History Unit Test # 1 Review

Arthur Currie: Lieutenant General Sir Arthur Currie commander of the Canadian Corps (June
1917)

Franz Ferdinand: Arch Duke of Austria Hungary assassinated during tour of Serbia; cause of
WW1

Billy Bishop: canadian ace; several victories

Roy Brown: canadian ace; shot down the red baron

Total war: a war in which both soldiers and civilians are taking an active part in; although
they may not be directly fighting

Propaganda: an organized way of communication which is used to influence/ manipulate the

opinion of people for or against a particular belief or cause

No man's land: is a stretch of barren land between allied and german trenches filled with
shelled craters; extremely dangerous to be in due to the limited/none protection offered to
soldiers from artillery/gun shots

Military Service Act: made conscription legal; all able bodied men were eligible

Munitions Scandal: Russia- a million shells were being used per month but only 100 000
being produced/ rifles were scarce/ soldiers were told to go into battle unarmed and grab the
rifle of a fallen soldier before enemy reached them

Armistice: agreement signed between entente and central powers to end ww1 on November
11 1918

Duma: Russian parliament that was elected in response to riots and assassinations of
government officials, although they would have no control of the Tsar's ministers

Weimer Republic Keisar fled throne leaving germany a republic and moved seat to Weimer

Nicholas II: the last reigning Tsar of Russia during ww1; was abdicated from throne due to
russian revolution and killed

Robert Borden: the prime minister of Canada during ww1; proposed Military Service Act and
Military Voter's Act during elections in 1917

Val Cartier: canadian training camp where men were trained before being sent to Europe

Creeping barrage: a warfare introduced during the battle of vimy ridge; men creep toward
enemy trenches during shelling (element of surprise & shellfire kept enemy in trenches

Wilfred Owen: poet and soldier

Enemy aliens: hundreds of immigrants (800 000) from enemy counties (Germany, Austria
Hungary) lived across Canada; these people were feared to be spies who may sabotage the
war effort and had their rights restricted in response.

War Time Elections Act: Allowed women with relatives in the war to vote as they were likely
to vote for conscription; also barred enemy aliens and people against war from voting

Sam Hughs: in charge of training camp, no weapons, horrible conditions and in munitions
scandal; scandal ended career

No
Zimmerman Telegram: a telegram sent by the german foreign secretary to the german
ambassador in Mexico; proposed alliance with Mexico and german support in evading Us to
take back their states if Mexico entered the War in support of Germany- This was
intercepted and triggered US's entrance into the war

Wilfred Laurier: french canadian politican for war but against conscription

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: armistice signed at Brest-Litovsk which allowed communists to

surrender to Germany and exit the war by giving up Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.
(The Royal Family held at countryside awaiting death or banishment)

Woodrow Wilson: US president proposed League of Nations; no power/influence given to

league

Lusitania: separated from russia, as well as estonia, poland, finland, lithuania......

Red Baron: german pilot/ace killed '82' people; killed by Roy Brown

Triple Entente: An alliance between Britain, Russia, and France; refered to Allied powers

Triple Alliance: alliance between Italy, Germany and Austria-Hungary; central powers

Rasputin: a famed mystic/faith healer who treated the Tsar's ill son; said to have influencial
power over the royal family which made him dangerous to the people; assassinated

Convoy: armed defensive support/ group of vehicles

Censorship: the control of information that is released into the public by an organization
such as the government to hide specific information or show manipulated outcomes

Conscription: all able bodied men were legally forced to fight in the war

General Haig: commander of troops/ forced canadians to fight in horrible conditions and
without mercy; battle of the somme

History: study and investigation of human interpretation of the past. Critical study of the
recorded past and present with an eye to the future

Gavrilo Princip: leader of the terrorist group black hand responsib;le in killing Arch duke;
responsible for war that was triggered by alliances

George Clemenceau: prime minister of france during war

Vittorio Orlando: Italy's prime minister

Treaty of Versailles: terms decided by central powers; germany had to give up land near
france german border; pay war penalty to france/ britain; surrender overseas colonies;
return land taken to france(lorraine/alsace); keep military to 100 000 men, no navy/airforce
production of war planes etc or alliances with any country; germany to accept full
responsibility of war

