exhausted, I was forced
to plough a lone furrow – or perhaps dig my own ditch would be a
better metaphor. So I am most grateful to my colleagues on the Water,
Life and Civilisation project for drawing me further into the world of
water and its relationship to past climate and society. In particular, I
would like to thank Emily Black, Stuart Black, David Brayshaw, Bill
Finlayson, Rebecca Foote, Brian Hoskins, Emma Jenkins, Stephen
Nortcliff, Rob Potter, Claire Rambeau, Bruce Sellwood, Julia Slingo,
Sam Smith, Andy Wade and Paul Whitehead. Of these, I would like to
especially thank Rob Potter whose studies of the inequalities of water
distribution in modern-day Amman were particularly insightful and
inspiring.

xv
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Topic 1: Ethical considerations and implications

Learning Objective 1: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 1: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 2: Best practices and recommendations
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 3: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Learning Objective 4: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 5: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 6: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Research findings and conclusions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 7: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 7: Literature review and discussion
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 8: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 8: Literature review and discussion
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 9: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 9: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Background 2: Case studies and real-world applications
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 11: Experimental procedures and results
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 12: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Best practices and recommendations
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 16: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 17: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 19: Literature review and discussion
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 20: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Appendix 3: Ethical considerations and implications
Practice Problem 20: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 22: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 23: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 24: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 24: Research findings and conclusions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Module 4: Case studies and real-world applications
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 31: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 33: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 34: Best practices and recommendations
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 35: Historical development and evolution
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 36: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Module 5: Historical development and evolution
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 42: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 44: Key terms and definitions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 45: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 46: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 47: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 47: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 48: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 49: Experimental procedures and results
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
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