Paris Peace Conference: allied leaders in war such as canada britain france italy sat down to
discuss armistice and terms of how to end war and repercussions; germany and allied
powers not allowed to attend

Unrestricted submarine war fare: allowed government/military to sink any enemy or

unknown ship
Homefront: away from the battlefield where civilians produce products to fight the war

No
Wilhelm II: emperor of germany during ww1; fled two days before armistice signed

Lenin: russia communsit leader promsing equal share of land/wealth/bread after Tsar
abdicated

Pacifist: belief that violence is not acceptable in any way or form; peace can be negoated
through words not war; conscientious objectors during ww1, not allowed to vote in 1917
election for or against conscription

100 Days Offensive: quick allied attempts to push germans back and recapture french and
belgium territories; germans forced to abandon equipment/supplies; entire battalions
starved; surrendered

War Profiteering: profiting off the war ex munitions scandal

Shell Shock: when the human mind collapsed due to ongoing trench warfare

Black Hand: a Serbian terrorist group in Bosnia; wanted to be eliminated from Austria and
part of Serbia

Lloyd George: prime minister of britain during war

Alsace and Lorraine: territories talen by germany in franco prussian war later returned due
to treaty of versialles

Events:

4 Challenges with Studying History:

 Distortion: a change to the original story causing an inaccurate reproduction of the

past
 Fragmentation: when the original information has been broken down to isolated
pieces which is difficult to reconnect
 Perception: the understanding a person is able to gain based on their own
experiences and senses
 Bias: prejudice in favour of or against one thing/person/group in a way considered
unfair

Causes of WW1: Direct and Indirect

Indirect: MAIN

 Militarism: building and maintaining a strong military force to protect themselves and
their colonies from invasion thus invoking suspicion and threatening supremacy of
countries
 Alliances: treaties between governments intended to keep peace in Europe; fear of
war influenced deals between countries in order for protection and assistance which
required entire alliances to go to war
 Imperialism: the policy of extending power of one country to other countries by
acquiring territory or establishing economic or political control
 Nationalism: A feeling of deep patriotism/loyalty towards one's country

Direct Causes:

No
  Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife (animosity between Serbians
and Austrian Hungarians(Slavs) wanted independence from imperial rule
 AH gave Serbian government ultimatums that if not met would result in war;
o Quash all hatred against AH in Serbia
o Punish all involved in assassination
o Allow AH officials into Serbia to crush Black Hand (not agreed to by Serbians)
 AH declared war on Serbia in July 26 1914
o Russia declared war on AH
o Germany declared war on Russia
o France declared war on Germany
o Germany declared war on France
 Americans remained neutral until the end; US businesses made money supplying
weaponry to the allies
 Italy on central side; switched to allied due to promise of land after war(not fulfilled)

Battle of Passchendaele:

 Third battle of Ypres in Flanders Fields

 October 26 1917(Canadian interference)- official start July 31\
 British (General Commander Haig) thought to drive Germans away from ports and
destroy enemy u boats
 General Sir Arthur Currie improved battle conditions(paved roads, trenches, supplies)
 Hundreds of thousands of shells transported to frontline to prepare for artillery
barrage – directed artillery to fire directly at enemy artillery( rarely done before, won
battle)
 Battle won due to Commander Arthur's planning
 Thousands of british allies died in defending land that was later evacuated due to
German assault

Battle of Somme

 July 1- November 18 1916

 City of Verdun
 General Haig wanted to relieve pressure on French defenders of Verdun by inflicting
losses on german forces further north and drawing their resources into battle
 Thought to overpower enemy through heavy artillery fire but met resistance
 Newfoundland canadians(british colony) fought; 24 000 canadians dead, 1.25 killed in
battle total - BLOODIEST BATTLE
 Allies won

Battle of Vimy Ridge:

 Arras-Northern France
 April 1917
 15000 canadians advanced; intense fighting/ artillery
 Ridge captured over 4 days
 10 600 men dead and wounded
 All four Canadian divisions united with canadian leader Major Currie(first battle led by
canadian)
 Most celebrated victory/moral boost/ birth of a nation ( canadian british rather than
british canadian)
 Lots of preparation(ariel photos)

No
  Creeping barrage warfare introduced: men creep towards enemy trenches while
bombs going off; gave element of surprise and shellfire kept enemy in trenches

Second Battle of Ypres:

 Ypres, city in Belgium in Flanders region

 April 1915
 First use of chemical gas attacks(chlorine/mustard gas)- urine soaked clothes held to
nose to protect
 First canadian appearance
 1.3 million casualties directly caused by chemical warfare; 100 000-200 000 civilians
 Canadians(6000) held frontline until reinforcements arrived; won battle
 10 000 troops; half died in 10 minutes
 Death of suffocation
 Geneva Protocal 1925 pledged to never use chemical warfare again

The Schlieffen Plan:

 Alfred von Schlieffen, a german general, designed plan to protect germany from two
fronts in 1894 after the France/Russian alliance
 Defeat France first while Russia got ready to mobilize army then turn to Russia
 Attack them through neutral Belgium who ha alliance with Britian thinking they will
not respond while sending small german decoy to cross german france border then
retreat into Lorraine mountains
 Depended on massive number of troops, surprise, deceit, and speed as well as
assumptions that Russia will take 6 weeks to mobilize army and Britian would not go
to war over Belgium
 Changes made to plan made it harder to capture Paris, resistance from Belgium
which delayed germans, britian declared war, france and russia mobilized army to
invade Germany
 Came face to face at river Marne with no natural landscape to protect; start of trench
warfare

Significance: start of trench warfare; shaped how world war 1 was fought, triggered ww1
and made germany fight a two front war that was feared; 41 million dead

Trench warfare:

 Plan was to have constant shelling to weaken enemy defense then launch attack with
remaining soldiers and secure new position and land
 Reality was that enemy was not demoralized, no element of surprise, no protection
from advancing soldiers, outdated tactics while enemy had new technology
 Cold, wet, dirty rooms for eating and sleeping in the dugouts with constanst sound of
shelling; diseases like trenchfoot and lice due to horrible conditions

Russian Revolution:

 Tsar Nicholas abdicated from throne because of his decisions regarding russia; riots,
unhappiness, people wanted rights such as to assemble, privacy, freedom of speech,
and voice in government, wanted better living conditions for the poor
 Lenin, communist politician took control from provisional government after chaos in
the war by promising land/wealth/food for all; signed treaty with germany ending
thier war but gave up finland, estonia, latvia, lithuania

No
  When world war 1 ended russian civil war had started between the bolsheviks and
those who oposed them; 3 years of war killed 15 million russians= wolrd war 1
casualties
 Significance: no russian involvemnt in ww1; impacting allies; giving more support to
germany after surrendering

Homefront: civilian population of a nation that is at war that provides war supplies and other
support from their country

Halifax Explosion:

 Near Halifax port two munitions ships collided and exploded within 20 minutes, killing
several hundred and wiping out the entirety of north halifax; largest explosion in
history until Hirishoma
 Significance: several people dead; demoralizing hopes further that have already
perished under the constant strain of war; left an important part of canada destroyed

Conscription Crisis:

Support:

 Troops have made sacrifices and deserve help

 Lose remaining troops if not reinforced
 Betray the efforts of all the dead canadains who have fought this war and died for no
cause
 Great moment of crisis in history; need several thousand men to stop germany by
introducing conscription like other countries have

Against:

 Borden promised that no man will ever be forced to fight in the war; if bill is passed,
broken promise to the canadian people
 Canada is not at immediate danger from Germany therefore no young men should be
forced to fight in a war that is not theirs
 French canadians are not loyal to their mother country who deserted them several
years ago and will not fight for them, but for Canada
 Farmers cannot go to war or will lose farms and be in extreme poverty and will help
Canada by helping send food to war rather than fighting
 Canada has done enough for a war that is not thiers and should not force their men
to go fight further

War Measures Act:

 Pass laws without parliament approval

 Override provincial laws
 Censor news media
 Imprision people without trial
 Label some people enemies of Canada

No